Ƙyamar Afirka
 Ƙyamar Afirka | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
phobia (en)  |
Rashin jin daɗin Afirka, Afroscepticism, ko Afrophobia nuna bambanci ne, ƙiyayya, nuna bambanci, ko wariyar launin fata ga mutane da al'adun Afirka da na Afirka.
Nuna bambanci ga 'yan Afirka da mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka yana da dogon tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Tarihin d ̄ a, kodayake ya kasance sananne ne musamman a lokacin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, cinikin bayi ta Sahara, Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya, cinikin bautar Bahar Maliya, da kuma Lokacin mulkin mallaka. A karkashin ikirarin fararen fata, 'yan Turai galibi suna nuna 'yan Afirka a matsayin marasa wayewa da na asali, tare da cin nasarar mulkin mallaka da ke nuna manufofin wayewa. Saboda amfani da al'adun baki, da kuma rashin tarihin rubuce-rubuce a yawancin al'adun Afirka, an nuna mutanen Afirka ba su da tarihi kwata-kwata, duk da cewa suna da dogon lokaci, rikitarwa, da kuma tarihin daban-daban.[1] A Amurka, Afrophobia ya rinjayi Dokokin Jim Crow da gidaje masu rarrabewa, makarantu, da wuraren jama'a. A Afirka ta Kudu, ya ɗauki nau'in wariyar launin fata.[2]
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami karuwar maganganun ƙiyayya da tashin hankali na Afrophobic a Turai da Amurka. An danganta wannan ga dalilai da yawa, gami da ci gaban Afirka a cikin waɗannan yankuna, karuwar 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi daga Afirka, da kuma hauhawar jam'iyyun siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu tsattstsauran ra-tsattsauranuran ra'ayyaki.[3][4]
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, kungiyar kwararru ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka (WGEPAD) ta gaya wa Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam cewa halin da ake ciki na 'yan Afirka da mutanen da suka fito da Afirka ya kasance damuwa ce ta gaggawa, suna ambaton tashin hankali na wariyar launin fata, zalunci da kisan kai na 'yan sanda, da wariyar launin fatar launin fata. A farkon wannan shekarar, WGEPAD ta ba da shawarar amfani da kalmar Afrophobia don bayyana "wani nau'i na musamman da takamaiman bambancin launin fata wanda ke shafar mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da Afirka".
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin jin daɗin Afirka shine nuna bambanci ko nuna bambanci ga kowane al'ada da al'ummomi daban-daban na Afirka saboda tunanin su na Afirka. Ya bambanta da, amma yana iya haɗuwa da, Anti-Black wariyar launin fata ko Negrophobia, wanda shine raini musamman ga baƙar fata na zuriyar Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, ban da sauran 'yan Afirka kamar fararen Afirka ko' 'Yan Arewacin Afirka. Ana iya amfani da kalmar Afrophobia don bayyana wariyar launin fata da kuma ra'ayi na Afirka a ko'ina.[5]
Tsoron Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin amincewa da Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin jin daɗin Afirka da Afroscepticism suna da kwatankwacin anti-Europeanism da Euroscepticism. Afroscepticism an sanya shi a matsayin adawa da Afirka (ra'ayin Al'adun Afirka), Afirka, ko Afrocentrism, sau da yawa ana ganinsa a matsayin bangarorin Pan-Africanism. Afroscepticism na iya haɗawa da rungumar Afropessimism, da ƙin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka ko "Tsarin Ilimi na 'yan asalin Afirka". Ra'ayin Afropessimist yana ganin Afirka dangane da "matsananciyar halaye da cutar kanjamau, yaƙi, talauci da cututtuka suka bayyana", kuma ta haka ne ba za a iya taimakawa ba.
Rashin wariyar launin fata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar wariyar launin fata ba a tabbatar da ita ba kafin karni na 20, [6] amma negrophobia (an fara rubuta tsakanin 1810-1820; sau da yawa ana amfani da shi), kuma daga baya Colourphobia (wanda aka fara rubuta shi a 1834), [7] mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne a cikin ƙungiyar abolitionist, inda aka yi amfani da shi azaman kwatanci ga rabies (wanda ake kira hydrophobia) don bayyana tunanin "mad dog" a bayan dalilin bautar da kuma yanayin da ke yaduwa.[8][9] J. L. A. Garcia yana nufin negrophobia a matsayin "kakan" na kalmomi kamar xenophobia, Islamophobia da homophobia.[9] An yi amfani da Melanophobia don komawa ga wariyar launi fata da kuma launi (rashin nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da fata mai duhu), musamman a Latin Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Afirka.
Ta wurin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An lura da cewa rubuce-rubuce da kalmomi game da wariyar launin fata, gami da game da Afrophobia, sun dangana a kan Amurka. A cikin 2016, an yi amfani da "Afrophobia" a matsayin kalmar wariyar launin fata ga masu launin fata a China. A cikin irin wannan amfani, wannan ba daidai ba ne saboda wariyar launin fata ana yin ta ne akan mutane masu launin fata daga ko'ina, ba tare da la'akari da wata alaƙa da Afirka ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin kasar Sin don fata mai haske fiye da matsakaici ya fi dacewa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin talla.
Tarihin mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin al'ummomin Afirka suna amfani da al'adar baka wajen adana tarihinsu, wanda hakan ya sa aka samu ƙarancin tarihi da aka rubuta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka ya fi maida hankali kan nasarorin sojoji, jami'an mulkin mallaka da wasu fitattun mutane na mulkin mallaka, ta amfani da bayanai kaɗan da kuma rubuce-rubucen da aka yi daga mahangar Turawa kacokan, suna watsi da ra'ayin mutanen da aka mallake, karkashin hujjar fifikon fararen fata.
An ɗauki Afirkawa a matsayin ƙasa da Fararen fata a al'ada, wanda hakan ya ƙarfafa hujjar "aikin wayar da kan jahilai". Masana tarihi da dama sun yi watsi da hanyoyin baka, suna ɗaukarsu a matsayin marasa muhimmanci, lamarin da ya sa aka ɗauka kamar Afirka ba ta da tarihi kuma ba ta da sha’awar ƙirƙirar shi.
Wasu daga cikin masu mulkin mallaka sun nuna sha’awa ga ra’ayi na daban, inda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar cikakken tarihin Afirka ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin baka da binciken ƙasa, amma ba su samu yabo ko kulawa a wancan lokacin ba. [10] [11] [12] [13]
Gwaggwarmaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Don shawo kan abin da ake ganin "tsoron Afirka" ne, marubuci Langston Hughes ya ba da shawarar cewa Turawan Amurka su samu nutsuwa a zukatansu tare da fahimtar irin yadda Baƙin Fata ke bayyana ji ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba.[Ana bukatan hujja] Marubuci James Baldwin shi ma ya ba da shawara iri ɗaya, yana cewa Fararen Fata na Amurka za su iya kawar da "tsoron Afirka" da ke zuciyarsu ta hanyar tuntuɓar waɗanda suka ɓoye ji, su nuna tausayi da jin daɗin wasu, kuma ta haka su fuskanci rayuwarsu da ba su cika da motsin rai ba, su daina ƙyamar ko tsoron Baƙin Fata. [14]
An kafa Kungiyar Turai da ke Yaki da Bambanci (European Network Against Racism – ENAR) a shekara ta 1998 daga kusan kungiyoyi 150 daga sassa daban-daban na Tarayyar Turai, da nufin yaki da wariyar launin fata, ƙiyayyar baƙi, da ƙin Yahudawa — waɗanda su ne manyan fannoni na yaƙin neman adalci a lokacin. Sai dai ba a ambaci kalmar "tsoron Afirka" a matsayin babban jigo ba sai a shekarar 2011, sakamakon matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin Baƙi. [15]
A shekarar 2016, Tess Asplund ta yi wata zanga-zangar da ta yadu a kafafen sada zumunta domin nuna adawa da Neo-Nazism a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwagwarmayarta da tsoron Afirka. [16]
A fannin ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu ra’ayoyin ƙiyayya da Afirka (Afrophobia) na danganta da tunanin cewa ‘yan Afirka ba su da wayewa. Wannan ra’ayi yana kunshe da akidar cewa Afirka ba ta da tarihi na wayewa, tare da amfani da hotuna da ke yada ra’ayoyi marasa tushe cewa har yanzu 'yan Afirka na rayuwa a cikin rumfunan laka suna ɗauke da mākaman farauta — tare da wasu ra’ayoyi da ke nuna su a matsayin marasa ci gaba. [17][18]
Afrophobia a cikin fannin ilimi na iya bayyana ta hanyar barin wasu muhimman abubuwa da suka shafi Afirka, kamar rashin fassara ko bayanin fasahohin zane-zane na Afirka, watsi da tsofaffin daulolin Afirka a cikin taswirar duniya, ko kuma yada ra’ayoyin Turawa ta hanyar watsi da gudummawar da Afirka ta bayar ga wayewar duniya. [19]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2000). "Africa's Pasts and Africa's Historians". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 34 (2): 298–336. doi:10.2307/486417. JSTOR 486417.
- ↑ Ochonu, Moses E. (2020-12-31). "South African Afrophobia in local and continental contexts". The Journal of Modern African Studies (in Turanci). 58 (4): 499–519. doi:10.1017/S0022278X20000543. ISSN 0022-278X.
- ↑ Jennifer Invalid
|url-status=Taylor(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ "US racism on the rise, UN experts warn in wake of Charlottesville violence". UN Human Rights Commission. 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ "Definition of RACISM". www.merriam-webster.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-20.
- ↑ "Definition of COLORPHOBIA". www.merriam-webster.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-20.
- ↑ "Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words". Dictionary.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-20.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Garcia, J. L .A. "Racism and the Discourse of Phobias: Negrophobia, Xenophobia and More---Dialogue with Kim and Sundstrom". SUNY Open Access Repository. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
- ↑ Roberts, A.D. (1978). "The Earlier Historiography of Colonial Africa". History in Africa (in Turanci). 5: 153–167. doi:10.2307/3171484. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171484. S2CID 162869454.
- ↑ Fanon, Frantz (December 2007). The wretched of the earth. Philcox, Richard; Sartre, Jean-Paul; Bhabha, Homi K. New York. ISBN 9780802198853. OCLC 1085905753.
- ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2000). "Africa's Pasts and Africa's Historians". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 34 (2): 298–336. doi:10.2307/486417. JSTOR 486417.
- ↑ Suremain, Marie-Albane de SuremainMarie-Albane de (2019-04-18), "Colonial History and Historiography", The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Historiography: Methods and Sources (in Turanci), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780190698706.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-069870-6, retrieved 2024-12-28
- ↑ Washington, Robert E. (2001). The Ideologies of African American Literature. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 272. ISBN 9780742509504.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ Crouch, David (2016-05-04). "Matar da ta kalubalanci 'yan Neo-Nazi 300 a taron gangamin kasar Sweden ta bayyana fushinta". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
- ↑ Mays, Vickie M. (1985). "The Black American and psychotherapy: The dilemma". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 22 (2S): 379–388. doi:10.1037/h0085518.
- ↑ Marongwe, Ngonidzashe; Mawere, Munyaradzi (2016). "Violence, Identity and Politics of Belonging: The April 2015 Afrophobic Attacks in South Africa and the Emergence of Some Discourses". In Munyaradzi, Mawere; Ngonidzashe, Marongwe (eds.). Violence, Politics and Conflict Management in Africa: Envisioning Transformation, Peace and Unity in the Twenty-First Century. Langaa RPCIG. pp. 89–116. ISBN 978-9956-763-54-2.
- ↑ Skinner, Ryan Thomas (24 April 2018). "Walking, talking, remembering: an Afro-Swedish critique of being-in-the-world". African and Black Diaspora. 12 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/17528631.2018.1467747. S2CID 149746823.