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Ƴan Afirka a Guangzhou

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Ƴan Afirka a Guangzhou

Jimlar yawan jama'a
10,344
Kabilu masu alaƙa
Sinawan Afirka

'Yan Afirka mazauna Guangzhou ' yan cirani ne 'yan Afirka da Sinawa 'yan Afirka mazauna Guangzhou na kasar Sin .

Tun daga karshen shekarun 1990s, an samu kwararar dubban 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa na Afirka, wadanda galibinsu daga Afirka ta Yamma, suka isa birnin Guangzhou, suka kafa al'ummar Afirka a tsakiyar babban birnin kasar Sin.

Tun daga shekarar 2014, al'ummar Afirka na birnin ya ragu matuka saboda tsauraran matakan shige da fice da hukumomin kasar Sin suka yi da kuma matsin tattalin arziki a kasashen gida, ciki har da faduwar darajar Naira Najeriya da kwanza na Angola .

Yawan jama'a

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Ƙarshen kudancin Baohan Straight Street, gundumar Dengfeng, gundumar Yuexiu, Guangzhou
Wasu 'yan Afirka da aka gani a Guangzhou, 2014

Kiyasin adadin 'yan Afirka a Guangzhou yana da wahala saboda yanayin tafi-da-gidanka da riko na al'umma. Yawancin masu shigowa baƙi ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke yin kasuwanci, wanda zai iya haifar da haɓakar hasashe na yawan mazauna. Misali, alkaluman hukuma sun yi rikodin bakin haure 430,000 da 'yan Afirka na Afirka a wuraren binciken birni a cikin watanni tara na farkon 2014 - adadi wanda ya haɗa da maimaita shigarwar kuma ba sa nuna zama na dogon lokaci.

Dangane da damuwar jama'a a lokacin barkewar cutar Ebola a shekarar 2014, hukumomin Guangzhou sun bayyana cewa, kusan 'yan Afirka 16,000, ciki har da 'yan Afirka ta Arewa, ke zaune a birnin. Daga cikin waɗannan, kusan 4,000 ne kawai aka ɗauki matsayin mazaunin dogon lokaci, waɗanda aka ayyana a matsayin waɗanda suka zauna sama da watanni shida.

Wani rahoto na shekarar 2020 ya kiyasta cewa 'yan Afirka 500,000 ne ke zaune a kasar Sin, yayin da kusan 100,000 ke zaune a Guangzhou kadai. [1] Masanin Adams Bodomo a baya ya kiyasta sama da 'yan Afirka 500,000 a China a cikin 2012, ko da yake alkaluman nasa, dangane da aikin fage, an soki shi da wuce gona da iri saboda motsin al'umma.

Bayan 2014, ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta fara raguwa. Wani labarin na 2014 a cikin This Is Africa ya bayyana tsauraran matakan tilasta shige da fice da kuma batun musayar kudi a matsayin dalilan raguwar. A cikin 2016, CNN ta ba da rahoton cewa dubban bakin haure na Afirka sun bar Guangzhou a cikin watanni 18 da suka gabata. A farkon 2017, bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa adadin mazauna Afirka ya ragu zuwa 10,344. A cewar Ofishin Tsaron Jama'a na Guangzhou, adadin ya ragu zuwa 4,553 nan da shekarar 2020. Mai bincike Roberto Castillo ya danganta wannan yanayin a wani bangare na cutar ta COVID-19 da kuma tsauraran matakan tilasta masu wuce gona da iri.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, an ba da rahoton cewa, al'ummar Afirka a Guangzhou sun koma kan matakan da suka dace kafin barkewar cutar. An danganta wannan murmurewa da sake bude iyakokin kasar Sin, da sabunta ayyukan kasuwanci, da kuma saukaka matakan kula da shige da fice na zamani.

Daga cikin 'yan kasashen Afirka a Guangzhou, manyan kungiyoyi sun fito ne daga Najeriya da Mali . 'Yan Najeriya, galibi 'yan kabilar Igbo ne, su ne mafi yawan jama'a gaba daya, yayin da 'yan Mali ke wakiltar wani kaso mai tsoka na mazauna yankin. [2] Sauran sanannun al'ummomi sun hada da 'yan gudun hijira daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Ghana, da Senegal, tare da 'yan ɗaruruwan mutane daga kowace ƙasa da aka yi wa rajista da ƙungiyoyin jama'a tun daga 2014.

Unguwannin

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Akwai manyan yankuna guda biyu da 'yan Afirka ke zama da kasuwanci a Guangzhou: Xiaobei da Guangyuanxi, dukkansu yankuna a gundumar Yuexiu da ke tsakiyar kasar.

Yankin Xiaobei yana kusa da tashar Xiaobei kuma gida ne ga tituna da dama da ke cin abinci ga mazauna Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tun da yake yankin ya kasance gida ne ga al'ummar musulmi daga Ningxia da Xinjiang, yawancin baƙi 'yan Afirka, waɗanda kusan rabinsu Musulmai ne, sun taru a kusa da wani yanki na gari musamman saboda sauƙin samun abincin halal . Saboda tarihin unguwar an sami 'yan Afirka Musulmai 'yan Afirka fiye da Kiristocin Afirka a Xiaobei. Cibiyar jijiya ta yankin ita ce titin Baohan Straight Street inda akwai shaguna da gidajen cin abinci na Afirka. An gyara titin a shekarar 2015 kuma da yawa daga cikin barayin sun tashi ko kafa shaguna.

Kimanin 2 miles (3 km) daga Xiaobei kuma arewacin tashar jirgin kasa ta Guangzhou Guangyuanxi ne, yankin da ya fi dacewa da kasuwanci tare da kasancewar al'ummar Igbo na Najeriya. Wurin yana cike da manyan ƴan kasuwa masu sayar da takalma, tufafi, da sauran kayayyaki. [3] Kasuwancin kasuwancin suna cikin manyan gine-gine da ake kira Tong Tong Trade Mart, Tian'en Clothing Market, Ginin Tangqi, Kasuwar Kan'ana, da Ginin Ying Fu. Tun da tsauraran matakan tilasta shige da fice a lokacin rani na 2013, wannan yanki ya zama marar barci fiye da da. [3]

Tarihi

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Shekarun 1990 da 2000

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Tun lokacin da tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ya fara habaka a shekarun 1990, dubban Afirkawa suka yi hijira zuwa kasar; yawancin waɗanda suka tafi sun fito ne daga Yammacin Afirka.[4] Yawancin Afirkawa sun bar Indonesia da Thailand suka nufi Guangzhou bayan rikicin kudi na Asiya a shekarar 1997, inda damar kasuwanci ta jawo karin mutane.[5]

A Guangzhou, yawancin Afirkawa na harkokin kasuwanci ne, suna ziyarta ko zama a birnin saboda kasuwannin sayar da kayayyaki da ke samun kayayyaki daga masana'antu kusa. A shekarun 2000, yawan Afirkawan da ke zaune a birnin ya karu cikin gaggawa, inda rahoton labarai na 2008 ya bayyana cewa yawan mutanen Afirka ya karu da kashi 30% zuwa 40% a shekara.[4][5]

Tun daga shekarar 2004, hukumomin 'yan sanda a Guangzhou da wasu yankunan kasar Sin sun kara mayar da hankali kan dakile shigowa ba bisa ka’ida ba. A shekarar 2003, an gudanar da yakin neman kawar da baƙi marasa takardu a Guangdong da wasu wurare, kuma daga shekarar 2008, 'yan sanda sun kaddamar da jerin kamfe na “guguwa” domin kama masu wuce wa da izinin zama a lardin.[6]:155–160 A Guangzhou, wata doka ta cikin gida da aka kafa a 2004 ta karfafa mazauna gari su rika bayar da rahoton wadanda ake zargin sun shigo ba bisa ka’ida ba, inda ake ba da lada na CNY 100 ga duk wani sahihin bayani.[6]:73–74

Rahoton Reuters na 2009 ya kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin Afirkawa da Larabawa 100,000 a Guangzhou, yawancinsu ba su da ingantaccen biza. Yawancin ‘yan hijira daga Afirka sun ce wahalar gudanar da kasuwanci cikin kwanaki 30 na bizar yawon bude ido da tsadar tikitin dawowa na daga cikin dalilan da yasa suke wucewa.[4] Binciken ilimin zamantakewa ya gano cewa 'yan Najeriya, musamman Igbos, sun fi wuce wa da biza saboda matsin lamba daga iyali da girman kai na maza, inda ake sa ran mutum zai yi nasara a ƙasashen waje.[7]

Zanga-zanga a 2009 da 2012

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Tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummar Afirka da ‘yan sanda a Guangzhou ya haifar da tarzoma a shekarar 2009 da 2012. A watan Yuli 2009, wasu maza biyu ‘yan Najeriya sun fado daga sama na wani bene yayin da suke kokarin gudu daga hannun hukumomin shige da fice na kasar Sin.[4][8] Dukansu sun jikkata daga faduwar.[9] Amma bayan jin jita-jitar mutuwarsu, daruruwan Afirkawa, galibinsu ‘yan Najeriya, suka mamaye ofishin ‘yan sanda na gari.[9] Zanga-zangar ta rikide zuwa tarzoma da ta rufe hanyoyi guda takwas na babbar hanya na tsawon sa’o’i.[8][10]

A watan Yuni 2012, wani Bafrikawa da aka tsare bayan gardama da direban tasi ya mutu bayan “zai fadi kuma ya rasa numfashi”, a cewar ‘yan sanda.[11] Sama da Afirkawa 100 sun hallara a ofishin ‘yan sanda suna neman sanin musabbabin mutuwar. ‘Yan sandan Guangzhou suka ce za su bincika lamarin daidai da doka kuma suka kara da cewa “Dole ne kowa ya bi dokar kasar Sin; ba wanda ya kamata ya bata sha’anin jama’a ko ya kawo tangarda”.[11]

Kara tsananta dokokin shige da fice

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An gudanar da babban samame na kama bakin haure a watan Yuli da Agusta 2013.[7] Rahotannin jaridu sun bayyana cewa adadin Afirkawa a yankin ya ragu tun daga shekarar 2014, inda karancin damar samun biza ya zama daya daga cikin dalilai.[12][13] [14]

Tsarin biza da aka kafa tun daga 2013 a gundumar Yuexiu ya fuskanci sauyi a lokacin bazara na 2018, inda rahotanni suka bayyana cewa wasu otel da gidajen haya masu sauki sun hana Afirkawa zama, ko suka ware masu fasfo daga Uganda da Najeriya, tare da rufe shaguna da gidajen abinci na Afirkawa.[15][16] Jaridar Daily Monitor ta Uganda ta tattauna da wasu ‘yan kasar da ke Guangzhou da suka ce an gaya musu su zauna a otel masu tsada, yayin da wasu ke ganin an yi wa ‘yan Uganda farmaki ne saboda yawan wadanda ake zargi daga Uganda da laifin safarar miyagun kwayoyi, wadanda ake zargin ‘yan Najeriya ne da suka sayi fasfo na Uganda ta hanyar cin hanci.[16] Wani jami’i daga Uganda ya zargi Ma’aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da siyar da fasfo na Uganda ba bisa doka ba.[16] Kakakin Hukumar Kula da Sha’anin Fasaƙwafasa da Shige da Fice ta Ma’aikatar ya ce wadannan fasfo an sace su ne ko kuma wasu ‘yan kasar suka siyar.[16][6]

Annobar COVID-19

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A lokacin annobar COVID-19 a cikin kasar Sin, rahotanni sun yadu na cewa an kori Afirkawa daga gidajen haya da otel a Guangzhou, inda suka shiga cikin mawuyacin hali na neman abinci da mafaka.[17]

A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Guangzhou ya gargadi Ba’amurke ‘yan Afirka da su guji zuwa Guangzhou, inda wasu suka bayyana cewa ana kiyayarsu a otel da shaguna.[18] Ofishin Jakadancin ya kara da cewa an sami karancin biza ga Afirkawa da tilasta musu yin gwajin COVID-19 da killace su na kwanaki 14 a kudinsu.[7]

Jakadun kasashen Afirka da ke kasar Sin sun rubuta wasika ga Wang Yi, Ministan Harkokin Waje na kasar Sin, suna bukatar a dakile nuna wariya ga Afirkawa a Guangzhou. Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka (AU), Moussa Faki Mahamat, ma ya kira Jakadan kasar Sin a AU, Liu Yuxi, ya bayyana matsanancin damuwa.[19]

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, Zhao Lijian, kakakin Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta kasar Sin, ya bayyana cewa:[20]

A lokacin da muke yakar cutar coronavirus, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da muhimmanci matuka ga rayuwa da lafiyar baki a kasar. Muna kula da kowa daidai. Muna kin nuna bambanci, kuma muna adawa da wariyar launin fata. Tun bayan barkewar cutar, hukumomin Guangdong sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga marasa lafiya baki, ciki har da ‘yan Afirka. An yi shirye-shirye na musamman don kare rayukansu yadda ya kamata, kuma hakan ya sa muka ceci wasu daga cikin su.

Ya kara da cewa a taron manema labarai na 13 ga Afrilu cewa kasar Sin za ta dauki matakai don shawo kan damuwar “abokai daga Afirka” da kuma dakile nuna wariya, tare da suka kan Amurka da cewa tana kokarin hargitsa dangantakar Sin da Afirka da sunan annoba, amma hakan ba zai yi nasara ba.

Bayan annoba

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A shekarar 2024, harkokin kasuwancin ‘yan Afirka a Guangzhou sun dawo yadda suka kasance kafin annobar.[21] A watan Mayu 2025, damuwa game da dokokin shige da fice ya sake tasowa a kafafen sada zumunta bayan jita-jitar cewa ‘yan sanda sama da 3,000 sun kai samame a gundumar Sanyuanli, wadda ke da yawan al’ummar Afirka. Gwamnatin gundumar ta karyata jita-jitar, tana cewa samamen ba ya da nasaba da dokar shige da fice, illa dai aikin gyaran birni, kuma adadin “3,000 ‘yan sanda” ya yi yawa fiye da gaskiya.

Aure Tsakanin Kabilu

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A zuwa shekarar 2014, an samu auratayya da dama tsakanin mutane daga Afirka da kuma na kasar Sin a Guangzhou, inda kusan dukkan auratayyar ke kasancewa tsakanin maza 'yan Afirka da mata 'yan kasar Sin. Biza ta aure da kasar Sin ke bayarwa ba ta halatta ma'aurata su yi aiki ba. Auratayyar da yawa na fuskantar matsaloli saboda wahalar samun biza mai dorewa.[5] Yawancin 'yan kasar Sin da ke zaune tare da auren 'yan Afirka a Guangzhou, misali, sun fito ne daga jihohin karkara masu talauci kamar Sichuan, Hunan, da Hubei. Daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2014, mutanen karkara daga kasar Sin da suka auri 'yan Afirka da sauran 'yan kasashen waje sun samu damar haihuwar yara fiye da daya, sabanin yadda dokar haihuwa guda take tanada wa sauran 'yan kasa na kasar Sin.[22][23]

Kasuwanci da Kalubalen Canjin Kudi

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Baya ga matakan hana shige da fice, wani babban kalubale da 'yan kasuwar Afirka ke fuskanta shi ne faduwar darajar kudin kasashen Afirka da dama bayan faduwar farashin danyen mai tun daga 2014.[24] 'Yan kasuwa daga Najeriya — mafi rinjaye daga Afirka — sun bayyana yadda suka kasa samun kudin kasashen waje da ake bukata don sayen kaya. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta fara mayar da martani ga faduwar darajar Naira ta hanyar takaita damar samun kudin kasashen waje da kin rage darajar Naira ta hukuma.[24] Don samun Naira, 'yan kasuwa na Najeriya sun koma kasuwar bayan-fage inda suke sayen daloli da karin kashi 75% akan farashi na hukuma, lamarin da ya sa samun riba ya zama da wahala.[25][24] Wani tsohon dan kasuwa daga Najeriya da ke sayar da kaya a Guangzhou ya bayyana wa Financial Times cewa bai iya cika ko rabin kwantena daya ba cikin shekarar 2016 saboda wannan matsalar.[24] Wadanda ke fataucin kaya daga sauran kasashen Afirka, ciki har da Angola, wani babban mai fitar da mai, suma sun fuskanci irin wannan matsala.[25]

A 'yan shekarun nan, matsalolin sun tsananta. Rikicin darajar Naira da kuma takunkumin samun dala ta hanyar hukumomi sun tilasta 'yan kasuwa su koma amfani da hanyoyin musayar kudi ta bayan-fage da kuma amfani da kudaden dijital (cryptocurrency) don ci gaba da kasuwanci da kasar Sin. Da dama daga cikin 'yan kasuwa sun bayyana cewa yin amfani da bankuna don canja kudi ba ya yiwuwa yanzu. Wani dan kasuwa daga kabilar Igbo ya ce: “Gare mu, ya fi sauki mu canja Naira kai tsaye da kudin RMB; sai Naira miliyan 10 ta sayi kwantena daya. Amma idan sai an canja zuwa USD, to rabin kwantena kawai zan iya lodawa.”[26]

Raguwar darajar Naira da ya zarta 70% tsakanin 2022 da 2024 da kuma rashin karbuwa sosai na shirin musayar kudade tsakanin kasashen ya sa yawancin 'yan kasuwa daga Najeriya dogara ne ga hanyoyin biyan kudi na bayan-fage. Sun sha korafi akan jinkiri, karancin kudade da rashin gaskiya a tsarin sayar da kudi na Babban Bankin Najeriya. A wasu lokuta, an hana 'yan kasuwa aika kudade ta banki (USD ko RMB), lamarin da ya sa suka koma amfani da kudaden dijital kamar USDT duk da dokar hana hakan.[26]

Laifi

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Laifuka da suka shafi 'yan Afirka a Guangzhou sun dauki hankalin hukumomi da al'umma daga bangarorin biyu — na Afirka da na kasar Sin.

A watan Agusta 2013, Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a ta Guangzhou ta gudanar da wani babban samame akan masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da ya hada jami'an tsaro 1,300, inda suka kai hari otal din Lihua (Dragon) a yankin Yuexiu, wani wuri da aka fi sani da cunkoson 'yan hijira daga Afirka. Wannan samame ya zo ne daidai lokacin da gwamnati ke gudanar da wani gagarumin kokari na dakile shige da ficen ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin zafi, kuma an kama mutane 168, yawancin su 'yan Najeriya da Mali.[27]

Bayan wannan farmaki, Jakadan Najeriya a Sin a wancan lokacin, Sola Onadipe, ya soki 'yan kasarsa da kakkausar murya. A hirarsa da jaridar Vanguard, ya nuna bakin cikinsa game da yadda 'yan Najeriya ke shiga harkokin da suka sabawa doka a kasar Sin. Ya ce wasu daga cikin su na shan tabar wiwi a fili da shan giya sosai, yana kiran irin wannan hali da “abun kunya”, kuma ya bayyana cewa yana jin takaici wajen wakiltar su a matsayin jakada.[28] Jakadan ya kwatanta halin 'yan Najeriya da sauran 'yan kasashen Afirka kamar Ghana, Kamaru da Côte d'Ivoire, yana cewa ba su fuskantar irin wannan matsin lamba daga 'yan sanda, wanda ke nuna cewa halayen 'yan Najeriya ne ke janyo matsaloli. Wannan kakkausar magana daga bakar jakada mai ci ta janyo cece-kuce daga masana. Farfesa Steven F. Jackson, masanin siyasa, ya ce wannan ba wai kawai nuna takaici bane, yana iya zama alamar rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin kabilu da ajin al'umma a Najeriya. Ya lura cewa yawancin 'yan Najeriya da ke Guangzhou 'yan kabilar Igbo ne daga kudu maso gabas, yayin da Onadipe, jakadan, mai yiyuwa ne daga kabilar Yarbawa daga kudu maso yamma. Jackson ya ce, “Jakadu sukan kasance masu diflomasiyya da adalci wajen kare 'yan kasarsu”, amma furucin Onadipe na iya zama wani alamar rarrabuwar kawuna cikin kasar Najeriya.[29]

A shekarar 2017, wani jami'in ofishin jakadancin Najeriya da ke Guangzhou ya kiyasta cewa a matsakaici, kashi 1% na 'yan Najeriya da ke zuwa birnin ana kama su ne da laifin safarar miyagun kwayoyi.[30]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Adams, Bodomo (May 5, 2020). "Historical and contemporary perspectives on inequalities and well-being of Africans in China". Asian Ethnicity. 21 (4): 526–541. doi:10.1080/14631369.2020.1761246.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named overstay
  3. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named neighborhoods
  4. 1 2 3 4 Pomfret, James (21 August 2009). "Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle". Reuters. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Marsh, Jenni (2014-07-02). "Afro-Chinese marriages boom in Guangzhou: but will it be 'til death do us part'?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  6. 1 2 3 Habicht, Jasper (2020). The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement: The Example of Sanfei Campaigns in Chinese Immigration Law. Studies on the Law and Legal Culture of China. 9. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 155–160. doi:10.5771/9783748907817. ISBN 978-3-7489-0781-7. S2CID 218955976.
  7. 1 2 3 Mathews, Gordon; Lin, Linessa Dan; Yang, Yang (2017). The World in Guangzhou. University of Chicago Press. p. 118.
  8. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named death
  9. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named riots
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named star2
  11. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named protest
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tia
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cnn
  14. ↑ Pan, Xiaobo (2008-01-23). "Chocolate City - Africans searching for the Chinese Dream". Southern Weekly. Archived from the original on 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named supchina
  16. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named dailymonitor
  17. ↑ Pomfret, James (21 August 2009). "Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle". Reuters. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cnn2
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Zhao
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named chinastory
  22. ↑ Admin (2014-06-03). "Bride and prejudice: Afro-Chinese marriages in Guangzhou". Africa-China Reporting Project (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  23. ↑ "China cracks down on African immigrants and traders". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Commodity dip hits China's little Africa". Financial Times. July 4, 2016. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  25. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named depreciation
  26. 1 2 Liu, Jing Jing (March 2025). "Decentering the Dollar in Africa-China Trade: How Nigerian Entrepreneurs Navigate Currency Swaps and Digital Currencies in an Era of USD Hegemony and RMB Internationalization". African Studies Review. 68 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1017/asr.2025.20. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
  27. ↑ "Guangzhou police smash West African-led drugs ring". Dongguan Today. 2013-08-15. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  28. ↑ "Nigerians' notoriety in China is unprecedented - Ambassador Onadipe". The Vanguard. February 16, 2014. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  29. ↑ Steven F. Jackson, "Two Distant Giants: China and Nigeria Perceive Each Other," European, Middle Eastern, & African Affairs, Winter 2019, pp. 60–62.
  30. ↑ "535 Nigerians languish in Chinese prisons for drug trafficking". The Point. May 1, 2017. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.

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