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Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka ta Kudu

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Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka ta Kudu
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Ana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Afirka ta Kudu ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki . Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 1998 na Myles Nadioo ya lura cewa gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta haƙƙin ƴan ƙasa; duk da haka, akwai damuwa game da amfani da karfi ta hanyar tilasta doka, shari'a da kuma nuna wariya. [1] Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da Dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta 1994 ne suka ba wa Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam damar sanya ido a kai a kai da kuma ta hanyar korafe-korafe da aka gabatar a gabanta, tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma neman mafita kan irin wannan cin zarafi. Hakanan yana da rawar ilimi. [2]

Zamanin wariyar launin fata

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Apartheid wani tsari ne na wariya da wariya da wasu tsirarun fararen fata suka aiwatar a kan yawancin Baƙar fata. [3] Misali, ba a yarda baƙar fata su sayi filaye a wajen ajiyar filaye duk da kasancewarsu ƴan asalin ƙasar. [4] An kafa da yawa daga cikin dokokin yaki da wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu tare da la’akari da cewa abin da kasashen duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama, da kuma bakaken fata masu rinjaye a kasar ke gani a matsayin rashin adalci na zamantakewa da na shari’a da ke da alaka da wariyar launin fata, kuma an yaba da sakonsa na yaki da wariyar launin fata a matsayin abin koyi ga al’ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

Hakkokin ilimi

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Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa dokar samar da ilimi daidai wa daida a duk fadin kasar. Wannan dokar ta ƙunshi White Paper akan Ilimi da Horarwa 1995 da Dokar Makarantun Afirka ta Kudu, Dokar 84 na 1996. [5] Duk da haka, an sami batutuwan aiwatar da waɗannan dokoki, kuma bisa ga rahoton shekara ta 2020 da Amnesty International ta fitar, Afirka ta Kudu tana ɗaya daga cikin tsarin ilimi mafi ƙarancin daidaito a duniya, tare da tazara mafi girma tsakanin makin gwajin na manyan kashi 20% na makarantu da sauran kashi 80%. [5] [6] Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tana mai da hankali sosai kan ingancin manyan makarantu . [5] Bugu da ƙari, babu haɗin kai na launin fata da yawa a makarantun jiha. [7] Kodayake dokoki sun ba da izinin haɗin kai, makarantu da yawa sun kasance mafi rinjayen kabila ɗaya. [7] Abin ƙarfafawa, yawan ɗaliban da suka kammala digiri na 12 ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, daga 3.7 miliyan 3.7 'yan Afirka ta Kudu masu shekaru 15 zuwa sama a 1996 zuwa miliyan 11.6 a 2016. [8]

Makarantun karkara

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Yawancin Ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu sun fito ne daga makarantun karkara. A zahiri, kusan kashi 79% na Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu suna rayuwa ne a cikin yankunan karkara. [9] Sai dai gwamnati ta yi watsi da ingancin ilimi a wadannan yankunan karkara. [9] Abubuwan da suka shafi karatun karkara sun hada da: rashin kayan aiki, rashin ruwa mai tsafta, rashin kayan aiki, da malamai marasa kwazo. [9] Idan aka yi la’akari da rashin kyawun kayan aiki, wasu makarantun ba su da kwanciyar hankali a tsarinsu kuma suna fuskantar barazanar durkushewa, wasu makarantun ma ba su da wutar lantarki. [9] Galibin makarantun da ke da yara sama da 500 ba su da tsaftar bandaki yayin da wasu makarantun ba su da bandaki kwata-kwata. [9] Bugu da ƙari kuma, yawancin makarantun karkara suna cikin lunguna da lungu ba tare da samun tsaftataccen ruwa kai tsaye ba. [9] Ruwa gabaɗaya yana da nisa kilomita kuma ƙazantacce ne saboda dabbobi suna wanka da sha a cikinsa. [9] Wannan rashin ruwa lamari ne na musamman a cikin rana lokacin da zafin jiki ya fi girma. [9] Nisan wadannan makarantu na karkara ma matsala ce ta musamman domin sun yi nisa da gidajen yara. [9] Kuma, makarantu da yawa ba sa magance wannan batu ta hanyar sufuri. [9] Bugu da ƙari, yawancin makarantu ba su da littattafan da ake buƙata da kuma kayan aiki don koyo. [9] A watan Yunin 2010, Jaridar Gwamnati ta gane cewa waɗannan wuraren koyo marasa kyau suna ƙara yawan rashin halartar malamai da kuma yawan barin ɗalibai. Wasu daliban ba su da isasshen abinci kuma suna jin yunwa a lokacin makaranta. Wannan yunwar tana haifar da ƙarancin maida hankali kuma tana sa wuraren koyo ba su da kyau. [10]

Hakkoki ga yara nakasassu

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Ko da yake Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin nakasassu a shekara ta 2007, har yanzu yara masu naƙasa ba su da damar samun ilimi daidai. [11] A cikin yanayi da yawa, makarantar jiha tana iya tantance ɗaliban da za su iya yin rajista kuma makarantar na iya ƙi yaro naƙasasshe kawai ba tare da wani sakamako ba. [11] A lokuta da ɗalibin zai iya yin rajista a makarantar jama'a, makaranta na iya rasa abubuwan da ake bukata don koyar da yara masu nakasa yadda ya kamata. [11] Bugu da ƙari, an tilasta wa yaran da ke da naƙasa a makarantun jiha biyan kuɗi-kamar mataimaki-wanda ba a buƙatar wasu ɗalibai su biya. Afirka ta Kudu na da makarantun da ke kula da nakasassu, amma waɗannan makarantu ba su da iyaka kuma suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi. [11] Ƙayyadadden adadin makarantu na tilasta wa yara shiga jirgi ko amfani da sufuri mai tsada. [11] A shekara ta 2000, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da hakkin yara ya damu musamman da rashin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Afirka ta Kudu na tabbatar da ilimin firamare kyauta. [11] Har yanzu Afirka ta Kudu na fafutukar samar da ilimin firamare kyauta ga kowa da kowa. [11] Bugu da ƙari, yawancin nakasassun ɗalibai ba sa iya samun ingantaccen ilimi saboda suna cikin jerin jiran makarantun da ke kula da ɗalibai masu buƙatu na musamman. [11] Misali, a cikin 2015, akwai yara kusan 5,552 da ke da nakasa a cikin jerin jiran aiki. [11]

Makarantar Firamare a Afirka ta Kudu

Hakkin siyasa

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Afirka ta Kudu tana da kundin tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ke kare dukkan 'yancin siyasa. Duk da haka, an sami wasu abubuwan da suka faru na danniya na siyasa da kuma barazanar danniya a nan gaba wanda ya saba wa wannan kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya sa wasu manazarta da kungiyoyin farar hula suka yanke shawarar cewa akwai ko za a iya samun wani sabon yanayi na danniya na siyasa ko kuma raguwar juriya na siyasa.

Yarda da siyasa wani muhimmin al'amari ne a siyasar Afirka ta Kudu. [12] Duk da haka, wannan alƙawarin ya keta haƙƙin mutane, musamman waɗanda ke cikin talauci. [12] Kashi 40% na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu sun dogara ga jihar don samar da kayan masarufi. Wannan dogaro ga jihar na rage cin gashin kan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu da ke bukatar wannan taimako. [12] Ana ba da waɗannan buƙatun ta hanyar tallafi, waɗanda ke buƙatar takaddun gwamnati don samun. [12] Saboda haka, tsarin mulki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen iyawar mutum don samun tallafi don haka ya sami abubuwan bukata. [12] 'Yan siyasa suna samun masu mayewa bisa alkawuran abin duniya. [12] Idan ’yan siyasa suka cika wadannan alkawuran, galibi wadanda za su karba su ne wadanda ke goyon bayan ‘yan siyasa. [12] Ainihin, masu jefa ƙuri'a dogara ga jiha yana hana su damar yin zaɓe bisa tsarin akida. [12] Wannan al'amari bai yi daidai da ka'idojin demokradiyya na Afirka ta Kudu ba.

Jindadi

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Ya zuwa 2021, kusan kashi 30% na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu (miliyan 18 daga cikin al'ummar ƙasar miliyan 60) sun sami tallafin gwamnati. [13] Wannan adadin ya karu sosai a lokacin cutar ta coronavirus ; a cikin Oktoba 2020, fiye da kashi 70% na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu suna zaune a cikin gida suna samun tallafin gwamnati.

A shekarar 1997 "Fara Takarda kan Jin Dadin Jama'a" ta zayyana manufofin jin dadin jama'a na Afirka ta Kudu. Farar Takarda kan Jindadin Jama'a ta mayar da hankali ne kan samarwa 'yan Afirka ta Kudu damar samun 'yancin kai. [14] Misali, White Paper akan Jindadin Jama'a ya tanadi samar da ayyukan ayyukan jama'a. [14] Har ila yau, farar takarda ta jaddada mahimmancin kungiyoyin jin dadin jama'a da ba na jiha ba wajen samar da walwala. [14] Irin wadannan kungiyoyi sun hada da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO's) da kungiyoyin addini. [14] Bugu da ƙari, White Paper ta mayar da hankali ga gwamnati ta samar da jin dadi musamman ga iyalai. [14] Amma, White Paper yana da ƙarancin tanadi ga tsofaffi. [14] Gwamnati na bukatar iyalai su dauki nauyin kula da ’yan uwansu tsofaffi, wani bangare saboda dabi’un al’adu. [14] Har ila yau, farar takarda ta shafi tallafin tallafi na yara kuma ta nisanta kanta daga ra'ayi game da matsayin jinsi a cikin iyali. Misali, Farar Takarda ba ta kebance namijin da ke cikin gida a matsayin “mai-bread”. [14] Har yanzu akwai banbancin kabilanci a biranen Afirka ta Kudu, duk da cewa kasar ta dade da kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata. Yawancin bakaken fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu har yanzu suna kokawa don samun bukatu na yau da kullun kamar gidaje, suna zaune a cikin garuruwan da ba a kula da su ba, yayin da da yawa daga cikin farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu ke zama a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da tushe tare da tsaro masu zaman kansu. The Sowetan Live kwanan nan ya ba da rahoton cewa "...hakika birnin ya ba da gudummawar" gina "gidaje na jama'a 4,000 a cikin gundumomi 11" tare da mazauna fiye da 350,000 har yanzu suna buƙatar agajin gidaje na gaggawa. [15]

Lafiya

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The Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto

Afirka ta Kudu tana da tarin cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa. Cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ita ce babbar sanadin mace-mace saboda karancin kayan aikin jinyar marasa lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan yana da datti tare da sharar ɗan adam da masana'antu wanda ke taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka. [16] Talauci ne ke haddasa mace-mace da yawa maimakon rashin maganin cututtuka. [16] Talauci shine babban dalilin mutuwa saboda iyalai marasa galihu ba sa iya samun ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya kuma asibitoci ba sa iya siyan isassun kayayyaki. [16] Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke ƙaura ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun rasa albarkatun kiwon lafiya wanda ba na gaggawa ba. Misali, da yawa daga cikin mutanen da ke zaune a Yankin Lafiya na Hillbrow ba doka bane kuma suna da ƙarancin albarkatun lafiya. Musamman, an gina wasu gine-ginen asibitoci kafin yakin duniya na biyu. [17] Bugu da ƙari, al'ummar Hillbrow suna da yawan cututtukan cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i. [17]

Asibitin Gabas Rand. Babu isassun gadaje ga marasa lafiya.

HIV/AIDS

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Afirka ta Kudu ce ke da mafi yawan adadin mutanen da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau a duniya, miliyan 7.5 kamar na 2021. [18] An fara gano shi a cikin 1982. An fara gano cutar a cikin 'yan luwadi, amma cikin hanzari ta yadu zuwa madigo. [16] Saboda saurin yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta yi kokarin shiga don taimakawa. [16] Duk da haka, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na mulkin wariyar launin fata a lokacin da cutar HIV/AIDS ke zama annoba. [16] Don haka, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi matukar wahala wajen rage tasirin annobar. [16] Misali, saboda yadda makarantu ke wakilta da kuma cece-kucen da ke tattare da hakan, gwamnati ba ta mai da hankali kan samar da ingantaccen ilimin jima’i wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan cutar kanjamau. [16] Bugu da kari, kananan hukumomi da na tarayya sun samu sabani game da yadda ake ware kudade don rigakafin cutar kanjamau, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin aiki da kuma cikas. [16] Har ila yau, an yi amfani da wasu kudaden da aka ware don rigakafin cutar kanjamau. [16] Misali, an yi hasashen wani mawaki mai suna Sarafina II zai kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da rigakafin cutar kanjamau. [16] Duk da haka, wasan bai fito fili ba kuma bai taimaka sosai da ilimin jima'i ba. [16] Yawancin maganin cutar kanjamau da ci gaban da aka samu daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar WHO da UNAIDS . [16]

Dalilai masu yiwuwa

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Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da musabbabin cutar HIV/AIDS a Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu ra'ayoyin cewa ma'aikatan bakin haure sune tushen yaduwar cutar. [16] Ma’aikatan bakin hauren yawanci ba sa ganin matansu da iyalansu na tsawon watanni, saboda haka sun yi jima’i da yawa a birane. [16] Sannan daga baya a lokacin hutu, magidanta su koma gida ba tare da sun sani ba suna sawa matansu cutar. [16] Wata ka'idar ita ce, al'adun sun sa Afirka ta Kudu ta fi fuskantar kamuwa da cutar. [16] Misali, kaciyar maza a lokacin haihuwa na rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. [16] Duk da haka, yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ba sa yin wannan hanya saboda ba al'ada ba ne yin kaciya a lokacin haihuwa. [16]

Bugu da ƙari, rashin ingantaccen kiwon lafiya na iya tsananta cutar. Akwai bambanci sosai tsakanin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da masu zaman kansu. [17] Gabaɗaya, asibitocin gwamnati suna ba da kulawa mafi muni fiye da asibitoci masu zaman kansu. [17] Gaba daya asibitocin gwamnati sun cika makil da karancin ma’aikata. [17] A zahiri, kashi 82% na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu suna kula da kashi 27% na manyan likitocin Afirka ta Kudu. [17] Bambanci a cikin waɗannan kaso na faruwa ne ta hanyar manyan likitocin da ke ƙaura zuwa sashin kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu da kuma ta hanyar magudanar ƙwaƙwalwa. [17] Ciwon kwakwalwa shine lokacin da kwararru suka yi hijira daga ƙasarsu don yin aiki a wani wuri. [17] Haka kuma, rashin daidaiton ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda asibitoci masu zaman kansu ke da wadata da kudade fiye da yadda asibitocin gwamnati ke da shi saboda karin kudade a asibitoci masu zaman kansu. [17]

Korar baki

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Kungiyar kare hakkin bil-Adama ta Human Rights Watch ta soki gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu bisa korar dubban daruruwan 'yan gudun hijirar Zimbabwe da kuma daukar wadanda rikicin siyasa ya shafa a matsayin 'yan ci rani na tattalin arziki . Ta hanyar mayar da 'yan gudun hijira zuwa ga zalunci, Human Rights Watch ta tabbatar da cewa Afirka ta Kudu na keta yarjejeniyar 'yan gudun hijira da kuma dokokin kasa da kasa. [19]

A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2020, Human Rights Watch ta buga rahoto mai shafuka 64 da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tashe-tashen hankula na kyamar baki a Afirka ta Kudu . Rahoton ya kuma kunshi faifan bidiyo da shaidun shaida. Duk da amincewa da shirin gwamnati a watan Maris na 2019 don yaƙar kyamar baki, baƙi na Afirka da Asiya a cikin ƙasar suna fuskantar cin zarafi na yau da kullun. [20]

Hakkokin Jima'i da LGBT

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Jima'i

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Afirka ta Kudu na da wasu batutuwan da suka shafi rashin daidaiton jinsi a shari'o'in kotu. [1] Babban misali shi ne na Jacob Zuma da aka yi masa fyade a 2006. [1] "Khwezi, wata mace mai fafutuka kan cutar AIDS, ta gurfanar da Zuma a gaban kotu saboda ya yi mata fyade. kare kansa, Zuma ya yi ikirarin cewa zai iya "samun alaka da mata" cikin sauki, don haka ya ce ba zai yi wa Khwezi fyade ba. "Wadannan ayyuka sun sa masu fafutukar ganin jinsi su nuna adawa da jima'i da kuma nuna damuwa game da yadda alkali ya ba wa kotu damar shigar da shaidu game da tarihin jima'i na Khwezi, amma ba su amsa shaida daga tarihin jima'i na Zuma ba. Mutane da yawa sun ji cewa Zuma ya yi adawa da dimokuradiyyar Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani saboda yana wakiltar ubangida a wani matsanancin hali.

Fyade

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A cikin 2018/19, 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu sun yi rikodin fyade 41,583, ko da yake masana sun yi gargadin cewa yana da wuya a tantance adadin adadin da ba a kai ba. [21] [22] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2009 ya gano daya daga cikin mazan Afrika ta Kudu guda hudu ya amince da yi wa wani fyade sannan kuma wani bincike ya nuna daya cikin mata uku cikin 4000 na mata da aka yi binciken sun ce an yi musu fyade a shekarar da ta gabata.

Yara kuma suna aikata fyade (wasu 'yan kasa da goma). [23] Abubuwan da suka shafi fyaden yara da jarirai na daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Yawancin manyan manyan laifukan fyaden jarirai waɗanda suka haɗa da babban aikin tiyata don sake gina tsarin fitsari, al'aura, ciki, ko hanyoyin numfashi sun bayyana.

Auren jinsi daya

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Dokar kungiyar farar hula ta 17 ta 2006 ta halatta auren jinsi daya a Afirka ta Kudu . [24] Wannan martani ne kai tsaye ga Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida v Fourie, inda Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta bayyana rashin amincewa da dangantaka tsakanin jinsi guda a doka ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki tare da ba majalisar shekara guda don gyara lamarin. [24]

Kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata shi ne na farko a duniya da ya haramta wariyar launin fata da ta danganci jima'i . Afirka ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko a Afirka, kuma ta biyar a duniya da ta halatta auren jinsi.

Hakkokin ma'aurata

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Masu yin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu suna da wasu haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da sauran mutane, amma tare da manyan gibi a cikin kariya daga saɓanin magunguna na kwaskwarima marasa yarda da kuma kariya daga wariya. Kasar ita ce ta farko da ta fito karara ta sanya masu yin jima'i a cikin dokar hana wariya. [25]

Hakkin aiki

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Shari'a

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Afirka ta Kudu tana da fayyace kuma fayyace ka'idojin aiki. [26] An bayyana ƙa'idodin aikin sa a fakaice a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma sun tsara iyakoki don ƙa'idodi na bayyane. [26] Ma'aikata sun tsara ƙa'idodin bayyane kuma sun keɓance ga kowane aiki. [26] A gefe guda kuma, ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin sune Dokar Hulɗar Ma'aikata ta 66 na 1995, Babban Sharuɗɗan Ayyukan Aiki 75 na 1997, Sabon Dokar Daidaita Aiki 55 na 1998, da Dokar Haɓaka Ƙwarewa 97 na 1998-kowanne tare da gyare-gyare na gaba. Dokar Hulda da Ma'aikata ta 66 ta baiwa ma'aikata damar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi da yin ciniki tare. [27] A tsawon shekaru, adadin kungiyoyin kwadago a Afirka ta Kudu ya ragu. [26] Har ila yau, akwai karancin kungiyoyin kwadago da ke da alaka da tarayya da kuma karin kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu a Afirka ta Kudu a yau. [26] Babban Sharuɗɗan Aiki 75 yana da ƙa'idodi game da lokutan aiki, hutu, da ƙarewa. [28] An ƙirƙiri Sabuwar Dokar Daidaiton Aiki 55 don rage wariya. Hakanan yana ba da sigogi don ingantaccen aiki. [29] Dokar Haɓaka Ƙwarewa ta 97 tana haɓaka yawan yawan ma'aikata da gasa a kasuwa. [30]

Ƙungiyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ta Kudu na da wasu batutuwan da suka shafi aiki. Wani al'amari shine kafa ƙungiyoyi. [31] A zahiri, kashi 22% na ma'aikatan Afirka ta Kudu membobin ƙungiyar ne. [3] A cikin 2012, Kisan Kisan da aka yi wa Marikana ya faru. [31] Kisan kiyashin na Marikana shi ne kisan wasu masu hakar ma’adinin platinum su 44 da ke yajin aikin neman karin albashi. An jikkata mutane 78 sannan an kama 259. Wani dalili na wannan ta'asa shine rashin kariya yajin aikin. [26] Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan gona da ba su biya albashi ba suna yajin aiki. [31] Misali daya shine yajin aikin ma'aikatan gonakin Western Cape inda ma'aikatan galibinsu mata ne. [26] Yajin aikin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 3, amma ma'aikatan sun samu karin kashi 52% na albashi. [26] Wannan yajin kuma ba shi da kariya. [26] Akwai wani yajin aikin hakar ma'adinan platinum a shekarar 2014, amma ya sha bamban da yajin aikin hakar ma'adinan platinum na 2012 saboda an kare shi. [26] Kariyar ta hana 'yan sanda zalunci. [26] Hasali ma wannan yajin aikin ya dauki tsawon watanni biyar ana yi. [26] Sakamakon haka, samar da platinum a duniya ya ragu da kashi 40% saboda rashin aiki. [26] Ma'aikatan albashin ya karu a sakamakon haka amma, ma'aikatan sun fuskanci asara saboda manufar "babu aiki, ba albashi" a Afirka ta Kudu. [26] Ma'aikatan da ke yajin aiki gabaɗaya suna da ƙarfi sosai, har ma da yajin aikin da aka kayyade, saboda akwai haɗarin asara sosai. [26]

Ƙasashen waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Adadin membobin ƙungiyar a Afirka ta Kudu na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. [3] Bugu da ƙari kuma, haɗarin rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyin ƙungiya ya zama abin ƙyama ga kamfanonin kasashen waje. [3] Afirka ta Kudu na karbar kamfanonin kasashen waje saboda suna samar da ayyukan yi. [3] Yawan marasa aikin yi a Afirka ta Kudu kusan kashi 30 ne. [3] Gwamnati tana ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin waje da marasa galihu ta hanyar ba da fa'ida ga kamfanonin waje. [3] Hakanan, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tana buƙatar kasuwancin da ke da kwangilolin gwamnati su ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. [3] Har ila yau, Afirka ta Kudu na da yawan ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani daga yankunan karkara a fadin Afirka, wanda ke ba wa kamfanonin kasashen waje ƙwaƙƙwaran ma'aikata zaɓaɓɓu. [3]

Halin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Afirka ta Kudu tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". [32]

Yarjejeniyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin Afirka ta Kudu game da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar haka yake:

Yarjejeniya Ƙungiya An Gabatar An Sanya hannu An Tabbatar
Yarjejeniyar hana kisan ƙeta da hukunta masu aikata shi Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1948 - 1998
Yarjejeniyar hana nuna wariyar launin fata ta duniya Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1966 - 1998
Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu ta duniya Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1966 1994 -
Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin farar hula da siyasa ta duniya Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1966 1994 1998
Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta farko ga yarjejeniyar haƙƙin farar hula da siyasa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1966 - 2002
Yarjejeniyar hana ɗaukar laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam da yaƙi da lokacin su Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1968 - -
Yarjejeniyar hana wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1973 - -
Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'in wariyar jinsi akan mata Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1979 1993 1995
Yarjejeniyar hana azabtarwa da sauran nau’o’in wulakanci ko rashin tausayi Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1984 1993 1998
Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin yaro Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1989 1993 1995

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "2009 Human Rights Report: South Africa". State.gov. 2010-03-11. Archived from the original on 2010-03-15. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
  2. ↑ "About the SAHRC". sahrc.org.za. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Kanopy (Firm) (2014). "South Africa Beyond Apartheid". Kanopy. Kanopy. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  4. ↑ "South Africa profile - Timeline - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  6. ↑ "South Africa's broken and unequal education laid bare". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Films for the Humanities and Sciences (Firm) (1992). "7 Up: South Africa". Films on Demand. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  8. ↑ "Education Series Volume III: Educational Enrolment and Achievement, 2016" (PDF).
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :12
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  13. ↑ "Locked In! How the South African Welfare State Came to Rely on a Digital Monopolist - NYU School of Law – CHRGJ". chrgj.org. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  15. ↑ "South Africa's black majority battles apartheid urban planning". SowetanLIVE & Sunday World (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :13
  18. ↑ "The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic". KFF (in Turanci). 2021-03-02. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  19. ↑ "South Africa: Grant Temporary Status to All Zimbabweans". Human Rights Watch. 19 June 2008. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  20. ↑ "Human rights campaigners urge action over 'widespread xenophobic violence' in South Africa". CNBC. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  21. ↑ "FACTSHEET: South Africa's crime statistics for 2018/19". The Citizen (in Turanci). 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  22. ↑ Mashishi, Naledi. "Are 40% of South African women raped in their lifetime and only 8.6% of perpetrators jailed?". Africa Check (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  23. ↑ "Child rape in South Africa". Medscape. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ntlama, N (2010). "A Brief Overview of the Civil Union Act" (PDF). Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal. North-West University. 13 (1). doi:10.4314/pelj.v13i1.55360. ISSN 1727-3781. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act No. 4 of 2000, as amended" (PDF). 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  27. ↑ Department of Labor (2002). "Republic of South Africa No. 66 of 1995: Labour Relations Act" (PDF). Department of Labour. Department of Labour. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  28. ↑ Zopedol (30 September 2014). "Basic Conditions of Employment Act 2002". Department of Labour. The South African Department of Labour. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  29. ↑ Creator (14 January 2015). "Employment Equity Act". Department of Labour. The South African Department of Labour. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  30. ↑ Zopedol (8 September 2009). "Skills Development Act". Department of Labour. The South African Department of Labour. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  32. ↑ Freedom House (2024). "Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024" (XLS). Retrieved 21 December 2024.
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