Ƴancin Addini a Afirka

Ƴancin Addini a Afirka
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Ƴancin Addini a ƙasa
Fuskar	Ƴancin Addini a ƙasa

Matsayin ƴancin addini a Afirka ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Jihohi na iya bambanta bisa ga ko suna ba da tabbacin daidaito a karkashin doka ga mabiyan addinai daban-daban, ko sun kafa addinin jihar (da kuma tasirin doka da wannan ke da shi ga masu aiki da wadanda ba masu aiki ba), yadda kungiyoyin addinai da ke aiki a cikin ƙasar ke da 'yan sanda, da kuma yadda ake amfani da Dokar addini a matsayin tushen tsarin shari'ar ƙasar.

Akwai ƙarin bambance-bambance tsakanin wasu ƙasashe da suka yi ikirarin kansu na 'yancin addini a cikin doka da kuma ainihin aikin hukumomin iko a cikin waɗancan ƙasashe: kafawar ƙasa na daidaito na addini a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ko dokoki ba lallai ba ne ya fassara zuwa' yancin aiki ga mazaunan ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan ayyuka (kamar samun 'yan ƙasa su gano abin da suka fi so na addini ga gwamnati ko a kan katunan tantancewa) na iya samun sakamako daban-daban dangane da wasu yanayin zamantakewar siyasa na musamman ga ƙasashen da ake magana a kai.

Yawancin ƙasashe a Afirka sun kafa doka cewa 'yancin addini haƙƙin da aka ba wa dukkan mutane. Har zuwa inda ake aiwatar da wannan a aikace ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Kasashe da yawa suna da dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci waɗanda ke hana nuna bambanci na addini. Kasashe da yawa, musamman a Yammacin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka, suna da babban matakin haƙuri na addini, kamar yadda gwamnati ta tilasta, kuma kamar yadda halayen al'umma suka nuna.^[1]^[2] Sauran, duk da haka, suna da matakai masu mahimmanci na nuna bambanci na addini, ko dai ana yin su ta hanyar kayan aikin gwamnati ko kuma ta jama'a gaba ɗaya. ^[3] Kungiyoyin da ke fuskantar manyan matakan nuna bambanci na doka a Afirka sun hada da Musulmai (a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashen Kirista), Kiristoci (a cikin yawancin ƙasashen Musulmai), masu bin addinin Bahá'í, Musulmai Ahmadiyya (a cikin ƙasashen Musulmi), da Rastafarians.^[4]^[5]^[6] Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙasashe suna da matakai masu mahimmanci na ƙiyayya da masu musun wanzuwar Allah.^[7] Wasu ƙasashe sun haramta maita.Kasashe da yawa sun kafa Islama a matsayin addinin jihar, kuma wasu ƙasashe masu yawan Musulmai suna da muhimmiyar kulawa ta gwamnati game da ayyukan Islama a kasar, har zuwa ciki har da kafa kotunan addinin Islama, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su don Dokar iyali.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] Wadannan kotuna yawanci suna nan ban da kotuna na duniya, kuma yawanci suna da matsayi na ƙasa, kodayake wannan ba koyaushe ba ne.^[12]

Kasashe da yawa suna buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su yi rajista tare da gwamnati, ^[13] ^[14] kuma wasu sun hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na addini. ^[15] Kasashe da yawa suna ba da kuɗi ga cibiyoyin addini da / ko aikin hajji.^[16]

Rikicin addini yana nan a wasu ƙasashe, musamman waɗanda ke da babban matakin rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ko tashin hankali.^[17]

Aljeriya

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Aljeriya ne ya tsara 'yancin yin addini a kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya ayyana Musulunci a matsayin addini na kasa (Mataki na 2) amma kuma ya bayyana cewa "'yancin akida da ra'ayi ba shi da iyaka" (Mataki na 36); ta haramta wariya, Mataki na ashirin da tara ya ce "Dukkan 'yan kasa suna daidai a gaban doka. Ba za a iya nuna bambanci ba saboda haihuwa, launin fata, jima'i, ra'ayi ko wani yanayi na mutum ko zamantakewa ko yanayi". A aikace, gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan, tare da wasu keɓantacce.

Angola

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Angola ya bayyana jihar a matsayin mai zaman kanta; yana ba da 'yancin lamiri, addini, da ibada, ya haramta nuna bambanci na addini, kuma yana buƙatar jihar ta kare majami'u da kungiyoyin addini muddin sun bi doka. Kiristanci shine addinin mafi yawan jama'a, tare da kusan 40% na bin Katolika da 40% na bin ƙungiyar Furotesta; 10% ba su da alaƙa da addini. Har ila yau, akwai ƙaramin al'ummar Musulmi, an kiyasta a cikin mabiya 80-90,000.^[18]

Gwamnati ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai 17 a Cabinda kan tuhume-tuhumen yin mummunar al'adun fitar da aljanu a kan manya da yara da ake zargi da "maƙaryaci," ba bisa ka'ida ba suna gudanar da ayyukan addini a gidaje, kuma ba a yi rajista ba. Kodayake doka ba ta yarda da wanzuwar maita ba, ayyukan zamba da aka aikata yayin yin addini ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Ba a tsananta wa mambobin wadannan kungiyoyi ba, amma an yanke wa shugabannin biyu hukunci a shekara ta 2006 na cin zarafin yara kuma an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru 8 a kurkuku.

Benin

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Benin ya kafa wata jiha ta duniya kuma ya ba da 'yancin tunani na addini, faɗar albarkacin baki, da aiki. Ana ba da izinin ƙungiyoyin addini a Benin su kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu, amma makarantun gwamnati ba na addini ba ne kuma dole ne ba su koyar da addini ba.

Botswana

Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Botswana tana ba da 'yancin addini, kuma gwamnati tana aiwatar da wannan a kowane mataki.^[19]

Ilimin addini wani bangare ne na manhaja a makarantu na gwamnati; yana mai da hankali kan Kiristanci (addinin kusan kashi 70% na al'ummar kasa^[20]) amma yana kuma ambato sauran kungiyoyin addini a cikin kasar. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi cewa kowace al’umma na addini na iya kafa wuraren koyar da addini a bisa kudin al’umma. Kundin tsarin mulki ya hana tilasta koyar da addini, shiga bukukuwan addini da tilasta rantsuwa da ke sabawa imanin mutum.^[19]

Burkina Faso

Sashe na 31 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Burkina Faso ya bayyana cewa Burkina Faso kasa ce mai bin tsarin sekula.^[21]

Makarantun gwamnati ba sa bayar da koyarwar addini. Kungiyoyin Musulmi, Katolika da Protestant na gudanar da makarantu na firamare da na sakandare. Duk da cewa jami’an makarantu suna gabatar da sunayen daraktocin su ga gwamnati don rijista, gwamnati ba ta nada ko tantance wadannan jami’an ba.^[22]

A shekarar 2022, fiye da kashi 20% na makarantu sun rufe sakamakon hare-haren 'yan ta'adda.^[22]

Burundi

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Burundi ya bayyana kasar a matsayin mai bin tsarin sekula; yana kuma tanadar da 'yancin kai da addini da hana wariyar addini. Doka na bukatar kungiyoyin addini su yi rijista da Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida kafin su fara aiki.^[23]

Cameroon

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cameroon yana ba da damar 'yancin addini da bautawa; babu wani addini da aka bayyana a matsayin na kasa. Kungiyoyin mishan suna aiki ba tare da wani tangarda ba.^[24]

Wasu kungiyoyin addini suna gudanar da makarantu na firamare da sakandare; yayin da makarantu na gwamnati ba sa koyar da addini, makarantu masu zaman kansu na iya yin hakan.^[24]

Cape Verde

Kundin tsarin mulki yana ba da 'yancin addini da bautawa, kuma yana kare 'yancin mutum na zabar, aikata, bayyana, da sauya addininsa.^[25] Cocin Katolika tana da matsayin musamman a rayuwar kasa; misali, a baya gwamnati ta ba Cocin Katolika damar watsa shirye-shiryen addini kyauta a talabijin (kimanin kashi 85% na al’ummar Cape Verde Katolika ne).^[26]

A shekarar 2021, ba a samu rahoton wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi 'yancin addini daga cikin al'umma ba.^[25]

Central African Republic

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ayyana kasar a matsayin mai bin tsarin sekula. Hakanan yana ba da damar 'yancin addini da kariya daidai a karkashin doka.^[27]

Dalibai ba sa tilastawa shiga darussan addini, suna da 'yancin halartar kowanne shiri na addini da suka zaba. Ko da yake gwamnati ba ta hana koyar da addini a makarantu na gwamnati kai tsaye, irin wannan koyarwar ba ta cikin tsarin manhajar makarantu gaba daya kuma ba kasafai ake samunta ba.^[27]

A baya, sihiri ya kasance laifi a karkashin dokar hukunta laifuka, inda ake yanke hukunci na kisa, ko da yawanci hukuncin yakan kasance shekaru 1 zuwa 5 a kurkuku ko tara har zuwa dala $1,500 (817,836 CFA francs); an fi cafke wadanda ake zargi da sihiri tare da wasu laifuka kamar kisa.^[28]

Kungiyoyin addini da gwamnati ta dauka a matsayin “masu tayar da hankali”, wani kalma da ba a fayyace ta ba, na fuskantar hukunci daga Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida. Lokacin da za a dauki matakin hukunci, ma’aikatar za ta iya kin rijista, dakatar da aiki, ko haramta kowace kungiya da ta ga tana cin karo da tarbiyya ko mai tayar da hankali. Ma’aikatar kuma na iya shiga cikin harkokin kungiyoyin addini don warware matsalolin cikin gida da suka shafi kadarori, kudi, ko shugabanci.^[14]

Chad

Sashe na 1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Chadi yana ayyana kasar a matsayin kasa mai bin tsarin sekula kuma “yana tabbatar da rarrabuwar addini da gwamnati”.^[29] Sai dai wasu manufofi na fifita Musulunci a aikace. Misali, wani kwamiti da ke kunshe da membobin Majalisar Addinin Musulunci ta Chadi da Daraktan Harkokin Addini a Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ne ke shirya tafiyar Hajj da Umra. A baya, Kungiyar Cocin Evangelical ta Chadi ta soki tafiyar Hajj da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta da cewa tana dusar da matsayin sekula na kasa.^[30]

Gwamnati na kula da ayyukan Musulmi ta hannun Majalisar Addinin Musulunci mai goyon bayan gwamnati. Wannan Majalisar tare da hadin gwiwar shugaban kasa suna da alhakin nada babban limamin kasa – wanda ke jagorantar manyan limamai a yankuna kuma ke zama shugaban majalisar. A ka’ida, babban limami na da ikon dakile yada addini daga wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci, daidaita abun da ake fadi a cikin huduba a masallatai, da kuma kula da ayyukan kungiyoyin agaji na Musulmi. Kungiyoyin Al Mountada al Islami da World Association for Muslim Youth an hana su aiki saboda suna bayyana tashin hankali a matsayin bangare na addini. Gwamnati ta kuma haramta kungiyar Sufi ta Al Faid al-Djaria saboda yin wasu al’adun da suka saba wa Musulunci kamar waka da rawa a cikin ibada.^[30]

Shugabannin addini na da hannu wajen kula da dukiyar kasa. Wakili daga bangaren addini yana zaune a Kwalejin Gudanar da Kudaden Shiga, wadda ke kula da rabon kudaden mai. Wannan kujera na yawo tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi da na Kirista duk bayan shekaru 4.^[30]

Makarantun gwamnati na koyar da darussa a Faransanci, yayin da makarantun biyu harshe ke koyarwa da Faransanci da Larabci. Gwamnati ta hana koyar da addini a makarantu na gwamnati, amma tana ba dukkan kungiyoyin addini damar kafa makarantun kansu ba tare da matsala ba. Rashin ingancin tsarin ilimi a Chadi ya sa iyalai da dama na Musulmi ke juyowa zuwa makarantun Musulunci don ba 'ya'yansu damar samun ilimi da ba za su iya samu ba. Kusan dukkan manyan garuruwa na da akalla daya ko fiye da hakan daga cikin makarantun Musulunci masu zaman kansu. Ko da yake gwamnati ba ta fitar da takamaiman bayanan kudin makarantu ba, ana fahimta cewa yawancin makarantun Musulunci na samun kudin tallafi daga masu bayar da taimako daga kasashen Larabawa kamar Saudi Arabia, Egypt, da Libya.^[30]

Comoros

Dokar kundin tsarin mulkin Comoros ta tanadi 'yancin addini, amma gwamnati na takura wannan 'yanci a aikace. A shekara ta 2009, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima da ta tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa.^[8]

Baƙi da aka kama suna wa'azin wani addini banda Musulunci na fuskantar korar ƙasa. Ƴan ƙasa da suka sauya daga Musulunci sukan fuskanci ƙin yarda daga al'umma.^[31]

Kundin tsarin mulkin ya bayyana cewa Babban Mufti na Comoros ana naɗa shi ta shugaban ƙasa, kuma zai jagoranci Babban Hukumar Kasa Mai Kula da Al'amuran Addini. Zai kuma ba gwamnati shawara kan aiwatar da dokokin Musulunci.^[31]

Ana koyar da ƙa'idodin Musulunci tare da harshen Larabci a makarantu na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, da kuma a makarantun yara.^[31]

Akwai bambanci da nuna wariya ga 'yan ƙasa marasa addinin Musulunci a wasu sassa na al'umma.^[31]

Jamhuriyar Dimokraɗiyyar Congo

Kundin tsarin mulki na bayar da 'yancin addini kuma yana haramta wariyar addini.^[32]

Sai dai rikici tsakanin Musulmai da sauran ƙungiyoyin addini, musamman Kiristocin Congo, ya faru tun daga shekara ta 2014 a North Kivu dangane da tawagar ‘yan tawaye na Allied Democratic Forces da suka fara a Uganda.^[33] Ana zargin tawagar Allied Democratic Forces da ke da ra'ayin siyasa na Islamism da aikata kisan gillar Beni a watan Agusta 2016.

Dokar ta tanadi kafa da gudanar da cibiyoyin addini kuma tana bukatar ƙungiyoyin addini masu aiki da gaske su yi rijista da gwamnati; bukatun rijistar sun kasance masu sauki kuma ba a nuna wariya wajen aiwatar da su. A aikace, ƙungiyoyin addini da ba su yi rijista ba suna gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da hanawa ba.^[32]

Djibouti

Sashe na farko na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Djibouti ya tabbatar da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa kadai, yayin da Sashe na 11 ya tanadi daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da addininsu ba da kuma 'yancin yin ibada. Sauran sashe-sashe na kundin mulki suna maimaita wannan daidaito akai-akai.^[15]^[34] Kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma haramta jam'iyyun siyasa da suka dogara da addini a Sashe na 6.^[15]

A cewar rahoton International Religious Freedom 2014, duk da cewa Musulmin Djibouti suna da haƙƙin sauya addini ko yin aure da wanda ba Musulmi ba, sukan fuskanci rashin yarda daga dangi da ƙabilarsu, ko kuma daga al’umma gabaɗaya, kuma sukan fuskanci matsin lamba don komawa Musulunci.^[35]

A shekara ta 2012, an kafa wata doka da ta bai wa Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini ikon sa ido da tsari a masallatai na Djibouti, har da saƙonnin da ake isarwa lokacin sallar Juma'a. Daga 2022, Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini na duba hudubobin sallar Juma’a gaba ɗaya.^[36]

A shekarar 2014, gwamnati ta fitar da wata doka da ta canza matsayin limamai zuwa ma’aikatan gwamnati karkashin Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini da kuma mallakar masallatai da dukiyoyinsu ga gwamnati. Sakataren Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini ya bayyana cewa wannan doka na da nufin kawar da harkokin siyasa daga masallatai da kuma ƙara sa ido kan kadarorin da ayyukan masallatai. Jami'an gwamnati sun bayyana cewa dokar tana da nufin dakile tasirin ƙasashen waje a masallatai.^[37]

A cewar Sashe na 23 na Dokar Iyali, namiji wanda ba Musulmi ba na iya auren Musulma ne kawai bayan ya musulunta.^[38] Gwamnati ba ta amince da auratayya da ba ta da tushe na Musulunci ba; tana amince da auren da aka gudanar ne ta hanyar Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini ko kuma Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida.^[37]

Makarantun gwamnati ba na addini ba ne, sai dai Ma’aikatar Harkokin Addini na bukatar a koyar da darasin tarbiyya da ɗabi’a (mai ɗauke da ka'idojin Musulunci); dole ne makarantun masu zaman kansu su koyar da wannan darasi ma.^[36]

Masar

A cikin kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 2014, 'yancin imani yana da "cikakken iko" kuma an tabbatar da aiwatar da ibada a Masar, duk da haka gwamnati ta dade tana zaluntar ƙananan ƙabilar Koptik da addinai da ba a amince da su ba.^[39] Musulunci ne addinin kasa, kuma Shari’a ita ce tushen dokoki na zamani.^[40] Yawancin al’umar Masar sun fi zama Sunni Musulmai. Shi’a Musulmai ba su da yawa – ƙasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na yawan jama’a.^[41] Hasashen kashi na Kiristoci na tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 20 cikin ɗari.^[41]

Mu'amala da Kiristocin Koptik

Kiristocin Koptik, ƙabila kuma addini guda da suka samo asali a Masar, suna fuskantar wariya daga matakan gwamnati da dama, daga ƙarancin wakilci a ma'aikatun gwamnati, zuwa dokoki da ke takaita gina ko gyaran coci. Suna da ƙarancin wakilci a harkar tsaro, 'yan sanda, da ma'aikatan gwamnati kuma ana nuna musu bambanci a wuraren aiki bisa addininsu. A shekarar 2009, Pew Forum ya sanya Masar a cikin ƙasashe 12 mafi muni dangane da tashin hankali kan ƙananan addinai da kuma matsin lamba ga Kiristoci.^[42]

Mu'amala da Musulman Ahmadiyya

Harakar Ahmadiyya a Masar na da mabiya har 50,000.^[43] An kafa harakar a shekarar 1922^[44] amma ta fuskanci ƙarin tsanani da zalunci daga gwamnati a ƙarni na 21. Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta ƙi amincewa da 'yan Ahmadiyya,^[45] kuma an yi musu dirar mikiya daga 'yan sanda tare da wasu kungiyoyin Musulmai da gwamnati ta ke ganin masu sabawa.^[46]

Magani ga Baháʼí

Katin shaidar dan kasa da gwamnati ke bayarwa a Masar a baya suna bayyana addinin mai rike da katin, amma gwamnati tana daukar addinai guda uku kacal a matsayin halal: Musulunci, Kiristanci, da Yahudanci. A matsayinsu na wata kungiya ta addini da gwamnati ba ta amince da ita ba kuma wadda ta sha wahala da tsangwama daga gwamnati cikin yawancin karni na 20, mabiya addinin Baháʼí a Masar (kimanin mutane 2,000^[47]) sun dogara da wasu ma’aikatan gwamnati masu tausayi don su samu katin ID da aka rubuta alamar '-’ ko 'sauran' ko kuma 'Baháʼí'.^[5]

Bayan da Masar ta fara amfani da tsarin katin ID na lantarki a shekarun 1990s, an kulle tsarin ne don kar ya yarda da addinin da ba a rubuta ba, ko wani addini banda Musulunci, Kiristanci ko Yahudanci. Saboda haka, wadanda ke da wata akida daban (ko babu) ba su samun damar samun takardun shaidar gwamnati kamar katin dan kasa, takardar haihuwa, takardar mutuwa, takardar aure ko saki, ko fasfo - wadanda ake bukata domin amfani da hakkinsu a cikin kasar, sai dai su yi karya game da addininsu. Baháʼí sun zama kamar ba 'yan kasa ba ne, ba su da damar samun aiki, ilimi, da duk wasu ayyukan gwamnati, har da kula da lafiya a asibiti.^[48]

A cikin jerin karar kotu daga 2006 zuwa 2008, alkalai sun yanke hukunci cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta bayar da katin ID da aka rubuta alamar '-’ a maimakon rubuta addini ga mabiya Baháʼí.^[49] Ana ganin cewa an warware wannan batu tun daga shekarar 2009.^[49]

Magani ga wadanda ba su da addini

Akwai 'yan Masar da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin marasa addini ko masu shakku da addinai. Amma yana da wahala a tantance yawan su saboda matsin lamba da ake yi wa wadanda ba su da addini wanda ke hana su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a fili.^[50]^[51] Bugu da kari, duk wata magana a fili da za a iya dauka a matsayin suka ga Musulunci ko Kiristanci na iya fuskantar hukunci a karkashin dokar sabo ta kasar. Wadanda ke da ra'ayin rashin addini irin su Alber Saber sun taba yanke musu hukunci a karkashin wannan doka.

Rahotanni sun nuna cewa yawan wadanda ba su da addini yana karuwa musamman a tsakanin matasan kasar, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna hulda da juna ta hanyar intanet.^[52]^[53] A cikin shekarar 2013, wani jaridar Masar ta ruwaito cewa mutum miliyan uku daga cikin miliyan 84 da ke kasar ba su da addini.^[54] Duk da cewa gwamnati ta gane wannan ci gaban, tana daukar sa a matsayin wata matsala da ake bukatar yakar ta, tana kwatanta ta da tsattsauran ra’ayi na addini.^[55] Duk da kin jinin da ake yi musu, masu ra’ayin rashin addini a Masar sun kara bayyana ra’ayoyinsu a dandamalin intanet kamar YouTube da Facebook tun bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, inda wasu daga cikin bidiyoyin da ke magana a kan rashin addini ke samun miliyoyin masu kallo.Samfuri:Fact

A wani binciken Pew Research na 2011 da aka gudanar kan Musulmai 1,798 a Masar, kashi 63% sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga hukuncin kisa ga wanda ya bar addinin Musulunci.^[56] Duk da haka, babu irin wannan hukunci a dokokin kasar.^[57] A watan Janairu 2018, shugaban kwamitin addini na majalisar dokokin kasar, Amr Hamroush, ya ba da shawarar wata doka da za ta haramta rashin addini, yana cewa "ya kamata a dauke shi a matsayin saba wa addini saboda wadanda ba su da addini ba su da wata akida kuma suna yunkurin cin zarafin addinan Ibrahimiyya."

Equatorial Guinea

Kundin tsarin mulkin Equatorial Guinea yana ba da damar 'yancin addini, kuma yana haramta kafa jam’iyyun siyasa bisa tushen addini. Dokar ba ta kafa wani addini a matsayin addinin kasa ba, amma gwamnati na nuna fifiko ga Cocin Katolika da Cocin Reformed na Equatorial Guinea, wadanda su ne kadai kungiyoyin addini da ba sa bukatar yin rajista da ayyukansu a Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Harkokin Addini, da Hukumomin Gyaran Hali (MJRAPI).^[58]

Gwamnati na bayar da kudade ga Cocin Katolika da makarantunta domin shirye-shiryen ilimi. Ana kuma hada taron cocin Katolika a cikin bukukuwan gwamnati na musamman.^[58]

Maballin addini daga kasashen waje na iya yin aiki a kasar, kodayake ana bukatar lasisi kafin su yi wa'azi daga gida zuwa gida.^[58]

Eritrea

Eritrea na amincewa da cocin Orthodox, Katolika da Lutheran da kuma Musuluncin Sunni kawai. Wadanda ke bin wasu addinai da ba a amince da su ba na fuskantar daurin kurkuku. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam kamar Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch sun rubuta munanan take-taken tauye hakkin 'yancin addini. Sun ruwaito hana ibada a cikin gida, kama jama'a da yawa a bukukuwan aure na addini, taron addu'a da sauran taruka.^[59]

Eswatini

Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki na kare 'yancin addini a Eswatini. A da, "kungiyoyin addini na kankane na samun kariya kadan a karkashin dokokin gargajiya da al’adu, ciki har da kotunan gargajiya da ikon kusan sarakuna 360".^[4]

Sabbin majami'u dole su mika bukatarsu ta hannun daya daga cikin kungiyoyin kasa guda uku: League of Churches, Swaziland Conference of Churches, ko Council of Swaziland Churches. Kungiyoyin addini dole su nemi izinin sarakuna kafin su gina wuraren ibada. Dole ne a koyar da darussan Kiristanci a dukkan makarantu na gwamnati, amma makarantun masu zaman kansu na da 'yancin tsara nasu tsari.^[60]

Ethiopia

Kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha ya tanadi rabuwar addini da gwamnati, ya tabbatar da 'yancin zabar addini, haramta wariyar addini, kuma ya fayyace cewa gwamnati ba za ta tsoma baki a cikin aiwatar da addini ba.^[61]

Kungiyoyin addini dole su yi rajista da gwamnati don samun halaccin aiki, wanda ke ba su damar yin taro a fili da kuma neman fili daga gwamnati domin gina wuraren ibada da makabartu.^[61]

Ba a yarda a koyar da darussan addini a makarantun gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu ba. Duk da haka, akwai rukunin makarantu na addini da aka yarda su koyar da darussan addini.^[61]

An sami wasu lokuta na rikici tsakanin kungiyoyin addini.^[61]

Ba a yarda a kafa jam’iyyu na siyasa bisa addini ba.^[61]

Gabon

Kundin tsarin mulkin Gabon yana haramta wariyar addini kuma yana tabbatar da 'yancin addini da daidaito ga kowa ba tare da la’akari da addininsa ba. Yana ba kungiyoyin addini 'yanci da ikon koyar da addininsu.^[62]

Makarantun gwamnati ba na addini ba ne, don haka ba sa koyar da darussan addini. Amma kungiyoyin Musulmi, Katolika, da Kiristoci suna gudanar da makarantun firamare da sakandare, inda wakilan kungiyoyin addini ke koyar da darussan addini. Wadannan makarantu dole su yi rajista da Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Gabon, wadda ke tabbatar da cewa suna bi daidaitattun ka’idoji kamar na makarantu na gwamnati.^[62]

Gambiya

Kundin tsarin mulkin Gambiya yana tabbatar da kuma kare 'yancin addini a cikin sashe na 17, 25, 32, 33 da 212.^[63] Sashe na 60 na kundin tsarin mulkin ya haramta kafa jam’iyyun siyasa bisa tushen addini.^[63]

Majalisar Addinin Musulunci ta Koli ita ce wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da ke ba gwamnati shawara kan batutuwan addini. Ko da yake ba gwamnati ke da wakilci a majalisar ba, amma tana ba su babban tallafi na kudi. A baya, shugaban kasa na kasar ya taba rike matsayin ministan harkokin addini kuma yana da alaka ta hukuma da majalisar.^[64]^[65]

Kundin tsarin mulkin ya kafa kotunan Qadi, inda alkalai Musulmai da suka samu horo a tsarin shari’ar Musulunci ke gudanar da shari’o’i da suka shafi aure, saki, kulawar yara, da gado ga Musulmi. Ana samun kotun Qadi a kowanne daga cikin yankuna bakwai na kasar.^[66] Dokar Musulunci tana aiki a kan ma’aurata masu addinai daban-daban idan daya daga cikin su Musulmi ne. Kotunan gunduma da ba na Qadi ba kuma suna amfani da shari’ar Musulunci idan ta dace yayin da suke yanke hukunci ga Musulmi. Wata kwamitin Qadi mai mutane biyar na da hurumin sauraron korafe-korafen da suka shafi shari’ar Musulunci daga kotunan Qadi da na gunduma.^[67]

Kungiyoyin wa'azin addini daga kasashen waje suna gudanar da aiki a kasar.^[64] Gwamnati ba ta bukatar kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista. Amma kungiyoyin agaji na addini dole su cika dukkan sharuddan rajista da lasisi kamar sauran kungiyoyin agaji.^[64]

Ghana

Kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana ya haramta wariyar addini kuma ya tabbatar da 'yancin kowane mutum ya bayyana da kuma aiwatar da addininsa.^[68] Dole ne kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista don samun halaccin aiki a hukumance.^[68]

Al’ummar Ghana suna da karfin hakuri da bambancin addini.^[69] Amma a baya, an tilasta wa mata sa hijabi a wasu makarantu na Kiristoci da na Musulmi da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinsu, duk da wata umarni daga Ma’aikatar Ilimi da ke haramta irin wannan.^[70]

Guinea

Kundin tsarin mulkin Guinea ya ayyana kasar a matsayin kasa marar addini inda kowa ke da daidaito a gaban doka ba tare da la’akari da addini ba.^[71] Kundin tsarin mulkin yana ba kowane mutum 'yancin zabar, sauya da kuma aiwatar da addinin da ya zaba.^[72]

Bayan juyin mulki a watan Satumba 2021, Kwamitin Kasa na Sulhu da Ci gaba (CNRD) ya dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki. Suka kafa wata dokar sauyi da ta ayyana kasar a matsayin kasa marar addini,^[73] kuma ta ba da 'yancin yin addini.

Kungiyoyin addini ba su da 'yancin mallakar tashoshin rediyo ko talabijin.^[73]

Manhajar makarantar firamare ba ta kunshi koyar da addini ba.^[73]^[74]

Kafin 2021

Limamai da ma’aikatan manyan masallatai na birnin Conakry da sauran biranen manyan yankuna hudu na kasar su ma’aikatan gwamnati ne. Wadannan masallatai suna karkashin ikon kai tsaye na gwamnati.^[72]

Sakatariyar Harkokin Addini na Guinea na kokarin inganta dangantaka tsakanin addinai da rage tashin hankali tsakanin kabilu. Sakataren harkokin addini yana nada daraktoci guda shida da ke jagorantar sassa na harkokin Kirista, Musulunci, aikin hajji, wuraren ibada, harkokin kudi da kuma kula da kadarori da bincike.^[72]

A wasu sassan Guinea, akwai matsin lamba daga iyali, al’umma, al’ada, da tattalin arziki da ke hana sauya addini daga Musulunci.^[72] An ruwaito cewa a garin Dinguiraye, wanda ke da alfarma ga Musulmin Afirka, ba a yarda da bikin bukukuwa na addinai marasa Musulunci a fili. Hukumomin garin Dinguiraye sun kuma hana gina coci a cikin garin.^[72]

Mabiya addinin Baháʼí sun bayyana cewa ana nuna musu wariya kuma iyalansu na kyamatar su saboda ra’ayin addininsu.^[74]

A cikin watan Yuli 2013, an samu rikicin kabilanci da na addini na tsawon kwanaki uku a birnin Nzerekore.^[75]^[76] Rikicin ya faru ne tsakanin kabilar Kpelle, wadanda Kiristoci ko masu bautar gumaka ne, da kabilar Konianke, wadanda Musulmi ne kuma dangin kabilar Malinke. Rikicin ya kashe akalla mutane 54.^[76] Rikicin ya tsaya ne bayan dakarun sojin Guinea sun kafa dokar hana fita, sannan Shugaba Condé ya gabatar da jawabi ta talabijin yana kira da zaman lafiya.^[76]

Guinea-Bissau

Dokar tsarin mulki ta Guinea-Bissau ta kafa bambanci tsakanin addini da gwamnati, da kuma nauyin gwamnati na girmamawa da kare kungiyoyin addini da aka gane ta hanyar doka.^[77]

A cewar tsarin mulki, ba a koyar da darussan addini a makarantun gwamnati; akwai wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin addini ke gudanarwa.^[77]

Ivory Coast

Dokar tsarin mulki ta Ivory Coast ta bayyana kasa mai zaman kanta daga addini, kodayake ba a fassara hakan a matsayin rarrabewa kai tsaye tsakanin coci da gwamnati. Jami’an gwamnati na halartar tarukan addini a matsayin wakilan gwamnati, kuma wasu makarantu na mishan suna samun tallafin gwamnati. Ana maraba da masu wa’azi a fadin kasar.^[78] Tsarin mulkin kuma yana hana wariyar addini wajen samun aiki, kuma yana mai da daidaito da juriya ga addinai a matsayin ginshikin hadin kan kasa ta Ivory Coast.^[16]

Gwamnati na kula da kuma daukar nauyin aikin hajji ga Musulmai (zuwa Mecca don yin Hajj) da kuma aikin ziyarar addini ga Kiristoci (zuwa France, Israel, da wuraren ibada na coci-cocin Kiristoci na Afirka), ko da yake an dakatar da wasu saboda Covid.^[16]

Kenya

Tsarin Doka

Kundin tsarin mulkin Kenya da sauran dokoki da manufofi suna haramta wariyar addini kuma suna kare 'yancin addini, ciki har da 'yancin bin kowanne addini ko ra'ayin addini.^[79] A wasu shari’o’in farar hula kamar aure, saki, da gado, idan dukkan wadanda abin ya shafa Musulmai ne, kundin tsarin mulkin yana bayar da damar kafa kotunan qadi domin yin shari’a bisa dokar Musulunci;^[79] babban kotun ƙasar mai tsarin rashin addini tana da ikon sauraron shari'o'in farar hula da na laifi, har da na kotun qadi, kuma tana karɓar daukaka kara daga kowacce hukuncin kotun qadi.

Dukkan makarantun gwamnati suna da darussan koyar da addini da malamai da gwamnati ke biyansu. Manhajar kasa ta wajabta koyar da darussan addini, kuma dalibai ba sa da damar kin halarta. Wasu makarantun gwamnati suna bayar da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban na darasin addini, galibi darasin Kiristanci ko Musulunci, amma babu tilas a ba da duka biyun.^[79]

Mu’amala da Musulmi

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam da na addinin Musulunci sun bayyana cewa wasu al’ummomin Musulmai, musamman wadanda suka fito daga kabilar Somaliya, sun kasance cikin hadarin kashe su ba bisa ka’ida ba, bacewa da gangan, azabtarwa, da kuma kama su da tsare su ba tare da dalili ba daga bangaren jami’an gwamnati. A rahoton watan Disamba 2016 daga wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama dake Mombasa, an rubuta rahoton kashe mutane 81 da bacewar wasu Musulmai daga yankin gabar teku cikin shekaru biyar. Gwamnati ta musanta cewa ita ce ke da alhakin wadannan ayyuka. Al’ummomin Musulmai musamman kabilar Somaliya sun shaida wahalar samun takardun shaida daga gwamnati, suna cewa an kara musu sharudda saboda kasancewarsu Musulmai.^[80]

Ra’ayoyin Jama’a

Ana kallon rashin addini da tsana sosai a Kenya.^[81]^[82]

Kananan kungiyoyin Musulmai, musamman wadanda suka fito daga kabilar Somaliya, sun ci gaba da fuskantar tsangwama daga wadanda ba Musulmai ba. An samu rahotannin barazana da rashin jituwa da suka shafi addini a cikin al’umma, kamar yadda wasu al’ummomin Musulmai ke barazanar wadanda suka sauya daga Musulunci zuwa Kiristanci.

Abubuwan da Suka Faru

A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2017, hukumomi a birnin gabar teku na Malindi dake cikin gundumar Kilifi sun gurfanar da mai wa’azin Kirista Paul Makenzi da matarsa bisa zargin yin wa’azi ga yara da nufin sauya musu tunani.^[80]

A wannan shekarar, a cewar shugabannin addini, wasu matasan Musulmai sun mayar da martani ga zargin cin zarafi daga wasu jami’an ‘yan sanda da ba Musulmai ba ta hanyar lalata kadarorin Kiristoci na yankin.^[80]

A shekarar 2017, kungiyar ‘yan ta’adda ta Al-Shabaab dake Somaliya ta kai hare-hare a gundumomin Mandera, Wajir, Garissa da Lamu, tana cewa ta kai harin ne kan wadanda ba Musulmai ba saboda addininsu.^[80]

Lesotho

Kundin tsarin mulkin Lesotho yana haramta wariyar addini kuma yana bayar da 'yancin tunani, hankali da addini, ciki har da 'yancin sauya addini ko akida da bayyana da yada addininka.^[83] Gwamnati tana bayar da goyon baya sosai ga makarantu da kungiyoyin addini ke tafiyarwa, ciki har da biyan albashi da tantance malamai.^[83]

Liberia

Kundin tsarin mulkin Liberia yana bayar da raba addini da gwamnati, kuma yana tabbatar da cewa kowa na da 'yancin tunani, hankali, da addini, sai dai in dokar kasa ta tanadi akasin haka domin kare lafiyar jama'a, oda, lafiya ko dabi'u, ko kuma kare haƙƙin wasu. Haka kuma dokar tana bayar da kariya iri daya a gaban doka.^[84]

Tun daga 2015, akwai yunkurin siyasa na sauya kundin tsarin mulki domin ayyana Liberia a matsayin "ƙasa Kirista".^[84] Wannan yunkuri yana samun goyon bayan jam’iyyar United People's Party, wacce a yanzu jam’iyyar adawa ce a gwamnati.^[84]

Dokar kasuwanci tana bukatar a rufe shaguna a ranakun Lahadi domin tsaftace titunan gari, wanda Musulmi ke ganin hakan wata dabara ce domin tilasta musu bin ranar hutun Kiristoci.^[84] Ana bukatar a mayar da Eid al-Fitr da Eid al-Adha a matsayin hutu na kasa tun daga 1995, amma ba a aiwatar da hakan ba.^[84] Musulmi suna wakiltar kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na yawan al’ummar Liberia.^[84]

Mata Musulmi sun fuskanci kalubale wajen yin rijistar kada kuri’a, inda jami’an zabe suka ki daukar hoton masu sanya hijabi.^[84] Kungiyar Liberia Muslim Women Network ta ce wannan matsala ta ci gaba da faruwa duk da cewa ana amincewa da sauran nau’in rufe kai, har da na gargajiya da na ‘yan uwansu mabiya addinin Katolika.^[84]

Libya

===[File:Libyan_Civil_War.svg|thumb|

Halin da ake ciki a yakin basasa na Libya a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2018

Yankunan da gwamnatin Tobruk da dakarun LNA ke iko da su

Yankunan da gwamnatin hadaka ta kasa da kawayenta ke iko da su

Yankunan da gwamnatin National Salvation ke iko da su

Yankunan da dakarun gida ke iko da su

(Domin cikakken taswira, duba: Template:Libyan Civil War detailed map)

]]===

Dokar rikon mulki ta wucin gadi ta Libya ta shekarar 2011 ta bayyana cewa addinin Musulunci ne addinin kasa, kuma Shari’a ita ce tushen doka mafi girma. Dokar ta ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa 'yancin yin ibada kuma tana haramta wariyar addini.^[85] Gwamnatin hadaka ta kasa da kasa (GNA) ba ta da iko a wasu yankuna na kasar, kuma ba ta da karfin tilastawa doka a can.

Libya na da matsananciyar rayuwa ta zamantakewa, ciki har da yunkurin hana mata fita su kadai daga kasar. Rundunar RADA ta hana laifi wacce ke da alaka da GNA tana kama mutane bisa zargin saba doka ta Musulunci. A Tripoli, wasu kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga suna tilasta mata sanya kaya na musamman da hana motsi, kuma suna hukunta maza saboda halayen da suka ce ba na Musulunci ba ne. Rundunar RADA ta kuma fuskanci zargin rusa wuraren ibada na Sufaye yayin fafatawa da makamai, ko da yake sun musanta hakan.

Gwamnatin Tobruk

An samu rahotannin cewa kwamandan soja da ke tare da gwamnatin Tobruk da rundunar LNA ya kara takura mata da hana su motsi ba tare da rakiyar maza ba.

Kungiyoyin 'Yan Bindiga Masu Tsattsauran Ra'ayi

Tun daga Mayu 2016, kungiyar ISIL ta rasa kusan duka yankunan da take iko da su a Libya.^[86] An gano kaburburan gungun mutane mabiya addinin Kirista Coptic da aka kashe a yankunan da IS ta taba rike. Tun daga lokacin, ana samun hare-hare lokaci-lokaci daga kungiyoyin tsattsauran ra’ayi kan Kiristoci da Sufaye, ko da yake ba a san wadanda ke da alhakin hakan ba a wasu lokuta.

Madagascar

Tsarin mulkin Madagascar ya tanadi 'yancin tunani da bayyana addini kuma ya haramta nuna bambancin addini a wurin aiki. Wasu dokoki suna kare 'yancin addini na mutum daga cin zarafi da gwamnati ko kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke yi.^[87] A shekarar 2021, shugaban wata kungiyar Musulmi ya soki gwamnati a bainar jama'a bayan da sabbin ranakun jarrabawar makaranta suka zo dai-dai da ranar Idi al-Adha; ^[87] shugabannin al'ummar Musulmi sun kuma soki tsarin zama dan kasa na Madagascar a matsayin wanda ke hana Musulmai samun dan kasa. Rashin aiwatar da dokokin aiki na gwamnati, musamman tanadin cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin samun hutun sa'o'i 24 a kalla sau daya a mako, ya sa wasu lokuta ma'aikata ke tilastawa su rasa hidimar addini.^[87] A watan Afrilu na 2017 ministan ilimi ya yi barazanar rufe makarantun Musulunci guda 16 da ya rarraba a matsayin “Qur’aniko,” yana mai cewa makarantun na daga cikin makarantu masu zaman kansu 190 da aka gano ba su cika bukatun gudanarwa daban-daban ba;^[88] wakilan al'ummar Musulmi sun soki wannan bayanin a matsayin Islamophobia.

Malawi

Tsarin mulkin Malawi ya hana nuna bambanci bisa addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin lamiri, addini, imani, da tunani;^[6] ya kuma bayyana cewa kawar da rashin jituwar addini wata manufa ce ta ilimi a Malawi.^[89] A baya, al'ummar Malawi sun rungumi bambancin addini, kuma mambobin addinan Kirista, Musulmi, da Hindu suna gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da kuma al'amuran farar hula tare.^[6] Koyarwar addini wajibi ce a makarantun firamare na gwamnati, ba tare da tanadin fita ba, kuma ana samun ta a matsayin zaɓi a makarantun sakandare na gwamnati. A wasu makarantu, manhajar addini wani kwas ne mai taken “ilimin Littafi Mai Tsarki” wanda ya maida hankali kan Kiristanci, yayin da a wasu kuma kwas ne na “ilimin ɗabi'a da addini” wanda ya haɗa da addinan Kirista, Musulunci, Hindu, da Baháʼí. Bisa ga doka, kwamitocin gudanarwar makarantar, waɗanda aka zaɓa a tarurrukan ƙungiyoyin iyaye da malamai, suna yanke shawara kan wace manhajar addini za a yi amfani da ita. Makarantun Kirista da Musulunci masu zaman kansu suna ba da koyarwar addini a addinan nasu. Makarantun “tallafi” na haɗin gwiwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke gudanar da su, galibi na addini, amma gwamnati ce ke biyan albashin malamansu. Don musayar wannan tallafin kuɗi, gwamnati tana zaɓar wani yanki mai yawa na ɗaliban da ke halarta. A makarantun da ke samun tallafi, kwamitin da masu gudanar da makarantar suka naɗa ne ke yanke shawara ko za a yi amfani da manhajar “ilimin Littafi Mai Tsarki” ko kuma “ilimin ɗabi'a da addini”.^[6] Yara Rastafarian suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen samun ilimi, saboda yara makaranta a Malawi gabaɗaya ana buƙatar su aske kawunansu, kuma al'adar addini ta Rastafarian tana buƙatar su sa gashin nan. Wannan ya haifar da hana yara Rastafarian da yawa shiga makarantun gwamnati, kodayake mafi yawansu sun yarda da aske kawunansu da kuma bin ka'idojin makarantar. A shekarar 2020, Babbar Kotun Malawi ta bayar da umarnin tilastawa Ma'aikatar Ilimi yin rajistar dukkan yara Rastafarian a makaranta; an kammala wannan a ƙarshen 2021.^[89]

Mauritania

'Yancin addini a Mauritania gwamnati ta iyakance shi. Tsarin mulki ya sanya kasar a matsayin jamhuriyar Musulunci kuma ya yanke shawara cewa Musulunci shine addinin 'yan kasarta da kuma Jaha. A watan Afrilu na 2018, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar da wata doka da ta sanya hukuncin kisa wajibi ga "zagin addini" da ridda; duk da haka a ƙarshen 2021, ba a yi amfani da wannan hukuncin ba.^[90] Ba-Musulmai mazauna kasashen waje da kuma 'yan kasar da ba Musulmai ba suna yin addininsu a fili tare da wasu iyakancewa kan wa'azi ga Musulmai da kuma yada kayan addini. Kusan dukkan al'ummar suna bin addinin Musulunci na Sunna, kodayake akwai 'yan tsiraru da ba Musulmai ba. An kafa Ikilisiyoyin Roman Katolika da na Kirista marasa mazhaba a Nouakchott, Atar, Zouerate, Nouadhibou, da Rosso. Wasu 'yan kasashen waje suna bin addinin Yahudanci amma babu majami'u. Wata sabuwar doka a shekarar 2021 ta sauƙaƙa wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu alaƙa da addini yin rajista da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida; duk da haka, dole ne su yarda su guji wa'azi.^[91]

Mauritius

Tsarin mulkin Mauritius ya hana nuna bambanci bisa addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini ko canza addini. Gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi ga Cocin Roman Katolika, Cocin Ingila, Cocin Presbyterian na Mauritius, Seventh-day Adventists, Hindus, da Musulmai gwargwadon adadinsu a ƙidayar jama'a baya ga matsayin ba tare da haraji ba. Sauran ƙungiyoyin addini za su iya yin rajista kuma su kasance ba tare da haraji ba amma ba sa samun tallafi.^[92] An ba da izinin koyar da addini a makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, a matakin firamare da na sakandare. An ba wa ɗalibai izinin fita, kuma ana ba da azuzuwan ilimin ɗan ƙasa ga ɗaliban da ba Katolika ba waɗanda ke halartar makarantun Katolika.^[92] Waɗanda ba Hindu ba sun sha bayyana cewa ba a wakilta su sosai a gwamnati ba.^[92] Babu ingantattun ƙididdiga game da adadin mambobin ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban da ke wakilta a ma'aikatar gwamnati; duk da haka, Hukumar Gaskiya da Adalci ta bayyana a cikin rahotonta na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2011 cewa aikin yi a ma'aikatar gwamnati bai wakilci bambancin kabilanci da addini na ƙasa ba.^[93] Akwai tashin hankali tsakanin Hindu da Musulmai a Mauritius.^[92] A baya, binciken 'yan sanda ya nuna cewa wasu zargin shari'o'in tashin hankali tsakanin addinai a zahiri shari'o'i ne na ramuwar gayya da suka samo asali daga matsalolin gida ko na sirri.^[93]

Morocco

Yancin addini a Morocco yana nufin iyakar da mutane a Morocco ke iya yin addininsu cikin 'yanci, la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. Tsarin mulki ya bayyana cewa Musulunci shi ne addinin jihar, inda jihar ke ba da tabbacin 'yancin tunani, faɗar albarkacin baki, da taro.^[94] Addinin jihar Morocco shine Musulunci. Gwamnati tana taka rawa sosai wajen tantancewa da kuma kula da al'amuran addini ga Musulmai, kuma rashin mutunta Musulunci a bainar jama'a na iya jawo hukunci a cikin nau'in tara da dauri. Musulunci Ahlussunna da Yahudanci sune addinai kaɗai da kundin tsarin mulkin Morocco ya amince da su^[94] a matsayin na asali ga ƙasar, tare da sauran addinai da ake ɗauka a matsayin "baƙi". Yayin da baƙi gabaɗaya za su iya yin addininsu cikin kwanciyar hankali, 'yan ƙasa da ke yin "addinan baƙi" suna fuskantar matsaloli daga gwamnati da matsin lamba na zamantakewa. Musamman ma, Musulman Shi'a da mambobin Addinin Baháʼí da kuma masu mika wuya ga Allah Kaɗai ko mambobin United Submitters International suna fuskantar nuna bambanci daga gwamnati, haka ma wasu kungiyoyin Kirista. A shekarar 2022 babu masallatan Shi'a a kasar ko kuma masallatan masu mika wuya da aka keɓe ga Allah Kaɗai.^[94] A tarihi, Morocco ta yi gwagwarmaya tsakanin lokutan haƙurin addini da rashin haƙuri. Daga cin nasarar Musulunci na Maghreb a shekara ta 698 har zuwa mulkin daular Almoravid a ƙarni na 11 da 12, yankin ya fuskanci wani lokaci na gagarumin haƙurin addini; Yahudawa da Kiristoci an buƙaci su biya haraji na musamman, amma in ba haka ba an basu izinin yin addininsu cikin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya ba da damar bunƙasa zamanin zinariya na Yahudawa. Khalifancin Almohad na gaba ya kafa tsarin mulki mai tsauri, kuma ya tilasta wa duk waɗanda ba Musulmai ba su musulunta ko a kashe su. Daga baya dauloli sun sake kafa manufofin haƙurin addini, wanda ya ba Yahudawa da Kiristoci damar komawa ƙasar, kodayake waɗannan dauloli na baya-bayan nan kuma wani lokaci an yi musu alama da tsanantawa ga 'yan tsiraru na addini, ko dai ta gwamnati ko kuma ta ƙungiyoyin masu tashin hankali. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Morocco ta faɗi ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Vichy da Nazi ke marawa baya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin korar al'ummar Yahudawa zuwa sansanonin tattara fursunoni. Mohammed V na Morocco ya hana wannan yunƙurin, kodayake an yi nasarar zartar da wasu dokokin yaƙi da Yahudawa. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1956, Morocco ta kafa kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya sake kafa Musulunci a matsayin addinin jihar, kuma a zahiri ya tanadi 'yancin addini, kodayake kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, nuna bambanci ga wasu ƙungiyoyin tsiraru ya ci gaba har zuwa yau.

Mozambique

Namibia

Tsarin mulkin Namibia ya hana nuna bambancin addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin imani da kuma 'yancin yin, bayyana, da kuma inganta kowane addini. Kungiyoyin addini sun yi tsokaci kan wasu matsaloli wajen samun takardun izinin aiki ga ma'aikatan addini na kasashen waje; duk da haka, sun kuma lura cewa duk kungiyoyi suna fuskantar tsauraran aiwatar da takardar izinin shiga kuma wannan manufar ba ta nufin kungiyoyin addini musamman ba.^[95] A shekarun baya, Majalisar Shari'ar Musulunci ta Namibia ta ruwaito cewa an yi wa Musulmai hari don korarsu saboda aiki ba tare da takardar izinin shiga mai inganci ba.^[96] An ba wa kungiyoyin addini izinin kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu muddin ba a hana wani dalibi shiga ba bisa imani ba. Tsarin karatun makarantun gwamnati ya kunshi wani sashi na "ilimin addini da dabi'u" wanda ya hada da ilimi kan ka'idojin dabi'a da hakkokin dan Adam kuma yana gabatar da dalibai ga nau'o'in al'adun Afirka da addinai daban-daban, da kuma addinan duniya kamar Yahudanci, Kiristanci, Musulunci, Buddha, Hindu, Addinin Baháʼí, da Rastafari.^[95]

Niger

Gabaɗaya ana mutunta 'yancin addini ga daidaikun mutane a Niger, inda gwamnati ke ba da kulawa ga al'ummar Musulmi. Kundin tsarin mulkin Niger ya hana nuna bambancin addini kuma ya tanadi 'yancin addini da ibada daidai da tsarin jama'a, zaman lafiya, da haɗin kan ƙasa. Ya tanadi rabuwar jiha da addini kuma ya hana jam'iyyun siyasa masu alaƙa da addini.^[97] Gwamnati ta haramta sanya cikakken mayafi a yankin Diffa a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar ta baci don hana boye bama-bamai da makamai. Gwamnati kuma ta haramta taron wa'azin addini a fili saboda dalilai na tsaro da aka bayyana.^[97] A shekarar 2017 gwamnati ta kafa dandalin Musulunci na kungiyoyin Musulunci sama da 50, da nufin daidaita ayyukan Musulunci a Niger da kuma hana amfani da cibiyoyin Musulunci wajen yada tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama.^[97] Kafa kowace makarantar mai zaman kanta ta hanyar kungiyar addini dole ne hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban su amince da ita. Madrasas masu zaman kansu, da aka kafa kawai don koyar da Alkur'ani ba tare da ba da wani ilimi ba, ba a tsara su ba. Makarantun gwamnati na yau da kullun ba su haɗa da ilimin addini ba. Gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi ga ƴan makarantun firamare na musamman (da ake kira "Makarantun Faransanci da Larabci") waɗanda suka haɗa da karatun addinin Musulunci a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar karatu.^[97] Al'ummomin Musulmi da Kirista a Niger gabaɗaya suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka, kodayake ƴan tsiraru na mutane suna kin ra'ayin dangantaka ta kusa.^[97]

Nigeria

Nigeria kusan daidai take tsakanin Kiristanci da Musulunci, ko da yake ainihin adadin ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Akwai kuma karuwar al'ummar Najeriya marasa addini waɗanda suka kasance sauran kashi 5. Yawancin Musulman Najeriya mabiya Sunna ne kuma suna zaune a yankin arewacin ƙasar, yayin da Kiristoci suka fi yawa a kudu.

Nigeria tana ba da 'yancin addini.^[98] Musulunci da Kiristanci sune manyan addinan biyu.^[99] Jihohi 12 a Najeriya suna amfani da tsarin hukunci na Sharia, wanda zai iya haɗawa da hukunci ga ridda. Cin zarafi na addini galibi ana aiwatar da shi ne ta kungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da gwamnatin Najeriya, kamar Boko Haram.^[100] Akwai babban zargi da aka danganta da kasancewa wanda bai yarda da Allah ba.^[101]^[102]

Jamhuriyar Kongo

Tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Kongo ya bayyana cewa Jamhuriyar Kongo kasa ce ta tsakiya, kuma ta haramta nuna bambancin addini, ta samar da 'yancin addini, ta hana amfani da addini don manufofin siyasa, kuma ta tanadi cewa duk wani takurawa ga 'yancin lamiri da ya samo asali daga “kafin addini” za a hukunta shi da doka.^[103]

Wani dokar gwamnati ta hana mutane sanya cikakken mayafin Musulunci a bainar jama'a. Wannan doka, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2015, ta samu goyon baya mai yawa daga shugabannin addini da jama'a gaba daya, ciki har da Musulmai.^[103]

Dokar ta hana koyarwar addini a makarantun gwamnati. Makarantu masu zaman kansu na iya ba da koyarwar addini. Dokar ta bukaci dukkan makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu su mutunta dukkan koyarwar falsafa da addini. Tsarin mulki yana kare 'yancin kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu.^[103]

Rwanda

Tsarin mulkin Rwanda da sauran dokoki sun hana nuna bambancin addini kuma sun samar da 'yancin addini da ibada, kazalika da hana jam'iyyun siyasa da suka dogara kan alaƙar addini. Rwanda.^[104] Sabbin ma'aikatan gwamnati doka ta buƙaci su yi rantsuwar mubaya'a "da sunan Allah madaukakin sarki" kuma su taɓa tutar yayin da suke karatun rantsuwar. Waɗanda ba su cika wannan buƙatar ba za su rasa matsayinsu. Dokar ba ta yi tanadi ga tsirarun addinai waɗanda imaninsu ba ya ba su damar bin wannan buƙatar ba. Shaidun Jehovah sun fuskanci matsaloli lokaci-lokaci na rashin iya shiga Kungiyar Barista saboda buƙatar rantsuwar, da kuma neman su shiga ayyukan soja.^[104]

Gwamnati tana tallafa wa wasu makarantu masu alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. Umurnin shugaban ƙasa ya ba da tabbacin cewa ɗaliban da ke halartar kowace makarantar da gwamnati ke tallafawa suna da haƙƙin yin ibada bisa ga imaninsu a lokacin ranar makaranta, muddin ƙungiyoyin addininsu sun yi rajista a ƙasar kuma ayyukan ibada na ɗalibai ba su tsoma baki cikin ayyukan koyo da koyarwa ba. Ɗalibai a makarantar firamare ta gwamnati da kuma shekaru uku na farko na makarantar sakandare dole ne su koyi darasi kan addinan duniya, ɗabi'a, da zama ɗan ƙasa.^[104]

A shekarar 2017, an ba da rahoton hare-hare biyu kan mambobin Cocin Pentecostal a gundumar Huye ta lardin Kudu, Rwanda. Kwana guda bayan an kai hari ga mambobin coci shida kuma an doke su sosai (inda aka bar ɗaya cikin suma sakamakon haka), wata ƙungiyar masu dauke da makamai ta kai hari cocin da daddare, inda ta ji rauni ga mambobin coci 25.^[105]

A shekarar 2016 an sami rahotannin cewa Musulmai da shugabannin al'ummar Musulmi an yi musu hari ko an kama su.^[105]

São Tomé and Príncipe

Tsarin mulkin São Tomé and Príncipe ya tanadi 'yancin addini da ibada da daidaito ga kowa, ba tare da la'akari da imani na addini ba. Yana ba ƙungiyoyin addini damar cin gashin kai da haƙƙin koyar da addininsu;^[106] kodayake dole ne ƙungiyoyin addini su yi rajista da gwamnati. Za a iya ba da ilimin addini a makarantun gwamnati, amma yawanci ba a koyar da shi a can. Akwai makarantu biyu da ƙungiyoyin Kirista ke gudanarwa, kuma azuzuwan addininsu suna buɗe ga kowa.^[106]

Senegal

Tsarin mulkin Senegal ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini da kuma cin gashin kai na ƙungiyoyin addini a Senegal ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba.^[107] A bisa doka duk ƙungiyoyin da suka dogara ga imani dole ne su yi rajista da gwamnati don samun matsayin shari'a a matsayin ƙungiya, kuma gwamnati tana sa ido kan ƙungiyoyi don tabbatar da cewa suna aiki a cikin sharuddan rajistar su, musamman lokacin da suke aiki a fannonin kare yara da ci gaban zamantakewa.^[107]

A baya, gwamnati ta ci gaba da shirye-shirye don taimakawa ƙungiyoyin addini wajen kula da wuraren ibada, don ba da kuɗi da sauƙaƙe shiga aikin Hajji, da kuma ba da kuɗi ga makarantun da ƙungiyoyin addini ke gudanarwa.^[108]

Musulmai na iya zaɓar ko dai dokar iyali ta farar hula ko Sharia don warware rikice-rikice na iyali, kamar auren aure da rikice-rikice na gado. Alkalai na kotun farar hula suna jagorantar shari'o'in shari'a na farar hula da na al'ada, amma shugabannin addini suna warware rigingimu da yawa tsakanin Musulmai ba tare da an bayyana su ba, musamman a yankunan karkara.^[107]

A bisa doka za a iya ba da shawarar ilimin addini a makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, kuma iyaye suna da zaɓi na shigar da 'ya'yansu a cikin shirin Kirista ko Musulunci, ko kuma babu ilimin addini.^[107]

Seychelles

Dokar kundin tsarin mulkin Seychelles ta haramta duk wani nau'in wariya kuma tana tabbatar da 'yancin addini. An haramta kungiyoyin addini mallakar tashoshin rediyo ko talabijin, amma manyan kungiyoyin addini suna samun lokaci a tashar rediyon gwamnati.^[109]

Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya hana koyar da darasin addini dole a makarantu. Duk da haka, daliban da ba Kiristoci ba a makarantar Katolika ba sa samun wani zaɓi daban yayin darasin addini.^[109]

A baya, gwamnati ta bayar da tallafin kuɗi ga kungiyoyin addini domin gyaran gine-ginen addini.^[110]

Sierra Leone

Kundin tsarin mulkin Sierra Leone yana tabbatar da 'yancin ɗabi'a da kuma 'yancin addini. Dokoki a Sierra Leone suna hana wariyar addini, kuma suna kare 'yancin canza addini ga 'yan ƙasa.^[111]

Al'ummar Rastafari a Sierra Leone sun fuskanci matsaloli daga 'yan sanda da gwamnati, saboda Cannabis, wanda ke da muhimmiyar rawa a ibadar Rastafari, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Sierra Leone.^[111]

Ra'ayin Jama'a

Aure tsakanin mabambantan addinai ya zama ruwan dare a Sierra Leone, kuma iyalai da dama suna da mambobi masu bin addinai daban-daban.^[111] A baya, shugabannin addini sun nuna damuwa game da wa'azi da ya ƙetare haddi daga ƙungiyoyin Kiristoci da Musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tasiri daga ƙasashen waje.^[112]

Somali

Saboda yakin basasar Somaliya, aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi addini daga gwamnatocin da ke cin gashin kansu a yankin ba ta da daidaito.^[113]

Sunnah Musulunci addini ne na kasa a Somaliya. Gabaɗaya, shari'a a yawancin yankuna tana dogara ne akan xeer (dokar gargajiya da ta al'ada), shari'a, da kuma kundin laifuka. A yankuna da yawa, ayyukan kungiyoyin Salafi sun kara takaita 'yancin addini, saboda mutane suna tsoron ramuwar gayya.^[113]

Musulunci ya kasance babban bangare na ainihin Somaliya a tsawon tarihin zamani. Kundin tsarin mulki na 1961 ya tabbatar da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa, kuma gwamnatocin baya sun ci gaba da wannan manufar.^[113] Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Somaliya, wacce ta wanzu daga 1969 zuwa 1991, ta yada akida da ke hada abubuwan Musulunci da Markisanci.^[114] Bayan rugujewar wannan gwamnatin, Somaliya ta fuskanci dogon yakin basasa wanda ya ci gaba daga lokaci zuwa lokaci tun daga shekarun 1990. Gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta kasa ta ci gaba da tabbatar da Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa, kuma ta kara tabbatar da cewa kundin dokokin Somaliya ya dogara ne akan ka'idojin shari'ar Musulunci.^[12] Yankin Somaliland, wanda ya balle a farkon yakin basasa kuma ya ci gaba da zama mai cin gashin kansa amma ba a amince da shi a duniya ba, ya kafa kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ya dogara akan irin waɗannan ka'idojin addini.^[115] Ayyukan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu tsaurin ra'ayi daban-daban sun kara takaita 'yancin addini, yayin da ake hari ga mutanen da ba su bi ka'idojin waɗannan kungiyoyin ba na shari'ar Musulunci don ramuwar gayya.^[17]^[113]

Al-Shabaab

Al-Shabaab, kungiyar mayaka mai alaƙa da al-Qaeda a Somaliya, sun kashe, sun raunata, ko kuma sun yi wa mutanen da ake zargi da sauya addini daga Musulunci ko waɗanda suka kasa bin umarnin addini na kungiyar. Tsoron ramuwar gayya daga al-Shabaab galibi yana hana kungiyoyin addini yin aiki cikin 'yanci. A baya an ruwaito cewa al-Shabaab ta yi barazanar rufe masallatai a yankunan da take iko da su idan koyarwar masallatan ba ta yi daidai da fassarar addinin Musulunci na kungiyar ba.^[17]

Halayen al'umma

Akwai matsin lamba mai karfi na al'umma don bin al'adun Sunni. Sauya addini daga Musulunci zuwa wani addini ba abin karba ba ne a cikin dukkan yankunan Somaliya kuma haramun ne a wasu sassan kasar.^[116] Wadanda ake zargi da sauya addini suna fuskantar cin zarafi daga membobin al'ummarsu.^[17] A cewar ma'aikatar addini ta tarayya Ministry of Religious Affairs, fiye da kashi 99 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a Musulmai ne na Sunni. Membobin sauran kungiyoyin addini gaba daya sun kai kasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a kuma sun haɗa da karamar al'ummar Kirista, karamar al'ummar Sufi Musulmi, da kuma adadin Shia Musulmai da ba a sani ba.^[116] Baƙi da ma'aikatan kasashen waje, waɗanda galibi daga kasashen Gabashin Afirka suke, galibi suna cikin sauran kungiyoyin addini.^[17]

A farkon shekarun 2020, wurin da kawai waɗanda ba Musulmai ba za su iya yin ibada a bainar jama'a shine a harabar filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa.^[116]

Afirka ta Kudu

Afirka ta Kudu dimokradiyya ce mai cin gashin kanta tare da 'yancin addini wanda kundin tsarin mulkinta ya tabbatar.^[117] Bisa ga sashe na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Dokar Daidaitawa ta 2000 ta hana nuna bambanci mara adalci akan dalilai daban-daban ciki har da addini.^[118]^[119] Dokar Daidaitawa ba ta shafi nuna bambanci mara adalci a wurin aiki ba, wanda dokar Employment Equity Act ke rufe.^[120]

Dokar Hana Sihiri ta 1957 wacce ta dogara akan dokokin sihiri na mulkin mallaka tana aikata laifi kan ikirarin sanin sihiri, gudanar da wasu ayyuka da ke da alaƙa da sihiri ciki har da amfani da laya da duba, da zargin wasu da yin sihiri.^[121] A shekara ta 2007 South African Law Reform Commission Hukumar Gyara Dokoki ta Afirka ta Kudu ta sami buƙatun daga South African Pagan Rights Alliance da Traditional Healers Organisation suna neman binciken tsarin mulki na dokar kuma a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010 Ministan Shari'a da Ci gaban Tsarin Mulki ya amince da wani aikin Hukumar Gyara Dokoki ta Afirka ta Kudu don sake nazarin dokokin sihiri.^[122]^[123]

Sudan ta Kudu

Dokar rikon kwarya ta kasa tana ba da damar rabuwar addini da gwamnati da kuma 'yancin bautawa da taruwa; dole ne dukkan kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista da gwamnati.^[124]

Rahoton 2020 na Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project ya kiyasta cewa mutanen da suka fito daga bangaren Kirista sun kai kashi 60.5% na kasar, yayin da mabiyan addinan gargajiya (animist) suka kai kashi 32.9%; kashi 6.2% Musulmi ne, yayin da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Baha’i, Buddhists, Hindu da Yahudawa. Duk da haka, rashin tabbas na yawan jama'a da rayuwar makiyaya ya sanya da wuya a tabbatar da adadin sahihi.^[124]

Sudan

Dokar rikon kwarya ta Sudan ta 2019 tana tabbatar da 'yancin addini kuma ta cire ambato na Shari'a a matsayin tushen doka, sabanin dokar 2005 ta tsohon shugaban Sudan Omar al-Bashir wanda gwamnatinsa ta haramta ficewa daga Musulunci da kalaman batanci ga Musulunci. Gwamnatin Bashir ta kuma yi wa Musulmin Shi’a da masu yada addini wanda ba na Musulunci ba gaba.^[125] Kiristoci suma sun fuskanci takunkumi a harkar 'yancin addini.^[126]

Ficewa daga Musulunci an cire masa laifi a watan Yuli 2020, alhalin a baya, wanda aka kama da wannan laifi na iya fuskantar hukuncin kisa.^[127] Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2022, ana ci gaba da tsare 'yan ƙasa saboda sauya asalin addininsu.^[128] A watan Satumba 2020, gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta kafa rabuwar addini da gwamnati.^[129]

Tanzaniya

'Yancin addini a Tanzania yana nufin yawan ikon da mutane a Tanzania ke da shi wajen gudanar da ibadarsu cikin 'yanci, ta la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da ra'ayoyin al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini.

Gwamnatin Tanzania da gwamnatin raba iko ta Zanzibar duka suna amincewa da 'yancin addini a matsayin ka'ida kuma suna kokari wajen kare wannan 'yanci. Gwamnatin Zanzibar na nada jami'an addinin Musulunci a Zanzibar. Babban tsarin dokoki a Tanzania da Zanzibar ba na addini ba ne, amma Musulmi suna da zaɓin amfani da kotunan addini don shari'o'in da suka shafi iyali.

Akwai rahotanni na tashin hankali da aka yi wa Kiristoci da Musulmi bisa dalilan addini.^[130] Akwai rahotanni cewa an dauki samari a Zanzibar don shiga kungiyoyi kamar su al-Shabaab da ISIS-M.^[131]

Manufofi da akidar Ujamaa da gwamnatin farko ta Tanzania ta dauka bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarun 1960 sun fi mayar da hankali kan hadin kai na kasa fiye da bambance-bambancen addini ko kabila,^[132] kuma hakan na bayyana cikin kakkausar magana kan rashin nuna bambanci da ke cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Tanzania wanda har yanzu yana aiki tun daga 2019. Duk da cewa an dakatar da Ujamaa a matsayin shirin gwamnati tun 1985, kuma rikici na addini ya karu kadan tun daga lokacin,^[133] masana da kungiyoyin NGO sun yabawa Ujamaa da taimakawa wajen samar da yanayi mai kyau na 'yancin addini da daidaito cikin zamantakewar al'umma a Tanzania.^[133]^[134]

Togo

Kundin tsarin mulkin Togo ya bayyana cewa kasa ce maras addini kuma tana kare haƙƙin dukkan ƴan ƙasar Togo na gudanar da addininsu, daidai da dokokin ƙasar. Ƙungiyoyin addini ban da Roman Katolika, Furotesta, da Musulmai dole ne su yi rajista da gwamnati; duk da haka gwamnati ba ta karɓi sabbin aikace-aikace ba tun 2013.^[135] Kundin tsarin mulki ya hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa bisa addini. Doka ta hana gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu masu addini daga watsa shirye-shiryen siyasa.^[135]

Tsarin karatun makarantun gwamnati bai haɗa da darussan addini ba. Akwai makarantun Katolika, Furotesta, da Musulunci da yawa, waɗanda gwamnati ke sanya ma'aikatanta masu biyan albashi a matsayin ƙarin malamai da ma'aikata. Sauran ƙungiyoyin addini masu rajista suna da haƙƙin kafa makarantu muddin sun cika ka'idojin amincewa.^[135]

Hangen al'umma

Akwai babban matakin haƙurin addini a cikin al'ummar Togo. Membobin ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban suna gayyatar juna a kai a kai zuwa bukukuwansu. Auren tsakanin mutane na ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare gama gari.^[135]

A cewar Daraktan Harkokin Addini a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Yanki, rigingimu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokacin da sababbin coci-coci suka kafa kansu a unguwanni, musamman waɗanda shugabannin addini daga Najeriya ke jagoranta. Mazaunan yankin sun ci gaba da cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan ikilisiyoyin suna yin ibada da ƙarfi kuma sau da yawa da daddare, ta amfani da ganguna. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Yanki ta karɓi korafe-korafe 40 a cikin 2017, kusan dukkanin su game da hayaniya, kuma ma'aikatar ta bayyana cewa tana neman warware su. Waɗannan korafe-korafe an bayar da rahoton cewa sau da yawa suna mai da hankali kan ikilisiyoyin Furotesta na evangelical waɗanda ayyukansu sukan yi amfani da kayan kida da addu'a mai ƙarfi.^[1] Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa 2022 lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da shawarar matakin hayaniya na ƙasa da decibel 55.^[135]

Tunisia

Kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya na Yuli 2022 ya buƙaci gwamnati ta goyi bayan manufofin Musulunci da haɓaka su, kuma ya bayyana cewa “Tunisiya wani yanki ne na Ummah ta Musulunci”; ya kuma buƙaci shugaban ƙasa ya kasance Musulmi.^[136]

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Baya

Kundin tsarin mulkin da ya gabata ya tanadi ƴancin yin imani, lamiri, da kuma aikin addini, kuma ya hana inganta nuna bambanci, ƙiyayya, ko tashin hankali bisa addini.^[10]

Gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga masallatai da majami'u, tana naɗa limamai, kuma tana biyan su albashi, kuma tana biyan albashin babban rabbi. Shugaban ƙasa ne ke zaɓen Babban Mufti. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Addini tana ba da shawarar jigogi don hudubar Juma'a, amma ba ta da ikon sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikinsu. Gwamnati na iya fara matakan gudanarwa da na shari'a don cire limamai waɗanda hukumomi suka gano suna wa'azin akidar "rarrabuwar kai".^[10]

Wajibi ne ga ɗalibai a makarantun gwamnati su halarci darussan Musulunci kusan awa ɗaya a kowane mako. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ɗaliban makarantun sakandare ya haɗa da bayani game da tarihin Yahudanci da Kiristanci. Ƙungiyoyin addini na iya gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu.^[10]

Tanade-tanaden doka da ke magana kan aure, saki, da sauran batutuwan halin mutum sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idojin dokokin farar hula, haɗe da abubuwan shari'a. Dokokin gado sun dogara ne akan buƙatun shari'a, amma akwai wasu tanade-tanade da ke ba da damar keɓancewa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Matsayin Mutum.^[10]

'Yan sanda a Tunisiya sun yi niyya ga Salafiyawa da sauran waɗanda aka gano a matsayin 'yan ta'adda tare da kama su, binciken gidaje, da sauran takunkumi. Wata kotu a Tunis ta dakatar da jam'iyyar siyasa ta Hizb ut-Tahrir na tsawon wata guda saboda keta dokokin da ke hana tunzura ƙiyayya ta addini da kuma yin kira ga kafa Khalifanci.^[10] Mata masu sanya niqab kuma wani lokaci 'yan sanda suna gallazawa su.^[10] Membobin Baháʼí Faith ma sun fuskanci gallazawa daga jami'an gwamnati, kuma gwamnati ba ta amince da addinin ba, kodayake an ba su damar yin addininsu a sirri.^[10] An ba Yahudawa da Kiristoci damar yin addininsu a gidajen ibada da aka ba izini.^[10]

A watan Satumba na 2017, gwamnati ta soke wata doka da ta haramta wa matan Musulmi auren maza marasa Musulmi.^[10]

Hangen Al'umma

Kiristoci da suka tuba daga Musulunci da waɗanda ba su yarda da Allah ba sun ba da rahoton barazanar tashin hankali da matsin lamba na al'umma don ɓoye imaninsu.^[10]^[136]

Abubuwan da suka faru

A watan Yuni na 2017, a lokacin Ramadan, 'yan sanda sun kama mutane biyar a Bizerte, waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin wata ɗaya a kurkuku saboda rashin ɗabi'a a bainar jama'a saboda cin abinci ko shan taba a bainar jama'a da rana. An biyo bayan kamawar da zanga-zanga da ke kira ga sakin mutanen. Gwamnan Tunis da ministan harkokin cikin gida ma sun yi tir da kamawar.^[10]

A watan Oktoba na 2017, gwamnati ta amince da kafa ƙungiyar da ba ta yarda da Allah ba, Majalisar Tunisiya ta Secularism.^[10]

Uganda

Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda ya bayyana cewa babu addinin kasa kuma ya haramta kafa jam'iyyun siyasa bisa addini. Yana ba da damar 'yancin yin imani kuma ya hana nuna bambanci na addini. Gwamnati na buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su yi rajista.^[13]

A baya gwamnati ta taƙaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyin addini waɗanda ta ayyana a matsayin "ƙungiyoyin asiri", kuma ta kama wasu mutane da suka ƙi shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafi saboda dalilai na addini.^[137]

A cewar Majalisar Koli ta Musulmi ta Uganda, gwamnati ta nuna bambanci ga Musulmi wajen ɗaukar ma'aikatan gwamnati,^[137] da kuma naɗa malamai Kiristoci don jagorantar makarantun gwamnati na Musulmi.^[13]

Makarantun firamare dole ne su koyar da ko dai Kiristanci, Musulunci, ko duka biyun, yayin da ilimin addini a makarantun sakandare na gwamnati ba tilas ba ne;^[13] yawancin ɗalibai a Uganda suna halartar makarantun da ƙungiyoyin addini ke gudanarwa.

Abubuwan da suka faru

A watan Disamba na 2016, Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Uganda ta kai farmaki kan masallatan Salafiyya biyu a Kampala kuma ta kama mutane goma sha huɗu da ake zargi da hannu a kisan Sheikh Mohammed Kigundu, wani malamin addinin Musulunci a watan Nuwamba na 2016. An saki waɗanda ake zargin a watan Janairu na 2017, kuma rundunar 'yan sandan ta nemi afuwa ga al'ummar Musulmi, tana mai cewa ta yi aiki ne bisa bayanan sirri na ƙarya.^[137]

Zambia

Dokar kundin tsarin mulki na Zambia ta kafa Zambia a matsayin kasa Kirista, amma tana kuma ba da yancin addini da yancin lamiri; haka kuma tana hana wariyar addini.^[138]

A baya, wasu kungiyoyin addini a cikin Zambia sun soki gwamnatin tsohon Shugaba Edgar Lungu saboda "gurbata iyaka tsakanin coci da gwamnati" da nuna fifiko ga Kiristoci.^[139] Tun daga shekarar 2017, sabbin dokokin rajistar kungiyoyin addini sun samu suka saboda tsauraran dokoki, wanda ya haifar da wahala ga ƙananan kungiyoyin addini, inda akalla aka hana shigar mutum ɗaya da kuma korar wani;^[139] har zuwa 2022 akwai dakatarwar shekaru uku kan rajista.^[138]

Ana baiwa kungiyoyin addini dama su kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu da kuma bayar da darussan addini ga mambobinsu. Gwamnati tana bukatar koyar da darasin addini a duk makarantu daga aji na ɗaya zuwa na tara. Dalibai na iya neman koyar da addinin su kuma za su iya ƙin halartar darasin addini idan makarantar ba ta da ikon cika bukatarsu. Bayan aji na tara, darasin addini ba lallai bane, kuma ba dukkan makarantu ke bayar da shi ba. Manhajar addinin ta fi karkata ga koyarwar Kiristanci amma tana kuma ɗauke da kwatanta addinin Musulunci, Hindu da al’adun gargajiya.^[138]

Ra’ayoyin Jama’a

An samu hare-haren jama'a masu tarzoma kan wadanda ake zargi da sihiri a shekarun 2017 da 2022. Wanda ake zargi galibi tsofaffi ne, kuma abin yakan kai ga mutuwar su ta hanyar tashin hankali.^[139]^[138]

A baya, wasu shugabannin addini daga al’ummomin da ba Kiristoci ba, irin su Baháʼí da Yahudawan Messianic, sun bayyana damuwa cewa shugabannin cocin Kirista sun fi maida hankali wajen soke addininsu da kuma zargin su da zama "Shaitani".^[139]

Zimbabwe

Dokar kundin tsarin mulki na Zimbabwe tana hana wariyar addini kuma tana tabbatar da yancin addini da aiwatarwa a Zimbabwe.^[140]

Gwamnati ba ta tilasta rajistar kungiyoyin addini ba; sai dai, kungiyoyin addini da ke gudanar da makarantu ko asibitoci dole su yi rajistar wadancan cibiyoyi da ma’aikatar da ta dace. Kungiyoyin addini da kuma makarantu da asibitoci da suke karkashin su na iya samun matsayin rashin biyan haraji.^[140]

Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta sha kama shugabannin addini da katsewa ko hana tarurrukan addini da ake gani kamar su masu suka ga gwamnati a shekarar 2017.^[2] Kama da tara kudade sun ci gaba har zuwa 2022.^[140]

Ma’aikatar Ilimin Firamare da Sakandare (MPSE) ce ke tsara manhajar makarantu na gwamnati. Yawancin makarantu na gwamnati na firamare suna bukatar darasin addini wanda ya fi karkata ga Kiristanci amma yana kuma ɗauke da wasu addinai, yana jaddada juriya ga addinai daban-daban. Ba a bayar da damar ƙin halartar darasin addini a matakin firamare ba. Dalibai za su iya ƙin halartar darasin addini daga matakin sakandare tun da suke da shekara 14, lokacin da suke fara zaɓin darussan su. Gwamnati ba ta da ikon tsara darasin addini a makarantu masu zaman kansu amma dole ne ta amince da daukar shugabanni da malamai a waɗancan makarantu.^[140]

Manazarta

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↑ "Briefing Document: Equality Act and equality courts". DOJ&CD. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
↑ "Lodging a complaint in the Equality Court: Equality/Discrimination". DOJ&CD. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
↑ "Witchcraft Suppression Act 3 of 1957" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
↑ "Sapra Appeal for legislative reform". vuya.net. 10 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
↑ Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. "Current Investigations: Progress Report; Project 135: Review of witchcraft legislation". justice.gov.za. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
↑ ^124.0 ^124.1 "US State Dept 2022 report on South Sudan".
↑ "Sudan 2019 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). US Department of State.
↑ "Sudan Declares Christmas Public Holiday". Voice of America. 24 December 2019.
↑ "Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims". BBC News. 12 July 2020.
↑ "Sudan 2022 International Religious Freedom Report". US Department of State.
↑ Alamin, Mohammed (4 September 2020). "Sudan Ends 30 Years of Islamic Law by Separating Religion, State". Bloomberg News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-09-05.
↑ Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya na 2017 Tanzania, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka, Sashen Dimokiradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Ƙwadago. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
↑ "Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje na Amurka na 2022 game da Tanzania".
↑ Pratt, Cranford (1999). "Julius Nyerere: Tunanin Gadon Zamunsa na Socialist". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 33 (1): 137–52. doi:10.2307/486390. JSTOR 486390.
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