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Ƴancin Dan Adam a Namibia

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Ƴancin Dan Adam a Namibia
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
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Ƙasa Namibiya
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Kundin tsarin mulkin Namibia wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1990, ya samu karbuwa da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Namibiya a halin yanzu, ta wata majalissar wakilai 72. [1] Majalisar ta kunshi jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban. Bayan daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin ya samu amincewar dukkan mambobin jam’iyyun siyasa bakwai da abin ya shafa. [1] Ranar 21 ga Maris 1990 ita ce ranar farko da Namibiya ta fara aiki a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki sannan kuma ke nuna amincewa da Namibiya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Babi na 3 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar mai taken 'Yancin 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci, wanda kuma ake kira da Bill of Rights, ya zayyana 'yancin dan Adam na dukkan 'yan kasar Namibiya. [2]

Bayanin Dokar Hakki

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Babi na uku a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ya amince da yancin ɗan adam da dama. Mataki na 5, na farko a babin, ya nuna cewa dole ne a kiyaye duk wani hakki da tsarin mulki ya zayyana ta kowane bangare na gwamnatin Namibiya . Labari na gaba a babi, 6-25, sun faɗi waɗannan haƙƙoƙin kuma an zayyana su a ƙasa. [2] [1]

talifofin farko sun bayyana cewa kowa yana da ’yancin samun ’yanci, girmamawa, da mutunci kuma babu wanda zai fuskanci azabtarwa ko kuma muhallansu na rashin mutuntaka a kowane lokaci a rayuwarsu. Wannan ya haɗa da kawar da bauta da aikin tilastawa. Tare da wannan, kundin tsarin mulkin ya tanadi cewa za a dauki dukkan 'yan Namibia daidai kuma ba za su fuskanci rashin daidaito ta hanyar abubuwa kamar jinsi, launin fata, launi da kabilanci, imani na addini da matsayi a cikin al'umma ba.

Kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma kare ’yan kasa daga wasu ayyuka masu inganci kamar kamawa ba tare da wani dalili ba. Har ila yau yana da mahimmanci idan an kama shi a sanya sadarwa ta gaskiya da kan lokaci a matsayin mafi mahimmanci kuma an ba da ita a cikin harshen da aka fi so. Bayan kama 'yan kasar Namibiya suna da hakkin yin shari'a ta gaskiya da kotun da ke da hurumin gudanar da shari'a a cikin zaman jama'a duk da haka, an kebe karar yara.

Namibiya al'umma ce ta dimokuradiyya kuma don haka kundin tsarin mulki ya fayyace hakkokin 'yan Namibiya da ke karkashin wannan. Ana mutunta sirri da iyali kuma auren mace da namiji kyauta ne kuma an yarda. 'Yan Namibiya na da 'yancin shiga jam'iyyun siyasa cikin 'yanci, shiga harkokin siyasar da suka dace da zabe. An kuma fayyace muhimman yancin da ke tattare da magana, al'adu, tunani da ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'ummar dimokuradiyya. Duk wani gazawa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ba zai tauye hakkin mutum ba.

Duk da yake an keɓe yara daga abubuwan da suka gabata a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, sashe na 15 ya amince da ’yancin yara ta hanyar bayyana ‘yancinsu na suna da ƙasa da kuma bukatar iyaye su kula da su. Ilimi kuma wajibi ne ga yara har zuwa shekaru 16. [2]

Kundin tsarin mulki ba wai yana mai da hankali kan daidaito da wariya kadai ba, har ma ya amince da hakkokin mutane na mallaka da kuma zubar da dukiyoyin da za a iya ba wa wasu a kowane mataki. [2]

Wani abin sha'awa shi ne, an kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kuma babu wata doka da majalisar za ta kafa da za ta soke waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ko tauye su. Duk hukumomin gudanarwa da jami'ai dole ne su bi kuma su bi ka'idoji da ayyukan hukuma cikin hankali. [1]

Ofishin Ombudsman

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Ofishin Ombudsman muhimmiyar rawa ce wajen kiyaye haƙƙoƙin da aka zayyana a cikin lissafin. [3] Dokar Ombudsman ta 1990 tana cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da Ombudsmen da ofishin suka mayar da hankali shi ne tabbatar da 'yanci da 'yancin jama'a a Namibiya. Wa'adin ya ce duk wani cin zarafi na 'yancin ɗan adam dole ne ofishin ya gane shi kuma mai kula da jama'a dole ne ya kare mutane daga cin zarafi. [4] [5]

Sanarwar manufa ta ofishin mai shigar da kara ta ce kamar haka:

"… yana ƙoƙari don haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, gudanar da gaskiya da inganci, yaƙi da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa… na Namibiya ta hanyar bincike mai zaman kansa da rashin son kai da warware korafe-korafe da kuma wayar da kan jama'a." [6]

An gudanar da bincike daban-daban na take haƙƙin ɗan adam tun shekara ta 2005. Wani sanannen bincike na ofishin shine duba yanayin dakunan kurkukun. [3]

Har ila yau, ofishin yana sauƙaƙe korafe-korafe daga al'umma dangane da take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga hukumomin gwamnati. A shekarar 2016 kadai, ofishin ya samu korafe-korafe 301 na kare hakkin dan Adam. Bincike ya nuna cewa ‘yan sanda ne babban batun koke-koke. [7] Ba duk korafe-korafen da ake gudanarwa ta ofishin ba ne ke da alaƙa da yancin ɗan adam wasu batutuwan da za su iya ƙunsa: muhalli, rashin gudanar da mulki, da cin hanci da rashawa.

Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa

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Hakkokin mata

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Kundin tsarin mulkin Namibiya ya tanadi cewa duk mutane ba tare da la'akari da kasancewarsu namiji ko mace ba ana daukar su daidai a cikin doka. [2] Namibiya tana matsayi na 115 a duniya lokacin da ake nazarin ma'aunin rashin daidaiton jinsi na 0.472. [8] Ba tare da la'akari da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi da kuma amincewa da index ɗin ba, matan Namibiya har yanzu suna fuskantar cin zarafi da nuna wariya a cikin ma'aikata kuma suna iya fuskantar matsalolin samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya.

Ko tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a shekarar 1990 har yanzu mata na fuskantar cin zarafi da fyade. A shekara ta 2000 an ƙaddamar da dokar yaƙi da fyade da ke kare maza da mata. Duk da haka, bayan shekaru har yanzu mata suna fuskantar yawancin laifukan fyade. A cikin Nuwamba 2018, an ba da rahoton cewa 1 cikin 3 mata masu shekaru 15-49 sun fuskanci tashin hankali daga matansu kuma kashi 29.5% na maza sun yi imanin cin zarafi ga matansu abin yarda ne. [9] Matan Namibiya da ke fama da rauni, tabin hankali' da kuma juna biyu daga fyade suna fuskantar ƙarin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya da rage samun kuɗin shiga yayin da suke ɗaukar lokaci don murmurewa. [10]

Namibiya ta fahimci rashin daidaito ga mata kuma ta himmatu wajen kawo canji. Mataimakin Firayim Minista na 2015 ya yi magana a taron shugabannin duniya na 2015 kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa Namibiya ta himmatu wajen rungumar muhimmiyar rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma. [11]

Hukuncin kisa

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Hukuncin hukuncin kisa tauye hakkin dan Adam ne a Namibiya a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1990. Kisa na ƙarshe da aka sani shine a cikin 1988 kuma ya faru lokacin da ƙasar ke ƙarƙashin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu .

Hakkokin yara

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Yaran Namibiya na fuskantar matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke shafar lafiyarsu da amincinsu

An amince da hakkokin yara a Namibiya a cikin sashe na 15 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kuma sun yi daidai da sharudu 54 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (CRC). Kasar ta yi aiki a karkashin CRC tun 28 ga Satumba 1990. Ƙimar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Yara na yanzu shine 7.39/10. [12] Yayin da ake amincewa da yancin yara a Namibiya akwai cin zarafi a cikin al'umma. [13]

A karkashin CRC da Bill of Rights Mataki na ashirin da 15, kowane yaro yana da hakkin a gane shi kuma ya sami ɗan ƙasa. A halin yanzu, 1 cikin 3 na haihuwa ba a gane shi ba don haka waɗannan yaran suna fuskantar matsalar rashin samun walwala da ilimi mai aminci. [12]

Cin zarafin yara, kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta gane, yana nan a Namibiya kuma an yi imanin cewa al'umma ta yarda da ita a matsayin al'ada na yara. [14]

Yin aikin yara da cin zarafi a cikin ma'aikata na ɗaya daga cikin manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ko da yake Namibiya ta gabatar da Dokar Ma'aikata ta 2007 wadda ta haramta yin aiki da yara, masana'antu irin su aikin jima'i da noma sun saba wa waɗannan dokoki. [15] Rahoton na 2009 'Bincike kan Mafi Muni na Ayyukan Aikin Yara' da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta gudanar ga Namibiya, ya bayyana batutuwa kamar cin zarafin yara ta jiki da ta hanyar lalata da ma'aikatansu ke yi. [16] Rahoton ya kuma yi nuni da cewa kashi 91.4% na aikin yara na cikin harkar noma. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta fitar da wani rahoto na 2017 wanda ya sake gano jima'i da cin gajiyar noma a matsayin mafi muni na aikin yara. [17]

Wani batu da ya shafi yara a duk fadin kasar Namibiya shi ne yadda suke samun kulawar lafiya da rashin lafiyarsu da ke take hakkokinsu. Yaran kasar na fuskantar matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma cutar kanjamau. A cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da rahoton cewa 80% na duk yaran da aka shigar da su asibitoci, sun gano rashin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin marasa lafiya. [18] Rashin abinci mai gina jiki yana haifar da mutuwar yara 6000 kowace shekara. [19]

A cikin 2012 UNICEF ta bayyana cewa yara 18 000 suna dauke da cutar kanjamau, tare da yada uwa zuwa yaro da laifi. [20] Annobar cutar kanjamau ta yi kamari a Namibiya ta yadda kusan kashi 50% na yaran marayu ba sa iya samun isasshen kulawa daga iyayensu saboda mutuwa ko rashin lafiya daga cutar kanjamau. [19]

Maganin kungiyoyin tsiraru

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Hakkin LGBT

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A halin yanzu, Namibiya ba ta amince da haƙƙin waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwaɗi, bisexual ko transgender (LGBT) . Yayin da tsarin mulki ya ba 'yan Namibiya kariya don kada su fuskanci azabtarwa sakamakon azabtarwa ko nuna wariya, mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar tashin hankali daga kowane bangare na al'umma, musamman jami'an 'yan sanda. [21] A cikin 2009 kashi 55% na al'ummar ƙasar sun gamsu da samun mutumin LGBT a matsayin maƙwabcinsu. [22]

A halin yanzu an haramta luwadi. Duk da haka, saduwa tsakanin mata ya halatta. Namibiya tana duban sauyi ga kundin tsarin mulkinta wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ba a nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i ba, saboda dokokin da ake da su yanzu ba su haɗa da wannan ba. [23]

OutRight Namibia, ita ce babbar ƙungiyar LGBT mai zaman kanta a Namibiya kuma tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT a matsayin murya da shirya abubuwan wayar da kan jama'a kamar faretin. [24]

Mutanen asali

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Kundin tsarin mulkin Namibiya ya dauki 'yancin duk mutanen Namibiya ba tare da la'akari da asalin kabila da kabila ba, amma bai yi la'akari da 'yancin ɗan adam na kowane ɗayan 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. [25] Ya zuwa yanzu, ƙungiyoyi na musamman suna fuskantar matsananciyar gwagwarmaya dangane da haƙƙin mallakar ƙasar gargajiya. Ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar Namibiya suna da kashi 8% na yawan jama'a tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin San, Nama, Ovahimba, Ovazemba, Ovatjimba da Ovatwa. [26]

A cikin rahoton 2016 na Kwamitin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, an ba da rahoton cewa al'ummomin 'yan asalin sun rabu da su kuma suna fama da samun dama ga abubuwa masu mahimmanci irin su ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan al'ummomin sun dogara da ƙasarsu da al'adarsu. Duk da haka, da yawa a yanzu an hana su samun filayen gargajiya. A cikin 2012, Ovahimba da Ovazemba sun fuskanci kusan lalata ƙasarsu don manufar gina dam ba tare da sanarwa ba.

Samun isasshen ilimi da kiwon lafiya wani ƙalubale ne da ƴan asalin ƙasar Namibiya ke fuskanta. Tun da kundin tsarin mulki a cikin 1990, ƙimar kiwon lafiya ga kabilu irin su San sun ragu. Yawan karatunsu ya kai kashi 23% wanda ya yi kasa da na sauran al'ummar kasar da ke da matsakaicin kashi 66%. [27] Wannan yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ƙarancin adadin shiga makarantun sakandare wanda a halin yanzu ya kai 1%. [27]

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da hukumomi

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NamRights

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An kafa NamRights a cikin 1989 ta mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam Phil Ya Nangolo . Kungiyar da aka fi sani da National Society for Human Rights a baya, kungiyar ta damu da yadda al’umma da Jiha ke bin hakkin dan Adam kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana. Ta fahimci cewa gwamnati ta amince da yancin ɗan adam duk da haka, ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ta yi imanin cewa jihar ta gaza kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da cin zarafi akai-akai. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su ya haɗa da azabtarwa da kuma kula da waɗanda ake tsare da su a cikin ɗakunan kurkuku.

NamRights yana da ƙarfi a cikin al'umma kuma galibi yana fuskantar binciken gwamnati. A cikin fatanta na neman hakkin bil'adama kungiyar ta bayyana ra'ayoyinsu dangane da rashin kariyar gwamnati da kula da hakokin. Don haka suke fafutukar samun tallafin kudi daga gwamnati saboda wannan rikici.

Cibiyar Taimakon Shari'a (LAC)

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An kafa Cibiyar Taimakon Shari'a (LAC) a cikin 1988 da nufin tallafawa waɗanda ke fama da wahala a lokacin wariyar launin fata inda yawancin 'yan Namibiya ke da 'yancin ɗan adam kaɗan. [3] LAC ta bayyana kanta a matsayin kamfanin lauyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tun lokacin da aka buɗe ofishin Windhoek a cikin 1998, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka kuma a yanzu tana mai da hankali kan ilimin yancin ɗan adam da horarwa, sanarwa da ba da shawarwari ga jama'a, bincike da shawarwari da ƙararraki. Don tabbatar da matsayinsu na kamfanin lauyoyi na jama'a, LAC za ta goyi bayan shari'o'i ne kawai lokacin da ya fi tasiri ga al'umma. [28]

A cikin tarihi, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci bincike, duk da haka, yayin da 'yancin ɗan adam a Namibiya ke daɗa kafawa LAC tana ƙara samun yabo. [28] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan bude su a cikin 1998, gwamnati, a lokacin a ƙarƙashin ikon Afirka ta Kudu ta yi ƙoƙarin rufe kamfanin. Koyaya, a yau kamfanin ya sami karbuwa sosai tare da kyaututtuka kamar Kyautar Kyauta ta Musamman na 'Yancin Magana da Kyautar JP Karuaihe don Matsayin Jama'a da aka baiwa kamfanin. [28] A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata kungiyar ta tallafa wa yawancin ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama da shirye-shirye kamar shirin Marayu da Marasa galihu. [28]

Magana

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Legal Assistance Centre. "Overview of the Namibian Constitution" (PDF).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "The Constitution of The Republic of Namibia". Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Horn, Nico (2009). "The Process of Human Rights in Namibia". Journal of Namibian Studies. 5: 99–116.
  4. ↑ The Ombudsman Act of 1990 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. [Namibia], 6 June 1990.
  5. ↑ "The protection and promotion of human rights in Namibia: The constitutional mandate of the Ombudsman". Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  6. ↑ "Annual Report 2008 | Office of the Ombudsman" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  7. ↑ "Annual Report 2016 | Office of the Ombudsman" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  8. ↑ "Gender Inequality Index". hdr.undp.org. 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  9. ↑ Alweendo, Andreas, Rafla, N, R, D (November 2018). "Landscaping Gender Based Violence in Namibia" (PDF). Democracy Report. Retrieved 2019-06-06.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ "Support for survivors of violence" (PDF). A Namibia Fit for Children. 3 August 2015.
  11. ↑ UN Women. "Namibia aims for equal access to services, roles for women as agents of peace". UN Women (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Children of Namibia". Humanium (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  13. ↑ "UNICEF Namibia - Child Protection and Social Protection - Violence Against Children". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  14. ↑ "Child Protection Policy "Keeping Namibian Children Safe"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  15. ↑ "Eresources provided by The University of Sydney Library". login.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
  16. ↑ Namibian, The. "Child labour in Namibia at its worst". The Namibian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  17. ↑ "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Namibia". United States Department of Labor (in Turanci). 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  18. ↑ UNICEF (2017). "UNICEL Annual Report 2017 Namibia" (PDF). Namibia.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 SOS Children's Village International. "General Information on Namibia". SOS Children Villages international. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  20. ↑ UNICEF. "Namibia Statistics". UNICEF. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  21. ↑ "Namibia's Compliance with the U.N. Convention Against Torture: LGBTI Rights" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-11-24.
  22. ↑ "Africa's most and least homophobic countries". Erasing 76 Crimes (in Turanci). 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  23. ↑ "Wade Schaerer – No shame about living with HIV". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online (in Turanci). 2019-03-26. Archived from the original on 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  24. ↑ "Namibia". Global LGBT Human Rights Organization | OutRight. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  25. ↑ "Namibia". www.iwgia.org. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  26. ↑ IWGIA (12 September 2011). "Indigenous peoples in Namibia - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs". www.iwgia.org. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Cultural Survival (22 February 2016). "The State of Indigenous Human Rights in Namibia" (PDF). Cultural Survival. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 "Legal Assistance Centre-Namibia". www.lac.org.na. Archived from the original on 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
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