Jump to content

Ƴancin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Ƴancin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara

Gwamnatin Maroko tana kallon Yammacin Sahara a matsayin Lardunan Kudancin kasar . Gwamnatin Moroko dai na daukar kungiyar Polisario a matsayin wata kungiyar ' yan aware idan aka yi la'akari da zargin asalin kasar Morocco na wasu shugabanninta.

Kungiyar Polisario ta ce a cewar kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko Tarayyar Afirka, yankin yammacin Sahara na da 'yancin cin gashin kansa, kuma a cewar wadannan kungiyoyin kasar Maroko ta mamaye yankunan yammacin sahara da ke karkashinta ba bisa ka'ida ba . Polisario ta dauki wannan a matsayin sakamakon hangen nesa na babbar kasar Maroko, wanda a baya aka rura wutar da Istiqlal da Hassan na biyu, kuma ta dauki kanta a matsayin kungiyar 'yanci ta kasa da ke da nufin jagorantar yankin da ake takaddama a kai don samun 'yancin kai karkashin Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Larabawa ta Sahrawi .

Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su amince da ikon Maroko a yammacin Sahara ba.

Haƙƙin ɗan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikicin Yammacin Sahara ya haifar da mummunar cin zarafin bil'adama, musamman ma hare-haren jiragen sama tare da Napalm da White phosphorus na sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi, [1] sakamakon gudun hijira na dubban dubban fararen hula Sahrawi daga kasar, da kuma kwace da kuma korar dubban dubban fararen hula na Moroccan da gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yi wa Green Green daga Maris [2] [3] cikin martani ga gwamnatin [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]  da kuma take haƙƙin ɗan adam da keta haddin yarjejeniyar Geneva ta ƙungiyar Polisario, gwamnatin Morocco da gwamnatin Aljeriya. [10]

Kasashen Morocco da Polisario dai na zargin juna da take hakkin bil'adama na al'ummomin da ke karkashinsu, a yankunan yammacin Sahara da Moroko ke iko da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Tindouf a Aljeriya . Maroko da kungiyoyi irin su Faransa Libertés na ganin Aljeriya ce ke da alhakin duk wani laifi da aka aikata a yankinta kai tsaye, kuma suna zargin kasar da hannu kai tsaye a irin wadannan laifuka. [11] [10]

An sha yin Allah wadai da kuma sukar kasar Maroko kan ayyukan da ta yi a yammacin Sahara daga wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa kamar:

Polisario ya samu suka daga kungiyar Faransa Libertes game da yadda take yiwa fursunonin yakin Moroko, [10] da kuma halin da take ciki a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Tindouf a cikin rahoton cibiyar leken asiri da tsaro ta Turai . Tsofaffin 'yan kungiyar Polisario da suka shiga kasar Maroko suna zargin kungiyar da take hakkin bil'adama da kuma raba jama'a a Tindouf. [58] [59] [60] [61]

A lokacin yakin (1975-91), bangarorin biyu sun zargi juna da kai wa fararen hula hari. Babu wani ikirari da ya gamu da tallafi a kasashen waje. Amurka, EU, AU da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ki sanya kungiyar Polisario a cikin jerin kungiyoyin ta'addanci. Shugabannin kungiyar Polisario sun tabbatar da cewa suna adawa da ta'addanci a akida, saboda sun yi Allah wadai da hare-haren ta'addanci [62] [63] [64] tare da sanya hannu kan "Yarjejeniyar Kariya da Yaki da Ta'addanci", a cikin tsarin Tarayyar Afirka . [65] [66]

Ana tauye hakkin bil adama a yankunan yammacin Sahara da Moroko ke iko da su, a cewar Amnesty International a 2003 da Human Rights Watch a 2004. [67] Yayin da lamarin ya inganta tun farkon shekarun 1990, ' yancin kai na siyasa a Maroko bai yi irin wannan tasiri ba a yammacin Sahara a cewar Amnesty International a 2004, [68] lokacin da ake batun samun 'yancin kai. Akwai zargin cin zarafi da azabtarwa da 'yan sanda suka yi daga kungiyoyin Polisario, [69] da kuma wadanda ake zargin 'yan adawa ne ana cin zarafinsu. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayar da rahoto a shekara ta 2000 cewa an kama Sahrawis ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma babu wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. [70] An tsare fursunonin lamiri a cikin yanayi mara kyau a cewar ƙungiyoyin Polisario. [71] Wasu Sahrawis kuma sun koka da yadda ake nuna wariya ga mazauna Morocco .

Amsar Moroccan game da zanga-zangar 2005 ta kasance m, kuma ta haifar da halayen duniya. [72] A cikin shari'ar jama'a da aka soki [73] a cikin Disamba 2005, 14 manyan masu fafutukar Sahrawi an yanke musu hukuncin daurin kurkuku; da yawa kuma a baya an tsare su. Yawancin waɗannan fursunoni an sake su ta hanyar dokar sarauta a cikin bazara na 2006, [74] amma wasu kuma an sake kama su.

A cewar rahoton da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2006 kan kasar Maroko "Dokar gaba daya ta tanadi 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida. Gaba daya gwamnati na mutunta wadannan hakkokin a aikace, matukar ba a soki Musulunci, da masarautu, da 'yancin fadin kasa (hada yankin yammacin Sahara) ba. A cikin wannan shekara, wallafe-wallafe da dama sun gwada iyakokin 'yancin 'yan jarida." [75]

Rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2005 game da halin Maroko game da 'yancin ɗan adam ya lura da cewa "[i] a shekara ta 2004 ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa sun yi kiyasin cewa an daure mutane 700 a kurkuku saboda ba da ra'ayin 'yancin kai na Yammacin Sahara. [76] An hana 'yan jarida na kasashen waje da masu ziyara ziyartar yankin kuma a wasu lokuta an kori su daga gare ta. [77] [68] A cikin 2004, an yanke wa dan jaridar Moroccan Ali Lmrabet hukuncin cin tara mai yawa da kuma dakatar da aikin jarida na shekaru goma, saboda yin magana a wata kasida ga Sahrawis a Tindouf, Algeria, a matsayin "'yan gudun hijira" maimakon "yanke" ko "sace", kamar yadda matsayin Moroccan yake. [76] An hana kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na Sahrawi izinin gudanar da aiki a Maroko: An rusa reshen Sahrawi na Dandalin Gaskiya da Adalci na Moroko (FVJ) a shekara ta 2003, kuma an kama mambobinta. [78] [79] Daga baya an sake su a cikin afuwar sarauta na 2006, ko kuma kafin nan, ko da an sake kama wasu. A halin yanzu, kungiyoyi da yawa, irin su ASVDH, suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba, tare da masu fafutuka a wasu lokuta ana kama su da cin zarafi, yayin da wasu, kamar Polisario kusa da AFAPREDESA, galibi suna yin gudun hijira.

Masu fafutuka na Sahrawi sun yi kokarin rama wannan lamari ta hanyar amfani da Intanet mai yawa, da bayar da rahoto daga zanga-zangar da ba a saba ba, da kuma tattara bayanan cin zarafin 'yan sanda da azabtarwa ta hanyar hotuna da bidiyo ta yanar gizo. Kasar Maroko ta mayar da martani ne ta hanyar toshe hanyoyin shiga yanar gizo a wadannan shafuka a Maroko da kuma yammacin sahara, lamarin da ya sa ake zargin satar intanet . [80] [81] A ranar 20 ga Disamba 2005 Reporters Without Borders sun ba da rahoton cewa Maroko ta ƙara Anonymizer a cikin jerin baƙaƙen Intanet, kwanaki bayan ƙungiyar ta ba da shawarar sabis ga Moroccan da Sahrawis da ke son shiga wuraren da aka dakatar da Sahrawi. "Wadannan gidajen yanar gizo, masu tallata 'yancin kai ga yammacin Sahara, an yi su ne tun farkon watan Disamba," in ji rahoton. [82]

Hakkokin dan Adam a yankin yammacin Sahara da Maroko ke iko da shi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zarge-zarge mafi muni na take hakkin dan Adam da Masarautar Maroko ke yi, shi ne harin bama-bamai da napalm da kuma farin fosfour na sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da aka gina a yammacin Sahara a farkon shekarar 1976, inda suka kashe daruruwan fararen hula, da kuma makomar daruruwan fararen hula “batattu” Sahrawi fararen hula da sojojin Moroko ko na ‘yan sanda suka raba, yawancinsu a lokacin yakin yammacin Sahara . Sauran zarge-zargen sun hada da azabtarwa, danniya da daure Sahrawis masu adawa da mamayar kasar Moroko cikin lumana, korar 'yan jarida na kasashen waje, malamai da 'yan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da nuna wariya ga Sahrawi a kan ma'aikata da kuma almubazzaranci da dukiyar kasa.

A zaman na 15 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kare hakkin dan Adam, tsohon fursuna, mai kare hakkin dan Adam kuma mataimakin shugaban CODESA na biyu (Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders) El Mami Amar Salem ya yi tir da cewa sama da 'yan kasar Sahrawi 30,000 ne sojojin Morocco suka azabtar da su tun daga 1975. [83]

"Bacewa"

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2010 kusan fararen hula 520 na Sahrawi ne suka rage "dakarun Morocco" suka bace, a cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama; wasu sun kiyasta cewa jimillar adadin “batattu” zai iya kaiwa 1,500. [84] A baya dai, Maroko ta musanta cewa akwai irin wannan fursunonin siyasa, amma a shekarar 1991 ta saki fursunoni kusan 200 da suka “bace”, wadanda yawancinsu ke tsare a wuraren da ake tsare da su tun tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ba a sake sake sakin fursunonin “batattu” ba. Amnesty International ta bayyana a cikin rahoton 1999 cewa:[ana buƙatar hujja]

"The men, women and even children who "disappeared" in Western Sahara came from all walks of life. Many were detained because of their alleged pro-independence activities, support for the Polisario Front, and opposition to Morocco's control of the Western Sahara. Others, including elderly people and children, "disappeared" because of their family links with known or suspected opponents to Moroccan government policy in Western Sahara."

— Amnesty International report 1999

A watan Mayu 2005, an tono gawarwakin 43 Sahrawi "batattu" daga gidajen yari na sirri a kudancin Maroko ( Kalaat Maguna, Tagunit ). An tsare su a Yammacin Sahara (Laayoune, Smara) da kudancin Maroko ( Tan-Tan, Assa ) a cikin 1970s da 1980s.

A cikin 2008, shugaban CORCAS kuma tsohon shugaban Sahrawi National Union Party, Kelli Henna Ould Rachid, ya bayyana:

"Wasu jami'an sojan Morocco sun aikata wani abu da ake iya kira laifukan yaki akan fursunoni a wajen yakin... An harba fararen hula da dama zuwa sararin samaniya daga jirage masu saukar ungulu ko kuma aka binne su da ransu saboda kasancewarsu Sahrawis".

A wannan shekarar (4 ga Janairu) ma'aikatan gine-gine sun bankado wani kabari mai dauke da kusan kwarangwal 15 a Smara, a cikin tsoffin barikokin soja da aka gina a shekarun 1970, lokacin da Sahrawis da yawa suka bace ko kuma hukumomin Morocco suka kashe su. [85]

Sakamakon " kotunan sulhu" a Maroko a shekara ta 2005, an gano wasu kaburburan 'yan adawar siyasa na gwamnatin Hassan II (Sahrawis & Moroccans), kodayake ba a taba hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin wadannan laifuffuka ba ko kuma an bayyana sunayensu. Har ila yau, ba a buga shaidar shaidu ba tukuna.

A cikin Maris 2010, ma'aikatan Bou Craa sun gano wani sabon kabari a mahakar ma'adanin phosphate tare da gawarwaki 7, wadanda ake zaton makiyaya Sahrawi ne da sojojin Morocco suka kashe a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. [86]

Gidan Ƴanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Farar hula Sahrawi yana nuna raunin kansa da 'yan sandan Morocco suka yi a lokacin zanga-zangar a Dakhla, 2 Maris 2011

A karshen shekara ta 2005, kungiyar kare dimokuradiyya ta kasa da kasa Freedom House ta lissafa irin take hakkin dan Adam da Maroko ke yi. Wadanda suka shafi tsarin siyasa sune: kula da zabuka da kuma hana Sahrawis kafa kungiyoyin siyasa (kamar kungiyoyin kwadago) ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Takardar ta kunshi rahotannin matakan danniya kan masu zanga-zangar..[87][88]

Kungiyar Afuwa Ta Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mai kare hakkin bil’adama na Sahrawi Ali Salem Tamek yayin da yake gidan yari a kurkukun Ait Melloul, kusa da Agadir, Maroko. 29 Agusta 2005

Bayan ta sha jan hankali kan zargin take hakkin dan Adam da ake yi a yankin Yammacin Sahara da ke karkashin ikon Maroko, Kungiyar Afuwa ta Duniya (AI) ta samu, a watan Afrilu 2006, amsoshi guda biyu masu cikakken bayani daga Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Maroko. Ma’aikatar ta bayyana cewa masu kare hakkin dan Adam ba a tsare su saboda ra’ayoyinsu ba, amma saboda rawar da suka taka a ayyukan da ke iya sabawa doka. Haka kuma ta jaddada cewa an tabbatar musu da dukkan ’yancinsu na farar hula tare da bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da binciken da ake yi kan zargin azabtarwa da ya shafi Houssein Lidri da Brahim Noumria. Bugu da ƙari, wasikar ta musanta takamaiman zarge-zargen da suka shafi cin zarafi da tsoratarwa da aka yi wa wasu masu zanga-zanga a yankin Sahara.

Kungiyar Afuwa ta Duniya ta mayar da martani da cewa hukumomin ba su amsa manyan damuwar da kungiyar ke da ita ba game da adalcin shari’ar masu zanga-zangar Sahrawi. Misali, babu wani bayani da aka bayar dangane da zarge-zargen azabtarwa da rashin kyautatawa da ake zargin an yi wa wadanda aka tsare, da kuma cewa ba a ba wa wadanda ake zargi damar kiran shaidu don kare kansu ba.[89]

A watan Yuni 2006, Kungiyar Afuwa ta Duniya ta fitar da rahotonta na shekara ta 2005 dangane da Maroko da Yammacin Sahara,[90] inda ta sake ambato amfani da karfin ’yan sanda fiye da kima, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu da ke zanga-zanga. A cikin sashe mai taken: "Zanga-zanga a Yammacin Sahara", kungiyar ta rubuta: "An tuhumi daruruwan mutane da tayar da hankali ko shiga cikin tashin hankali a lokacin zanga-zangar. Sama da mutane 20 aka yanke wa hukunci daga bisani, wasu daga cikinsu an yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru da dama a gidan yari. Daga cikin wadanda aka yanke wa hukunci akwai masu kare hakkin dan Adam guda bakwai da suka dade suna sa ido da yada bayanai kan yadda jami’an tsaro ke take hakki. Mutane biyu daga cikinsu sun zargi cewa an azabtar da su yayin tambayoyi. Wani na takwas da ke kare hakkin dan Adam ya kasance a tsare yana jiran shari’a a karshen shekarar. Duka su takwas ana ganin cewa yiwuwar su ’yan ra’ayi ne da aka tsare."

Ɗaukar yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

War Resisters' International[91] ya bayyana a cikin 1998 cewa Maroko na tura 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da Sahrawis a yankunan Yammacin Sahara da Moroko ke iko da su, shiga soja; Laifi ne mai hukunci don tsayayya. WRI ya kuma ambaci wasu majiyoyi daga 1993 yana cewa " rahotanni sun nuna cewa mahukuntan Morocco a kudancin kasar sun yi kakkausar suka ga 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha takwas da su shiga aikin soja.",[92] further citing a source from 1994 that "there are many human rights abuses against the Sahrawi population.So far there has been no investigation of the conduct of the Moroccan army in this conflict."[92] Conscription for the Moroccan army was abolished in 2006.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Fursunonin Yaki na Polisario

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Baya ga farar hula "batattu", kungiyar Polisario tana zargin gwamnatin Moroko da kin bayar da bayanai kan fursunonin yakin Sahrawi, wadanda aka kama a fagen daga a shekarun yaki (1975-91). Maroko ta dade tana musanta cewa tana rike da fursunonin yaki, amma a shekara ta 1996 ta saki 'yan sandan Polisario 66, wadanda aka kwashe su zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Tindouf na kasar Aljeriya karkashin kulawar kasa da kasa[118]. Polisario ya ci gaba da cewa har yanzu akwai POW 151 da ba a san su ba bayan kama su a hannun Sojan Morocco, kuma ya bukaci gwamnatin Moroko ta sake su ko kuma ta fayyace makomarsu.[119] Maroko ta ce ba ta da wani fursunonin yaki.

Korar Ma'aikatan Kiristoci 'Yan Kasashen Waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Maroko tana korar wasu ƙananan kungiyoyin mishan lokaci-lokaci,[93] wasu daga cikinsu na samun tallafi daga cocin Kiristoci na Injila na Amurka, a Maroko da kuma yankunan da take iko da su a Yammacin Sahara. Amma a watan Maris na shekarar 2010, kungiyoyin agaji da jakadun kasashen yamma sun nuna damuwa kan korar ma’aikatan agaji Kiristoci guda 70 cikin wata guda ba tare da wani shari’a ba. Wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Amurka, New Zealand, Netherlands da Birtaniya, abin da ya sa wasu jakadu suka yi zanga-zanga.

Matsayi a shekara ta 2010

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Oktoban 2006, wani rahoto na sirri daga Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya zube a hannun kafafen watsa labarai ta hannun Kwamitin Goyon Bayan Saharar Yamma na ƙasar Norway, inda aka bayyana tabarbarewar yanayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam a yankin da aka mamaye na Saharar Yamma.[94] Rahoton ya haɗa da bayanan shaidu game da tashin hankali da ya shafi bore na neman 'yanci, musamman cin zarafi daga 'yan sanda na Maroko akan masu zanga-zanga masu zaman lafiya.

A watan Maris na 2010, wani mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Saharawi mai suna Rachid Sghir ya sha duka daga hannun 'yan sandan Maroko bayan ganawa da BBC.[95]

A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 'yan sanda na Maroko sun kama wasu masu zanga-zanga 11 'yan ƙasar Sifaniya da ke neman 'yancin yankin a El Aaiun. Sun ce 'yan sanda sun ci su da duka, inda suka fitar da hoton ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jikkata.[96]

A watan Satumba 2010, wata tawaga mai mutum 70 daga Saharawi da ke zaune a yankin da Maroko ke iko da shi sun halarci taron kasa da kasa a Algiers mai taken "Haƙƙin jama'a su yi adawa: batun mutanen Saharawi".[97] Da suka dawo filin jirgin sama na El Aaiun, sun raba kansu kashi uku don tafiya, tare da wasu masu sa ido na kasa da kasa da manema labarai. Rukunin farko ya shiga ba tare da wata matsala ba, amma wasu daga cikin na biyu sun sha duka daga 'yan sanda. Rukunin na uku ya haɗu da sauran a wani gida a El Aaiun da 'yan sanda suka kewaye, inda daga bisani suka gudanar da zanga-zanga cikin shiru da bakinsu an rufe da kyalle.[98][99]

A watan Oktoba, dubban Saharawi sun bar El Aaiun da wasu birane zuwa wajen hamadar Lemseid (Gdeim Izik), inda suka kafa sansanin "Tantunan Mutunci", mafi girma a tarihin zanga-zangar Saharawi tun bayan janyewar Spain.[100] Sun yi zanga-zanga kan wariyar da ake musu wajen samun aiki da kuma amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na Saharar Yamma da Maroko ke yi.[101] Zanga-zangar ta fara da kaɗan daga tantuna a ranar 9 Oktoba, amma ta kai mutum fiye da 10,000 zuwa 21 Oktoba.[102] Wasu sansanoni sun tashi a Bojador, Smara da El Aaiun, amma 'yan sanda na Maroko suka rusa su. Rundunar soja ta Maroko da 'yan sanda suka kewaye sansanin Gdeim Izik da soja, inda suka hana ruwa, abinci da magunguna shiga.[103][104]

A ranar 24 Oktoba, wani motar SUV da ke ƙoƙarin shiga sansanin ta sha harbin bindiga daga sojojin Maroko, inda suka kashe wani yaro Saharawi mai suna Elgarhi Nayem mai shekaru 14 da haihuwa, suka jikkata sauran mutum biyar da ke cikin motar.[105] Ma’aikatar cikin gida ta Maroko ta ce an harba motar ne bayan an ji harbi daga ciki,[106] abin da iyalansa suka musanta. Bisa ga bayanai daga Saharawi, Elgarhi an binne shi cikin sirri ba tare da autopsy ko izinin iyayensa ba.[107] A wancan lokaci, sansanin ya kai mutane sama da 20,000. Rundunar sojojin Maroko ta kewaye sansanin da katangar yashi da duwatsu, tana sarrafa kofa ɗaya kacal ta shiga sansanin.

'Yancin Dan Adam a Sansanonin 'Yan Gudun Hijirar da Polisario ke Sarrafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi a Awserd, Jihar Tindouf, Aljeriya

Zarge-zargen da suka fi muni game da take hakkin dan adam da ake yi wa Kungiyar Polisario sun shafi tsare, kisa da cin zarafin sojojin Morocco da aka kama daga ƙarshen shekarun 70 zuwa 2006. Wasu kuma na zargin cewa wasu daga cikin mutanen da ke zaune a sansanonin Tindouf an hana su fita ko dawowa kuma ba su da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Ana zargin cewa jaridun Morocco sun bayar da rahoton zanga-zangar da aka yi a sansanonin da aka yi amfani da karfi wajen tarwatsa su da hannun dakarun Polisario, amma babu tabbacin hakan daga kafafen yada labarai na kasa da kasa ko kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam.

Wasu kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da na Spain masu kare hakkin dan adam da bayar da agaji suna aiki a sansanonin a kullum kuma suna kalubalantar zarge-zargen da Morocco ke yi. Wasu mutane da kungiyoyi na cewa sansanonin Tindouf suna zama abin koyi na yadda ake tafiyar da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira cikin dimokuradiyya.[108] A watan Nuwamba 2012, wakilin hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Aljeriya, Mista Ralf Gruenert ya bayyana cewa: "Ba mu ga wani rahoto na azabtarwa a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi ba."[109]

A watan Afrilu 2010, gwamnatin Sahrawi ta bukaci MDD da ta sa ido kan batun hakkin dan adam a yankunan da ke karkashin ikon Polisario (Free Zone) da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, tana fatan cewa Morocco za ta yi haka ma.[110]

Fursunonin Yakin Morocco

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Har zuwa 1997, Morocco ta ki amincewa da sojojin da Polisario ta kama a matsayin fursunonin yaki, har ta ki karbar su ko da bayan an sako su ba tare da sharadi ba a shekarun 1984 da 1989 bisa bukatar gwamnatin Italiya ta Ciriaco De Mita.[111] A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1995, an mayar da rukuni na farko na sojojin Morocco gida ta hanyar shiga tsakani daga ICRC, Argentina da Amurka.[112]

A watan Afrilu 1997, an sako wasu fursunoni 84,[113] sannan aka sako kusan 191 a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1999 domin bikin Ramadan.[114] Morocco ta sake kin karbar su bisa zargin cewa hakan zai nufin ta amince da cewa tana yaki da Polisario.[115]

A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2000, an mayar da wasu 186 zuwa sansanin soja na Inezgane da ke Agadir,[116] sannan an sake wasu 201 a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2000.[117][118]

A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2002, an sake wasu 115 bisa bukatar gwamnatin Spain ta Jose Maria Aznar.[119][120]

An sake wasu 100 a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2002 bisa bukatar gwamnatin Jamus ta Gerhard Schröder,[121] kuma an mayar da su Agadir a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2002.[122]

Yancin yin yawo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin wani rahoto da aka wallafa a shekara ta 2003, Amnesty International ta kammala cewa: "Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyoyi da kuma yancin motsi na ci gaba da kasancewa da takura a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira da Polisario Front ke iko da su, kusa da Tindouf a kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Wadanda suka aikata laifukan keta hakkin dan Adam a cikin wadannan sansanoni a baya har yanzu suna ci gaba da jin dadin 'yanci ba tare da hukunci ba."[67] Sai dai, a cikin sabunta rahotonta na shekara ta 2006, an cire bayanan da suka shafi rashin 'yancin asali (duk da cewa ba a cire bayanan da suka shafi masu keta hakkin dan Adam ba).[123]

A shekara ta 2005, US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants[124] ta bayyana cewa: "Gwamnatin Aljeriya ta bai wa kungiyar 'yan tawayen Polisario damar killace kusan 'yan gudun hijira dubu dari daga yankin da ake rikici da shi na Yammacin Sahara a cikin sansanoni hudu da ke waje da yankin soja na Tindouf, kusa da iyakar Maroko 'saboda dalilan siyasa da na soja, ba na jin kai ba,' a cewar wani masani. Bisa ga Amnesty International, "Wannan rukuni na 'yan gudun hijira ba sa da 'yancin motsi a cikin Aljeriya. [...] Wadanda suka samu damar barin sansanonin ba tare da izini ba sau da dama ana kama su da dakarun Aljeriya, ana kuma mayar da su hannun hukuma ta Polisario, wadda suke hada kai da ita a harkar tsaro." An zagaye sansanonin da wuraren bincike na Polisario, sojojin Aljeriya suna tsare shigar Tindouf, sannan 'yan sanda suna da wuraren bincike a fadin kasar."[125]

Babban damuwar mafi yawan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam shi ne matsalar rayuwa ta yau da kullum da 'yan gudun hijirar ke fama da ita, inda suke rayuwa ne da taimakon kasashen waje kadan. Human Rights Watch[126] ta gudanar da cikakken bincike a yankin a shekara ta 1995, inda ta ziyarci Maroko, Yammacin Sahara da kuma 'yan gudun hijira na Tindouf. Kammalawar bincikenta kan yanayin hakkin dan Adam ga Saharawi da ke Tindouf shi ne cewa: "Mun samu cewa yanayin yana da kyau idan aka yi la’akari da wahalhalun da yanayin yanayi da wuri mara kyau ke haifarwa."[127]

A shekarar 1997 da 1999, kungiyar Canadian Lawyers Association for International Human Rights[128] ta gudanar da bincike biyu a Yammacin Sahara, na farko ya mai da hankali ne kan sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Tindouf, na biyu kuma ya mayar da hankali kan yanayin da ake ciki a yankunan da Maroko ke iko da su. Kammalawar binciken na Tindouf ya bayyana cewa "sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Aljeriya sun kasance cikin tsari sosai kuma suna samar da fiye da bukatu na asali ga mazauna su" sannan cewa "Ana ganin cewa ana kokarin ganin cewa al’ummar suna samun ilimi mai kyau kuma suna shiga cikin mulkin sansanonin."[129]

Shirin Daliban Kuba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Polisario na fuskantar zargi daga Maroko akai-akai na cewa yana tura yara Saharawi cikin dubban su zuwa Kuba domin samun horon akidar Kwaminisanci, wanda ake ganin hakan tamkar raba iyali da karfi ne. Maroko ta kara da zargin cewa Polisario na tura yara kanana zuwa Kuba domin tilasta su yin karuwanci da kuma horar da su su zama sojojin yara.[130][131][132][133][134][135]

Polisario, wanda aka kafa bisa akidar ra'ayin hagu, ya mayar da martani cewa yaran da ke Kuba ba su kai dubban ba, amma suna cikin daruruwa, kuma dalibai ne a jami'o'in kasar Kuba, inda suka je bisa son ransu ta hanyar shirin musayar dalibai da Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke daukar nauyi. Polisario na kallon zargin Maroko a matsayin kamfen na bata suna da nufin hana 'yan gudun hijira Saharawi samun ilimi.

Ko da yake akwai makarantun firamare a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, babu jami'o'i a can, don haka sai Saharawi su fita waje domin yin karatu. Akwai makamantan shirye-shirye ga daliban Saharawi tare da jami'o'i a Aljeriya, Sipaniya da Italiya, kuma Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Saharawi ta roki kasashe da dama da su karbi dalibanta. Hukumar UNHCR, wadda ke kula da shirin, ta bincika zargin Maroko sau biyu. A rahotonta na 2003, bayan tattaunawa da dukkan daliban Saharawi 252 da ke Kuba, ta bayyana cewa yaran ne da kansu suka yanke shawarar ci gaba da amfana da damar karatu a Kuba.[Ana bukatan hujja]

A shekara ta 2005, UNHCR ta sake nazarin batun bayan ci gaba da zarge-zargen daga Maroko. Yawan daliban ya sauka zuwa 143, kuma ba a sa ran shirin zai ci gaba bayan wadannan sun kammala karatu. Rahoton[136] ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin yaran 'yan gudun hijira na Saharawi sun amfana da guraben karatu da ke cikin yarjejeniyar dangantaka tsakanin shugabannin 'yan gudun hijira da wasu kasashe. Rahoton ya nuna cewa wannan shirin na guraben karatu yana cika ka'idojin kula da 'yancin yara da yarjejeniyar Hukumar Kare 'Yancin Yara ta 1989 ta shimfida, musamman a fannonin:

  • Kare yara daga duk wani nau'in wariya yayin da suke Kuba, inda suke samun damar karatu daidai da sauran dalibai, tare da dan karin kulawa dangane da kayan more rayuwa da kiwon lafiya a makarantun Kuba.
  • Girmamawa da tabbatar da 'yancin dalibai game da lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, al'adu, 'yancin kai da tsaro.
  • Ba a tilasta wa yara yin wani nau'in cin zarafi ko amfani da su wajen aiki ko horo na soja da zai shiga cikin nau'in cin zarafin da CRC ta tanada ba.
  • Duk bayanan da aka tattara yayin wannan ziyara na tabbatar da cewa shirin na yara ne da suka amince da shi da kansu, iyayensu suna da cikakken ikon yanke shawarar ko yaransu su shiga shirin ko a'a, sannan yaran da ba su son ci gaba da shirin suna da damar ficewa daga shirin kuma su dawo gida.

Daukar yara cikin runduna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar wani rahoto da War Resisters' International ta fitar a shekarar 1998, "a lokacin yakin gwagwarmaya" – wato daga 1975 zuwa 1991 – "daukar yara cikin kungiyar Polisario ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na shirin ilimi. A lokacin da suka kai shekaru 12, ana hada su da 'Makarantar Kasa ta 12 ga Oktoba' wacce ke shirya jagororin siyasa da na soja, ko kuma a tura su kasashen waje kamar Aljeriya, Kuba da Libiya don samun horo na soja tare da karatu na yau da kullum. A lokacin da suka kai shekarun daukar soji (17), ana dawo da su daga kasashen waje domin a hada su da dakarun kungiyar Polisario. Suna samun karin horo na musamman a fannonin injiniya, rediyo, artilari, kayan aiki da yaki a cikin hamada. Idan suka kai shekaru goma sha tara, suna zama sojojin yaki."[137]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Article That Provides A Brief History of the Colonisation And Occupation of the Western Sahara By Spain And Then Morocco". New Internationalist. 5 December 1997. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  2. ↑ "Telquel – Maroc/Algérie.Bluff et petites manœuvres". Archived from the original on 15 January 2016.
  3. ↑ جمعية لاسترداد ممتلكات المغاربة المطرودين من الجزائر (in Larabci). Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
  4. ↑ "La Gazette du Maroc: La "Répudiation massive" de l'Algérie des colonels !". Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
  5. ↑ "Maroc Hebdo International: Jjgement Dernier". Archived from the original on 9 September 2006.
  6. ↑ "Le Drame des 40.000". Archived from the original on 16 October 2006.
  7. ↑ "Mohamed Elyazghi au Matin du Sahara: Solution politique au Sahara et refondation de nos relations avec Alger". Archived from the original on 10 September 2006.
  8. ↑ "Minorites.org". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006.
  9. ↑ "Revue de Presse des Quotidiens". Archived from the original on 7 January 2009.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2016.
  11. ↑ "Arabic News". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
  12. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Broken Promises: The Equity and Reconciliation Commission and its Follow-up". Amnesty International. 6 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  13. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: No more half measures: Addressing enforced disappearances in Morocco and Western Sahara". Amnesty International. 28 August 2009. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  14. ↑ "Morocco/ Western Sahara: Further Information on UA 16/08 – Fear of unfair imprisonment/ Prisoners of conscience/ Health concern". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  15. ↑ "Morocco/ Western Sahara: Three years' imprisonment for putting a profile of Prince Moulay Rachid on Facebook". Amnesty International. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  16. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: New arrests and allegations of torture of Sahrawi human rights defenders". Amnesty International. 31 July 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  17. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Justice must begin with torture inquiries". Amnesty International. 21 June 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  18. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture of detainees must end". Amnesty International. 23 June 2004. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  19. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture in the "anti-terrorism" campaign – the case of Témara detention centre". Amnesty International. 23 June 2004. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  20. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Briefing to the Committee against torture (November 2003)". Amnesty International. 11 November 2003. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  21. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: reports of secret detention and torture on the rise". Amnesty International. 21 February 2003. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  22. ↑ "Morocco and Western Sahara Human Rights". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  23. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Activists Need Fair Trial". Human Rights Watch. 9 December 2005. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  24. ↑ "Western Sahara: Keeping It Secret – The United Nations Operation in the Western Sahara". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  25. ↑ "OMCT". Archived from the original on 28 August 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
  26. ↑ "OMCT". Archived from the original on 2005-08-28. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
  27. ↑ "OMCT". Archived from the original on 28 August 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
  28. ↑ "Western Sahara [Morocco] (2006)". Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  29. ↑ "Swedish photographer expelled from Western Sahara a day after his arrest". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  30. ↑ "Journalist assaulted in the name of Moroccan control of Western Sahara". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  31. ↑ "Journalists working in Western Sahara face assaults, arrests and harassment". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  32. ↑ "Western Sahara, government corruption and palace life are all off-limits for the press". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  33. ↑ "Two Norwegian journalists threatened with expulsion". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  34. ↑ "Morocco puts US censorship busting site Anonymizer.com on its black list". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  35. ↑ "Appeal court upholds exorbitant damages award against Journal Hebdomadaire". Reports Without Borders. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  36. ↑ "Report of the OHCHR to Western Sahara & the refugee camps in Tindouf 2006" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  37. ↑ "Human rights in Morocco & Western Sahara". Derechos.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  38. ↑ "Wave of arrests in Western Sahara". Defendinternational.com. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  39. ↑ "Morocco: Protect And Preserve Mass Grave Sites". Defendinternational.com. 15 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  40. ↑ "Western Sahara: Update – Human rights defenders on hunger strike in protest at continued arbitrary detention". Frontlinedefenders.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  41. ↑ "Western Sahara: Severe beating of human rights defender, Mr Mohammed al-Tahleel by security forces". Frontlinedefenders.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  42. ↑ "Western Sahara: Torture and solitary confinement of human rights defender Mr Yahya Mohamed el Hafed Aaza". Frontlinedefenders.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  43. ↑ "Western Sahara: Systematic repression of human rights defenders". Frontlinedefenders.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  44. ↑ "Western Sahara – International Observers harassed as trial of 7 Sahrawi human rights defenders postponed amid violent scenes". Frontlinedefenders.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  45. ↑ "Morocco denies shameful beating of woman human rights defender". Frontlinedefenders.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  46. ↑ "Sahara occidental : Arrestation de M. Duihi Hassan – MAR 001 / 0210 / OBS 024 – FIDH : mouvement mondial des droits de l'Homme". FIDH. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  47. ↑ "Harcèlement à l'encontre de Mme Elghalia Dijim et M. Duihi Hassan – MAR 003 / 1109 / OBS 166 – FIDH : mouvement mondial des droits de l'Homme". FIDH. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  48. ↑ "Détentions arbitraires / Poursuites judiciaires / Mauvais traitements – – FIDH : mouvement mondial des droits de l'Homme". FIDH. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  49. ↑ "Nouvelle condamnation d'un militant sahraoui. – FIDH : mouvement mondial des droits de l'Homme". FIDH. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  50. ↑ "Après l'interdiction de trois hebdomadaires au Maroc, RSF et la FIDH dénoncent une décision inique et inacceptable – FIDH : mouvement mondial des droits de l'Homme". FIDH. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  51. ↑ "DISPARITIONS FORCEES AU MAROC – FIDH : mouvement mondial des droits de l'Homme". FIDH. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  52. ↑ Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker – Society for Threatened Peoples. "EU ignores violations of human rights in Morocco". Gfbv.de. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012.
  53. ↑ Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker – Society for Threatened Peoples. "Almost 700 arrested in the year 2006". Gfbv.de. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  54. ↑ OXX Publisher™ (28 March 2008). "Occupied Country, Displaced People". Nrc.no. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  55. ↑ "RFK Center and Human Rights Watch Urge United Nations to Support Human Rights in Western Sahara". RFKcenter.org. Retrieved 26 September 2012.[dead link]
  56. ↑ "Western Sahara: report on human rights violations". RFKcenter.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  57. ↑ "RFK Center Condemns Brutal Attack of Human Rights Defender's Children in Western Sahara". RFKcenter.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  58. ↑ "Guerre de clans et scission inévitable à Tindouf, selon trois ex-responsables du Polisario ayant regagné le Maroc" (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 14 August 2004.
  59. ↑ "Les geôliers de Tindouf mis à nu" (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
  60. ↑ "Quatrieme Commission: Le Maroc Reste Attache Au Plan De Reglement Et A La Tenue D'un Referendum Transparent Au Sahara Occidental" (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  61. ↑ "Report: Clan wars and unavoidable scission in Tindouf, defectors". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
  62. ↑ "The President of the Republic presents his condolences to the King of Spain and the Head of the Government after terrorist attacks in Madrid". SPS. 11 March 2004. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
  63. ↑ "The President of the Republic expresses Saharawi people's condolences to British people". SPS. 7 July 2005. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009.
  64. ↑ "President of Republic consoles his Ugandan counterpart on victims of Kampala bomb attacks". SPS. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  65. ↑ "OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  66. ↑ "Protocol to the OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Morocco/Western Sahara". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Amnesty International – Morocco/Western Sahara – Covering events from January – December 2004". Archived from the original on 8 February 2006.
  69. ↑ "Western Sahara – Sahara Occidental -Droits humains". Arso.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  70. ↑ "US State Department – Western Sahara – Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2000". State.gov. 23 February 2001. Archived from the original on 13 April 2001. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  71. ↑ "Western Sahara Online – Pictures depicting one of the darkest places of Moroccan occupation, the infamous "Black Prison" in El Aaiun". Wsahara.net. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  72. ↑ "Amnesty International – Morocco / Western Sahara – Sahrawi human rights defenders under attack". Archived from the original on 16 February 2006.
  73. ↑ "Amnesty International – Public Statement – Morocco/Western Sahara: Human rights defenders jailed after questionable trial". Archived from the original on 4 April 2006.
  74. ↑ "ARSO". Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2006.
  75. ↑ "Morocco". State.gov. 6 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Morocco". State.gov. 8 March 2006. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  77. ↑ "RSF". Archived from the original on 23 June 2006.
  78. ↑ "ARSO". Archived from the original on 26 February 2005. Retrieved 9 June 2006.
  79. ↑ "state.gov".
  80. ↑ "RSF". Archived from the original on 18 June 2006.
  81. ↑ "IFEX".
  82. ↑ "Morocco puts US censorship busting site Anonymizer.com on its black list". Reporters Without Borders. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  83. ↑ "Plus de 30 000 Sahraouis torturé depuis l'invasion marocaine" (in Faransanci). CODAPSO. 26 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  84. ↑ "US Department of State – Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2000 – Morocco". State.gov. 23 February 2001. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  85. ↑ "2008 Human Rights Report: Western Sahara". State.gov. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  86. ↑ "El Polisario anuncia el hallazgo de una fosa común de supuestos represaliados durante la invasión marroquí". Europa Press. 13 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  87. ↑ "country report Morocco". Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  88. ↑ "country report Western Sahara". Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  89. ↑ "Maroc et Sahara Occidental – Procès d'un défenseur sahraoui des droits humains". Amnestyinternational.be. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  90. ↑ "2005 report on Morocco and Western Sahara". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  91. ↑ "Morocco: CONCODOC 1998 report". Wri-irg.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 "Morocco". War Resisters' International (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  93. ↑ "Morocco expels five missionaries". BBC. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  94. ↑ Forwarded by Norwegian Support Committee for Western Sahara report by United Nations High Commission for Refugees (8 September 2006). "Report of the OHCHR Mission to Western Sahara and the Refugee Camps in Tindouf 15/23 May and 19 June 2006". United Nations. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2006. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  95. ↑ Bagnall, Sam (20 March 2010). ""Western Sahara activist 'beaten' after talking to BBC". BBC news, March 20, 2010". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  96. ↑ "Moroccan police arrest 11 Spanish activists". Reuters. 29 August 2010. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  97. ↑ "Launch of international symposium on peoples' right to resist". SPS. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  98. ↑ Stefan Simanowitz (1 October 2010). "Running the gauntlet: Silent Saharawis protest on streets of Western Sahara". Afrik-News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  99. ↑ "Recibimiento 30 de septiembre de 2010" (in Sifaniyanci). Sahara Thawra. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  100. ↑ "Los saharauis realizan su mayor protesta desde hace 35 años". El País (in Sifaniyanci). 19 October 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  101. ↑ "Western Sahara: Desert protest demanding housing and jobs". ANSAmed. 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  102. ↑ ""Mass exodus" from Western Sahara cities". Afrol News. 21 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  103. ↑ "Exodus in protest of the pillage". Western Sahara Resource Watch. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  104. ↑ "Los saharauis acampan en masa contra la ocupación marroquí del Sáhara Occidental". El Periódico (in Sifaniyanci). 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  105. ↑ "Teen shot and killed in contested Western Sahara". Metro News (Associated Press). 25 October 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.[permanent dead link]
  106. ↑ "Boy's murder heightens Western Sahara tension". Euronews. 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  107. ↑ "20,000 Western Sahara protesters "starving"". Afrol News. 29 October 2010. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  108. ↑ "Sahara Marathon: Host Interview Transcript – James A. Baker III". PBS. 14 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  109. ↑ "Aljeriya "ba ta da hannu" a rikicin yankin yammacin Sahara (MD)". Sahara Press Service. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  110. ↑ "Polisario calls on UN to supervise human rights in territories under its control". SPS.[permanent dead link]
  111. ↑ "Resolution on the Western Sahara – European Parliament, 11 October 1990" (PDF). ARSO.
  112. ↑ "Rapatriement de 185 prisonniers de guerre marocains, libérés en 1989". 19 November 1995.
  113. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: ICRC visits Moroccan prisoners held by Polisario Front". ICRC.
  114. ↑ "Le Front Polisario decide de liberer 191 prisonniers de guerre marocains". SPS. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
  115. ↑ "Polisario releases 191 Moroccan prisoners of war". Western Sahara Campaign UK.
  116. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Repatriation of 186 Moroccan prisoners". ICRC.
  117. ↑ "Press release of the Ministry of Information of the Saharawi Arabic Democratic Republic". ARSO.
  118. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: 201 Moroccan prisoners released and repatriated". ICRC.
  119. ↑ "El Frente Polisario entrega a Cruz Roja a 115 prisioneros marroquíes". ABC. Madrid. 17 January 2000.
  120. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: 115 Moroccan prisoners released and repatriated". ICRC.
  121. ↑ "Libération de 100 prisonniers de guerre marocains" (in Faransanci).
  122. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: 101 Moroccan prisoners released and repatriated". ICRC.
  123. ↑ "Amnesty International". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  124. ↑ "USCRI – Protecting Refugees, Serving Immigrants, and Upholding Freedom Since 1911". Refugees.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  125. ↑ "US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants". Archived from the original on 26 January 2011.
  126. ↑ "Defending Human Rights Worldwide". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  127. ↑ "Western Sahara – Keeping It Secret – The United Nations Operation in the Western Sahara". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  128. ↑ "CLAIHR". Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2006.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  129. ↑ "CLAIHR". Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2006.
  130. ↑ "Children of population sequestered in Tindouf deported by thousands to Cuba, denounces deportation victim". Archived from the original on 5 March 2006.
  131. ↑ "Adults abducted as children by communists to talk".[permanent dead link]
  132. ↑ "Today's Editorial". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  133. ↑ "Saharan Former Refugees Recount Life in Polisario-Controlled Camps Families Separated; Children Forcibly Sent to Cuba; International Aid Stolen".[permanent dead link]
  134. ↑ "Former Saharan Refugees Recount Life in Castro's Schools and Polisario-Controlled Camps" (Press release). Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  135. ↑ "Deportation of Sahrawi children to Cuba by 'Polisario' denounced". Archived from the original on 1 March 2006.
  136. ↑ "Western Saharan refugee students in Cuba. UNHCR – Information note (September 2005)". Arso.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  137. ↑ "War Resisters' International". Wri-irg.org. 23 June 1998. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.

Mahaɗa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Africa in topic Samfuri:Human rights in the Middle East Samfuri:Western Sahara topics

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ƴancin_Dan_Adam_a_Yammacin_Sahara&oldid=644537"