Ƴancin ilimi
 Ƴancin ilimi | |
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'yanci da civil rights (en)  |
’Yancin ilimi: hakkin iyaye ne su samawa ‘ya’yansu tarbiya dai-dai da addini da sauran ra’ayoyinsu, wanda hakan zai ba wa kungiyoyi damar tarbiyyantar yara ba tare da takura wa kasa ba.
'Yancin ilimi ra'ayi ne na tsarin mulki (doka) wanda aka haɗa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, yarjejeniya ta 1, Mataki na 2, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da 'Yancin Al'adu Mataki na 13 da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa da yawa, misali tsarin mulkin Belgium (tsohon tsarin mulki). labarin 17, yanzu labarin 24) da tsarin mulki na Holland (labarin 23).[1]
Turai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An kafa dandalin 'yanci a Turai a cikin shekarata 1989 kuma yana da mambobi 69 a cikin kasashe 13.[2] Bukatunsu na hukuma sun hada da bukatar cin gashin kai ga dalibai da malamai. Kuma Har ila yau, ya tabbatar da mahimmancin bambancin ilimi, don ba da damar iyaye su zabi tura 'ya'yansu makarantar da ta dace da ra'ayoyinsu.[3]
Netherlands[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin Netherlands, yaƙin siyasa ya barke a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara game da batun keɓancewar gwamnati kan ilimin kyauta. Kuma An yi adawa da shi a ƙarƙashin tutar "'Yancin Ilimi" da Rarraba Coci da Jiha . Yaren mutanen Holland sun kira shi " De Schoolstrijd " (Yaƙin Makarantu). Maganin Yaren mutanen Holland shine rabuwar makaranta da jiha ta hanyar ba da kuɗin duk makarantu daidai, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu[4] daga shekarata 1917. 'Yancin ilimi ya haifar da kafa sabbin nau'ikan makarantu da yawa a cikin jimillar ilimi a cikin Netherlands . An gabatar da sababbin hanyoyin ilimi ta hanyar tunani akan ilimi (kamar na Maria Montessori, Rudolf Steiner, Jenaplan ). An kuma tallafa wa makarantu bisa addini. Bayan kwararowar ma'aikata daga kasashen Musulunci, an bullo da makarantun Islamiyya. A shekarar 2003, gaba daya makarantun islamiyya 35 ne ke aiki. Sai dai wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa bullo da sabbin makarantun sakandare na da wahala. Al'ummomin yankin, sannan gami da makarantun yankin da ake da su, sun ki amincewa da bullo da sabbin makarantu, misali ta hanyar jinkirta tsarin neman wurin da za a kafa sabuwar makaranta.
A halin yanzu, ’yancin koyar da addini a makarantu hakki ne da aka kayyade, ga daidaikun mutane ko ƙungiyoyi su koyar, da kuma mutum ya koya. Kuma Duk da yake wannan a sarari yana nufin yara, ana kuma iya fassara shi don a shafi haƙƙin iyaye don a koya wa yaro imaninsu mai kima ko ƙa'idodinsu. [5]
An sami batutuwa game da iyakance iyawar makarantun addini a cikin Netherlands. Wannan ya haɗa da babbar barazana ga makarantun Yahudawa na addinin Islama na 'yancin cin moriyar wannan 'yanci. Bayan wani sauyi na gaba ɗaya a cikin Netherlands an sami cece-kuce game da daidaita ƴancin ilimi da sauran haƙƙoƙin rashin wariya da ake iya gani, Kuma musamman ga mata a makarantun Islamiyya masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. [5]
Yawancin makarantun addini a cikin Netherlands suma tun daga lokacin sun daina aiki a cikin rukunin cibiyoyinsu, don haka rage ikonsu a cikin tsarin ilimi. Haɗe da haɓaka a cikin bambance-bambancen, da mahimmancin mahimmanci na rashin nuna bambanci, ikon ƙungiyoyin addini masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin Netherlands don ilmantar da 'ya'yansu a cikin hanyar da aka ba su. [5]
Halin da ake ciki a Turai (2013)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani binciken Jami'ar Amsterdam na shekarata 2013 ya sanya kasashe mambobin kasashe shida ta hanyar ilimin da suka dace (ikon ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin addini na son rai wanda za'a iya taimakawa / hana shi ta hanyar kudade) don ba da alamar 'yancin ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane don cusa imaninsu ta hanyar addini. ilimi. [6] An jera abubuwan ƙarshe a ƙasa.
Denmark[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Denmark ta sami babban kima. Kundin tsarin mulkin Denmark yana buƙatar aikin ilimi, amma ba wanda ake nufi da makarantar ba. Wannan yana haifar da zaɓi don ilimi mai zaman kansa ko makarantar gida . Makarantu masu zaman kansu suna karɓar tallafi wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 3/4 na farashi. Kuma A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Denmark ta haɓaka matakin sa ido kan waɗannan makarantu da wajibcin da ke kan makarantun na daidaita kansu.
Netherlands[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Netherlands ta sami babban matsayi; Makarantun addini a cikin Netherlands waɗanda ke masu zaman kansu ana ba da kuɗaɗe dai-dai ga makarantun gwamnati kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya. Fiye da rabin makarantun Netherlands an gina su bisa tushen addini. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Holland (shafi na 23) ya kare ‘yancin ilimi kuma yana nufin dole ne gwamnati ta rike makarantu masu zaman kansu da na jiha daidai gwargwado. Yayin da makarantu masu zaman kansu ke buƙatar ɗaukar ƙwararrun malamai, Kuma za su iya zaɓar malamansu ko ɗaliban bisa ga imaninsu na ruhaniya ko ɗabi'u .
Ireland[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ireland ta sami babban kima. Kashi 95% na firamare da kashi 57% na makarantun sakandaren Irish na ɗarika ne, kodayake wannan adadin yana raguwa. Ilimi yana samun tallafi mafi yawa daga Katolika amma kuma Furotesta, Bayahude, da cibiyoyin musulmi da amintattu. Har ila yau, Kuma akwai makarantun harshen Irish ga iyayen da ke son koyar da 'ya'yansu ta harshen ƙasa, saboda yawancin jama'ar Ireland suna jin Turanci. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen nahiyar, kungiyoyin ilimin addini sun sami 'yanci mai karfi, Sannan kuma sun sami damar kafa makarantun da ke samun kudade masu yawa na jihohi.
Italiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Italiya ta sami matsakaicin ƙima. Makarantun addini a Italiya masu zaman kansu ne, waɗanda za su iya neman zama kamar makarantun gwamnati. Idan har suka cimma hakan, za su kasance karkashin dokokin makarantun gwamnati. Suna iya samun kuɗi, to amma a mafi yawan lokuta masu nasara makarantun Katolika ne kawai waɗanda ƙungiyoyin Katolika suke gudanarwa, addini mafi rinjaye a ƙasar.
Spain[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Spain ta sami matsakaicin ƙima. A ka'idar tsarin mulkin Spain yana kare 'yancin ƙirƙirar makaranta bisa wani imani. Koyaya, a aikace, sannan kafa makarantu don ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye na iya zama matsala galibi saboda wadatar albarkatu. Kasa da makarantu goma a kasar a zahiri suna koyar da kungiyoyin tsirarun addini.
Sweden[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sweden ta sami babban kima. 'Yancin makarantun Sweden masu zaman kansu daidai yake da na makarantun jiha. Yayin da makarantun addini za su iya zaɓar ma'aikatansu ko ɗalibai, dokokin ƙasa sun bayyana a fili abin da za a iya kuma ba za a iya barin koyarwa ba, kamar jinsi . Kuma An ba da izinin ƙa'idodin da ke kewaye da sutura ko ɗabi'a muddin sun bi cikin babbar doka. Ikon koyar da ingantaccen manhajar Islama yana da iyakancewa, duk da haka, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙimar Sweden ta kusa ragewa zuwa matsakaici.
Amirka ta Arewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Amurka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kusan kashi 17% na makarantu a Amurka suna da tushen bangaskiya. Koyaya, Amurka ba ta ba wa iyalai wani tallafi na jama'a don halartar irin waɗannan makarantu akai-akai. [7]
Wasu dokokin jihohi suna buƙatar makarantun gwamnati su ilimantar da ɗalibansu ta hanyar boko don kada su amince da wani takamaiman addini. Koyaya, yawancin makarantun jama'a a Amurka sun zama masu karɓar buƙatun abinci iri-iri, Sannan kamar zaɓin na goro ko zaɓin cin ganyayyaki, kuma ana barin yara su keɓe daga ayyukan da yawanci ba su dace da koyarwar addininsu ba.
Sai dai duk da cewa babu wani matsin lamba da tsarin mulki ya yi wa 'yancin iyaye na zabar ilimi, har yanzu al'ummar Amirka na adawa da ilimin addini a wasu jihohin. Rahotannin da ba su dace ba haɗe da ɗabi'ar ƴan ƙasar Amirka na matsa lamba kan iyayen da ke son tura 'ya'yansu makarantu masu zaman kansu na addini. Kuma Ko da yake makarantu masu zaman kansu babban tushen ilimin addini ne ga waɗanda ba su da ra'ayi da ra'ayi ɗaya, shiga makarantar masu zaman kansu ba zai zama zaɓi ɗaya ba.
Kudancin Amurka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana tallafawa 'yancin makarantu na addini ta hanyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na yawancin ƙasashen Kudancin Amirka. A cikin Chile, ana ba da kuɗi ga makarantun jihohi da masu zaman kansu a kowane zamani. Sannan Babu koyarwar da ba ta Katolika ba a yawancin makarantu a cikin wannan yanki, duk da haka. [8] Duk da yake har yanzu akwai wasu lokuta na nuna wariyar addini a Kudancin Amirka, an shawo kan hani na doka da na al'umma ta hanyar tasirin tasirin Vatican, yaduwar Furotesta da Canjin Tsarin Mulki. 'Yancin ilimi ta hanyar imani ba tare da bangaskiyar Kirista ba har yanzu ya kasance batun da ake gwabzawa a duk Kudancin Amurka. [9]
Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ‘yancin addini da ‘yanci sashe na 15 ya ba da damar gudanar da bukukuwan addini a makarantun gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu, matukar dai sun bi wasu dokoki. [10]
Ostiraliya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai tallafin doka don ilimin addini kyauta kuma buɗe a cikin tsarin makarantun jama'a na Ostiraliya, amma ainihin aikace-aikacen sa ba kasafai ba ne. Shiyasa Duk da haka, akwai kuma goyon baya ga hanyar "ikirari" na ilimin addini wanda ya zama ruwan dare tun karni na 19. Wannan hanyar tana ba wa majami'u damar ziyartar coci don ba da darussan addini a makarantu. [11] Hakanan akwai makarantun Islama da na Yahudawa da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi a New South Wales da Victoria . Kuma Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da kuɗi ga makarantu masu zaman kansu, fiye da rabin waɗanda tushen bangaskiya ne. [12]
Asiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Isra'ila[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A halin yanzu Isra'ila tana ba da ɗimbin yawa na Haredi da makarantun Larabawa, da kuma makarantu masu zaman kansu na musamman waɗanda ke nuna wasu aƙidar iyaye, ko kuma sun dogara ne akan tsarin karatun ƙasar waje, misali, Makarantar Duniya ta Kudus American . Duk da haka, nasarar da daliban Haredi suke samu a matakin kasa ya ragu matuka. Isra'ila kuma tana gudanar da tsarin ilimin Larabawa ga tsirarunsu, gami da darussa kan al'adunsu da tarihinsu don tallafawa iyayen Larabawa. Duk da haka, an yi zargin samun ingantattun kudade da aka karkata ga tsarin ilimin Yahudawa. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Isra’ila na kashe dala 192 a kowace shekara kan kowane dalibin Larabawa, idan aka kwatanta da dala 1,100 ga kowane dalibi Bayahude.[ana buƙatar hujja] Watch na shekarata 2001 ya yi iƙirarin cewa ɗaliban makarantar Larabawa suna samun ƙarancin ilimi daga ƙarancin albarkatu da cibiyoyi marasa kyau. [13]
Kasashen Larabawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Har yanzu ana iya hana mata a kasashen Larabawa daidaiton damammaki, duk da cewa rashin karfin da suke da shi shi ne muhimmin abin da ke gurgunta kasuwannin kasashen Larabawa don komawa fagen farko na shugabannin duniya a fannin kasuwanci na taurari, koyan matasa da al'adun gargajiya, a cewar wani sabon salo. Rahoton da Amurka ta tallafa a cikin shekarar 2012. Ilimi a kasashen Larabawa ya samu ci gaba cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Sai dai kuma har yanzu darajar ilimi ba ta tabarbare, har yanzu yara da dama suna barin makarantun firamare da wuri kuma jahilci ya yi yawa, a cewar wani sabon rahoton hukumar kula da ilimi da kimiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNESCO. [14]
'Yancin ilimi da ilimi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shirin 'yancin samun ilimi ya bayyana 'yancin ilimi a matsayin " 'yancin iyaye na tabbatar da addini da tarbiyyar 'ya'yansu bisa ga imaninsu na zabar makarantu baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnati ." Dole ne Gwamnati ta mutunta wannan 'yancin a cikin ilimin jama'a. Kuma 'Yancin ilimi ya haɗa da 'yancin kowa ya kafa da jagorantar cibiyoyi waɗanda ke bin ƙa'idodin Jiha na koyo. Kwamitin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (General Comment 13) ya bayyana cewa dole ne Jiha ta tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin ba ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na damar ilimi ga wasu ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma. 'Yancin ilimi ya shafi 'yancin kai na membobin al'umma na ilimi don aiwatarwa, haɓakawa, da sadar da ilimi da ra'ayoyi ta hanyar bincike, koyarwa, tattaunawa, takardu, samarwa, da rubutu ko dai a haɗin gwiwa ko ɗaiɗaiku. Sannan 'Yancin ilimi yana kira ga 'yancin kai na manyan makarantun ilimi. 'Yanci a fannin ilimi na nuni da bukatar iyaye su zama masu alhakin tarbiyyar 'ya'yansu. Gwamnatoci ba su da iko ko ikon tilastawa iyalai da daidaikun jama'a ko ba da tallafin ilimin ɗalibai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.
Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- 'Yancin ilimi
- Madadin ilimi
- Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi
- Wariya a cikin ilimi
- Zabin makaranta
- Ilimin addini
- Ilimin addini a makarantun firamare da sakandare
- Hakkin ilimi
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Stichting Advisering Bestuursrechtspraak, grondwet artikel 23 Archived 2019-09-23 at the Wayback Machine (In Dutch)
- ↑ History of European forum for freedom in education Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, the European forum for freedom in education official website.
- ↑ Demands of European forum for freedom in education Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, European forum for freedom in education demand's on EU policies.
- ↑ Hooker, Mark (2009). Freedom of Education: The Dutch Political Battle for State Funding of all Schools both Public and Private (1801-1920). p. x. ISBN 978-1-4404-9342-3.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Marcel Maussen & Floris Vermeulen (2015) Liberal equality and toleration for conservative religious minorities. Decreasing opportunities for religious schools in the Netherlands?, Comparative Education, 51:1, 87-104, DOI: 10.1080/03050068.2014.935576
- ↑ Applying tolerance indicators: assessing tolerance for religious schools, 2013, Marcel Maussen.
- ↑ "Religious Schools in America" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-15. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
- ↑ Religious education in schools
- ↑ Education and religious freedom in South America
- ↑ South African Bill of Rights Article 15.
- ↑ Finding the balance: Religious education in Australia
- ↑ Australian funding of private schools.
- ↑ Israeli schools separate, not equal.
- ↑ Arab education lags behind world, says UNESCO