Ƴancin sabis

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Ƴancin sabis
fundamental rights (en) Fassara da European Union law (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Tarayyar Turai

'Yancin Bayar da Sabis ko wani lokacin ana kiransa zirga-zirgar ayyuka kyauta na tare da 'Yancin Kafa su ne tushen ayyukan Tarayyar Turai . Tare da Kuma 'yancin motsi na ma'aikata, 'yan ƙasa, kaya da jari, sun zama muhimman haƙƙoƙi waɗanda ke ba kamfanoni da 'yan ƙasa 'yancin ba da sabis ba tare da hani ba a kowace ƙasa memba na EU ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa da ikon ba.

Bayan WWII ƙirƙirar aikin Turai ya haifar da buɗe kan iyakoki, musamman ga 'yan ƙasa tunda waɗannan iko sun kusan babu kafin shekarata 914. Yarjejeniyar Rome ta aza harsashin abin da ake kira "'yanci hudu a cikin EU. Da farko kuma sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga ma'aikata, don samar da sabis na kyauta da kuma jigilar kaya kyauta, dKuma aga baya an haɗa da motsi na jari.

Haƙƙin ba da sabis ya tabbatar da ƙara mahimmanci yayin da tattalin arzikin Turai ke motsawa zuwa ƙarin tattalin arzikin tushen sabis. Kuma A yau, an kiyasta cewa sashin sabis yana wakiltar kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tattalin arzikin Turai kuma shine ke da alhakin 90% na gaba ɗaya ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi a cikin EU. Ƙari ga haka, ƙaura zuwa tattalin arziƙin dijital yana nufin cewa abubuwa da yawa waɗanda a da suka zama kaya yanzu sun zama ayyuka. Hukumar tana sane da hakan kuma a cikin shekarata 2015 ta ƙaddamar da wani tsari na abin da ake kira " Kasuwancin Single na Dijital " tare da manufar kawo shinge don buɗe damar dijital.

Tushen Shari'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yancin ba da sabis ya haɗa da kawar da nuna bambanci a kan asalin ƙasa da kuma ɗaukar matakan sauƙaƙe aikin sa ciki har da daidaita ka'idojin shiga ƙasa ko amincewa da juna. Yin amfani da 'yancin duka biyun ya shafi, bisa ga Mataki na 54 na TFEU, Sannan ga masu zaman kansu da ƙwararru ko doka waɗanda ke aiki bisa doka a cikin ƙasa memba ɗaya. Ya kunshi a hannun dama:

  • gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba a cikin wata ƙasa memba ta EU ('yancin kafawa bisa Mataki na 49 TFEU);
  • bayar da ba da sabis a wasu ƙasashe Membobi na wucin gadi yayin da suke zama a ƙasarsu ta asali ('yancin ba da sabis: Mataki na 56 TFEU).

Sabis, duk da haka, bisa ga dokar shari'ar da aka daidaita, suna buƙatar samun tushen tattalin arziki, cewa shi, lada ga abin da mai karɓa ke bayarwa. An gabatar da wannan ra'ayi a cikin Grogan (C-159/90) inda kotu ta yanke hukunci akan "yanayin tattalin arziki" na samar da ayyuka. Shari'ar ta shafi wani kamfani da ke ba da bayanai kyauta ga mata a Ireland da ke son zubar da ciki a Burtaniya. Kuma Kotun ta gano cewa kamfanin ba shi da hakkin ya nemi ‘yancinsa na samar da ayyuka kamar yadda ake yi a wannan shari’ar, saboda lamarin zai shafi ‘yancin bayar da bayanai. Sannan Wannan yana da alaƙa a zahiri da rashin biyan kuɗi don haka hanyar haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki.

Ayyukan da gwamnatoci ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a ke bayarwa ana kiran su "Services of General Interest". KumaA aikace, wannan yana nufin ayyuka waɗanda ake ɗaukar su "masu mahimmanci" don haka ƙarƙashin takamaiman wajibai na sabis na jama'a. Ana iya raba irin wannan nau'in sabis zuwa rukuni uku:

  • Sabis na sha'awar tattalin arziki na gabaɗaya: ayyuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ake aiwatar da su don biyan kuɗi. Kuma Waɗannan sabis ɗin sun faɗi cikin iyakokin aiwatar da dokar EU don haka dole ne suyi la'akari da ƙa'idodin kasuwan ciki da ka'idojin gasa (misali sabis na gidan waya). Ana iya samun ɓata wa waɗannan ƙa'idodin idan ya cancanta don kare damar 'yan ƙasa zuwa sabis na yau da kullun.
  • Ayyukan da ba na tattalin arziki ba: ayyukan da masu karɓa ba sa biya kai tsaye ga mai bada sabis. Ba sa bin dokokin Turai (misali 'yan sanda, hukumomin shari'a, sojoji). [1]
  • Sabis na zamantakewa na gama gari: sabis ɗin da ya dace da bukatun ƴan ƙasa masu rauni kasancewar duka biyun na tattalin arziki ne ko na rashin tattalin arziki (misali tsarin tsaro na zamantakewa, sannan ayyukan yi da matsugunin zamantakewa). [1]

A cikin yarjejeniyoyin, musamman yerjejeniya kan Aiki na Tarayyar Turai (TFEU), 'yancin ba da sabis ya dogara ne akan Mataki na 49-66. Babban abubuwan da suka shafi duka biyu 2, 'yancin doka da na halitta don kafa kansu a wata ƙasa ta EU kuma a can suna ba da sabis ('yancin kafawa), da haƙƙin samar da sabis na kan iyaka ba tare da buƙatar kafa ofishi ba ('yanci). don samar da ayyuka) za a iya samu a:

Harka-Dokar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Ayyuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

"'Yancin samar da ayyuka" a ƙarƙashin labarin TFEU 56 ya shafi mutanen da ke ba da sabis "don biyan kuɗi", musamman na kasuwanci ko sana'a. [2] Alal misali, a cikin Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid wani lauya dan kasar Holland ya koma Belgium a lokacin da yake ba abokin ciniki shawara a kan batun tsaro, kuma an gaya masa ba zai iya ci gaba ba saboda dokar Holland ta ce mutanen da aka kafa a Netherlands ne kawai za su iya ba da doka. Kuma shawara. [3] Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa 'yancin ba da sabis da aka yi amfani da shi, yana da tasiri kai tsaye, kuma dokar ba ta da tushe: samun adireshi a cikin ƙasa memba zai isa ya bi sahihiyar manufar gudanar da adalci. [4] Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa ilimin sakandare ya fadi a kan iyakokin labarin 56 saboda yawanci jihohi ne ke ba da shi, [5] amma ilimi mafi girma ba ya yi. [6] Kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya ana ƙididdige shi azaman sabis. A cikin Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds Misis Geraets-Smits ta yi iƙirarin cewa inshorar zamantakewar jama'a na Holland ya biya mata kuɗin da ake yi na karbar magani a Jamus. [7] Hukumomin lafiya na Holland sun ɗauki maganin ba dole ba ne, don haka ta ce wannan ya hana ’yancin (na asibitin kiwon lafiyar Jamus) don ba da sabis. Gwamnatoci da yawa sun gabatar da cewa bai kamata a dauki ayyukan asibiti a matsayin tattalin arziki ba, Sannna kuma kada su fada cikin labarin 56. Amma Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar da kiwon lafiya "sabis" duk da cewa gwamnati (maimakon mai karɓar sabis) ya biya sabis ɗin. [8] Hukumomin ƙasa na iya samun hujjar ƙin biyan majiyyata ayyukan kiwon lafiya a ƙasashen waje idan kulawar lafiyar da ake samu a gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma hakan ya biyo bayan “kimiyyar likitancin ƙasa da ƙasa” wanda aka ƙidaya jiyya a matsayin na yau da kullun kuma ya zama dole. [9] Kotun na buƙatar cewa yanayin mutum ɗaya na majiyyaci ya ba da hujjar lissafin jira, kuma wannan ma gaskiya ne a cikin mahallin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya. [10] Baya ga ayyukan jama'a, wani fage na ayyuka masu mahimmanci sune waɗanda aka keɓe a matsayin haramun. Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin Netherlands na amfani da cannabis, gami da haramcin da wasu gundumomi suka yi kan masu yawon bude ido (amma ba ƴan ƙasar Holland ba) zuwa shagunan kofi, [11] ya faɗi a waje da labarin 56 gabaɗaya. Kotun shari’a ta yi nuni da cewa ana sarrafa magungunan narcotic a duk ƙasashe mambobi, shiyasa don haka wannan ya bambanta da sauran shari’o’in da aka hana karuwanci ko wasu ayyukan da ba su dace ba.

Idan wani aiki ya faɗo a cikin labarin 56, za a iya tabbatar da ƙuntatawa a ƙarƙashin labarin 52, ko kuma ta hanyar wuce gona da iri da Kotun Shari'a ta samar. A cikin Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën [12] kasuwancin da ke siyar da kayayyaki na gaba (tare da Merrill Lynch da wasu kamfanonin banki) sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar dokar Holland wacce ta hana abokan ciniki kira sanyi . Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar da haramcin Dutch ya bi hanyar da ta dace don hana "ci gaban da ba a so a cikin kasuwancin tsaro" ciki har da kare mabukaci daga dabarun tallace-tallace, Kuma don haka tabbatar da amincewa a kasuwannin Dutch. A cikin Omega Spielhallen GmbH v Bonn [13] Majalisar Bonn ta dakatar da kasuwancin "laserdrome". Ta sayi sabis na bindigogin Laser na bogi daga wani kamfani na Burtaniya mai suna Pulsar Ltd, amma mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da "wasa wajen kisa". Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa darajar tsarin mulkin Jamus na mutunta ɗan adam, duk wanda ya kafa haramcin, ya ƙidaya a matsayin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ba da sabis. A La Liga Portuguesa de Futebol da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa Kotun Shari'a ta kuma gudanar da cewa, ikon mallakar jihar kan caca, da kuma hukunci ga wani kamfani na Gibraltar wanda ya sayar da ayyukan caca na intanet, ya dace don hana zamba da caca inda ra'ayoyin mutane ya kasance. sosai bambancin. [14] Haramcin ya yi daidai domin wannan hanya ce da ta dace kuma ta dace don magance manyan matsalolin damfara da ke tasowa ta hanyar intanet. Kuma A cikin Umarnin Sabis an ƙirƙira ƙungiyar hujja a cikin labarin 16, wanda shari'ar ta haɓaka. [15]

Wasu muhimman al'amura masu alaƙa da takamaiman batutuwa sune:

  • C-263/86 Humber ed Edel Ilimin Sakandare - Wannan shari'ar tana da dacewa musamman kamar yadda kotu ta yanke hukunci akan mahimman halayen albashi. Yana la'akari da cewa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa ya zama la'akari ga sabis ɗin da ake magana. Ba ya nan a cikin kwasa-kwasan da aka bayar a karkashin tsarin ilimi na kasa, domin da farko dai, Jiha, wajen kafa irin wannan tsari, Kuma ba ta neman yin wani aiki mai fa’ida, sai dai tana gudanar da ayyukanta ga al’ummarta a fannin ilimi. fannonin zamantakewa, al'adu da ilimi da. Na biyu, tsarin da ake magana a kai ana samun kuɗaɗe ne daga jakar jama'a ba ta ɗalibai ko iyayensu ba.
  • C-157/99 Smits da Peerborns Health Care - Kotun ta ce a nan cewa kiwon lafiya sabis ne. Don dalilai na Mataki na ashirin da bakwai 57 mahimmancin halayen albashi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa ya zama la'akari da sabis ɗin da ake tambaya. Sannna kuma A halin da ake ciki yanzu, kudaden da asusun inshorar marasa lafiya suka yi a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen kwangila, duk da cewa an saita shi akan farashi mai sauƙi, hakika la'akari ne ga ayyukan asibiti kuma ba shakka suna wakiltar albashin asibitin da ke karbar su da kuma wanda ke yin aiki. na halin tattalin arziki.
  • Van Binsberger 33/74 - A wannan yanayin, Mista Kortman ɗan ƙasar Holland ne wanda ke ba da sabis na wakilci a cikin shari'ar kotu inda wakilcin lauya ba dole ba ne. Shi Mista Van Binsbergen ya ɗauki Mista Kortmann aiki kuma daga baya ya ƙaura zuwa Belgium. Babban abin da ke tayar da hankali a cikin wannan harka shi ne cewa dokokin Holland sun sanya cewa dole ne mazauna a Netherlands su gudanar da ayyukan wakilci, ma'ana Mista Kortmann ba zai iya yin amfani da sana'arsa ba. Kuma A wannan yanayin, Kotun ta gano cewa matakin nuna wariya ne saboda tana kula da marasa galihu daga wasu ƙasashe har ta kai ga toshe ikonsu na ba da sabis a cikin Netherlands. saboda Sakamakon al'ada a cikin irin waɗannan lokuta shine Kotun ta yanke hukunci don "keɓance" irin waɗannan matakan kamar yadda ba a ba da hujja mai yarda ba a ƙarƙashin waɗanda aka riga aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyoyin bayan tantance daidaito da wajibcin dalili.

Kafa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kazalika samar da haƙƙi ga “ma’aikata” waɗanda gabaɗaya ba su da ikon yin ciniki a kasuwa, [16] Yarjejeniyar Aiki na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma ba da kariya ga “yancin kafawa” a cikin labarin na 49, da “’yancin ba da sabis” Labari na 56. [17] A cikin Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [18] Kotun Shari'a ta yanke shawarar cewa "kafa" yana nufin shiga cikin rayuwar tattalin arziki "a kan kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba", yayin samar da "sabis" yana nufin neman aiki. ƙari "akan wucin gadi". Kuma Wannan yana nufin cewa lauya daga Stuttgart, wanda ya kafa ɗakuna a Milan kuma Majalisar Bar Milan ta zargi shi don rashin yin rajista, ya kamata ya yi ikirarin keta 'yancin kafa, maimakon 'yancin hidima. Koyaya, buƙatun da za a yi rajista a Milan kafin samun damar yin aiki za a ba su izini idan ba nuna bambanci ba ne, “waɗanda suka dace da buƙatu masu mahimmanci a cikin buƙatun gabaɗaya” kuma an yi amfani da su daidai gwargwado. [19] Duk mutane ko ƙungiyoyin da ke gudanar da harkokin tattalin arziki, musamman masu zaman kansu, ko "ayyukan" kamar kamfanoni ko kamfanoni, suna da haƙƙin kafa kamfani ba tare da hani mara tushe ba. [20] Kotun shari'a ta yi imanin cewa duka gwamnatin memba da kuma jam'iyya mai zaman kanta na iya hana 'yancin kafawa, [21] don haka labarin 49 yana da duka "a tsaye" da "tsaye" tasiri kai tsaye. A Reyners v Belgium [22] Kotun Shari'a ta yanke hukuncin kin shigar da lauya a mashawarcin Belgian saboda rashin dan kasar Belgian bai dace ba. Labari na 49 na TFEU ya ce ba a keɓance jihohi daga keta ‘yancin kafa wasu a lokacin da suke amfani da “hukunce-hukuncen hukuma”. Kuma Amma tsarin aikin mai ba da shawara (saɓanin na kotu) ba na hukuma bane. [23] Ya bambanta a Hukumar v Italiya Kotun Shari'a ta yanke hukuncin cewa buƙatun lauyoyi a Italiya su bi matsakaicin kuɗin fito sai dai idan akwai yarjejeniya tare da abokin ciniki ba ta da iyaka. [24] Babban Kotun na Kotun ta ce hukumar ba ta tabbatar da cewa wannan yana da wani abu ko wani tasiri na hana masu sana'a shiga kasuwar ba. [25] Don haka, Kuma babu wani babban ƙetaren yancin kafawa wanda ke buƙatar barata.

Dangane da kamfanoni, Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar a cikin R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury cewa kasashe membobin za su iya takura wa kamfani motsi wurin kasuwancinsa, ba tare da keta labarin TFEU na 49 [26] Hakan na nufin uwar gidan jaridar Daily Mail ba za ta iya kaucewa biyan haraji ta hanyar mayar da wurin zama zuwa Netherlands ba tare da fara daidaita kudaden harajin da yake bi a Burtaniya ba. SannanBurtaniya ba ta buƙatar tabbatar da matakin nata, saboda har yanzu ba a daidaita ka'idojin kujerun kamfanoni ba. Akasin haka, a cikin Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen Kotun Shari'a ta gano cewa ba za a buƙaci wani kamfani mai iyaka na Burtaniya da ke aiki a Denmark ya bi ƙa'idodin hannun jari mafi ƙarancin Denmark ba . Kuma Dokar Burtaniya ta buƙaci kawai £ 1 na babban kamfani don fara kamfani, yayin da majalisar dokokin Denmark ta ɗauki ra'ayin cewa yakamata a fara kamfanoni idan suna da 200,000 Danish krone (kusan € 27,000) don kare masu lamuni idan kamfanin ya gaza kuma ya yi rashin nasara. Kotun shari'a ta ce mafi karancin dokar babban birnin Denmark ta keta 'yancin kafa na Centros Ltd kuma ba za a iya samun hujja ba, saboda wani kamfani a Burtaniya na iya amincewa da bayar da sabis a Denmark ba tare da an kafa shi a can ba, kuma akwai karancin hanyoyin da za a bi don cimma manufar. kariya daga bashi. [27] Wannan tsarin da aka soki a matsayin mai yiwuwa bude EU zuwa ga rashin adalci tsari gasa, Sannan da kuma tseren zuwa kasa a cikin shari'a matsayin, kamar Amurka jihar Delaware, wanda aka yi jayayya don jawo hankalin kamfanoni da mafi munin matsayin lissafi, da rashin ma'ana low haraji haraji. Da yake bayyana don saduwa da damuwa, a cikin Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH Kotun Shari'a ta yanke hukuncin cewa wata kotu a Jamus ba za ta iya hana wani kamfanin gine-gine na Holland 'yancin aiwatar da kwangila a Jamus ba, saboda kawai ba a shigar da shi cikin Jamus ba. Ƙuntatawa kan yancin kafawa na iya zama barata ta hanyar kariyar masu bin bashi, kuma haƙƙin ƙwadago don shiga aiki, ko sha'awar jama'a don karɓar haraji. Amma a wannan yanayin ƙin yarda da iya aiki ya wuce gona da iri: ya kasance "cikakke kai tsaye" na haƙƙin kafawa. [28] Ƙaddamar da ƙarin iyaka, a cikin Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt Kotun Shari'a ta gudanar da cewa saboda hukumomi an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar doka, dole ne su kasance ƙarƙashin duk wasu ka'idoji don samuwar da jihar haɗin gwiwa ke son sanyawa. Wannan yana nufin hukumomin Hungarian na iya hana wani kamfani canza tsarin mulkinsa zuwa Italiya, yayin da yake aiki kuma yana cikin Hungary. [29] Don haka, kotu ta zana bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin kafa kamfanoni na ƙasashen waje (inda dole ne a tabbatar da hane-hane), da kuma wasu haƙƙin jihar don ƙayyade yanayin kamfanonin da aka haɗa a cikin yankinta, [30] ko da yake ba a bayyana cikakken dalilin ba. [31]

Wasu muhimman al’amura da za a yi la’akari da su su ne:

  • Cartesio 210/06 - Yana nufin wani kamfani na Hungary yana so ya koma Italiya yayin da yake son ci gaba da zama a Hungary. A wannan yanayin, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa " kamfanoni halittu ne na dokokin kasa kuma suna wanzuwa ne kawai ta hanyar dokokin kasa wanda ke ƙayyade haɗarsu da aiki ". Ya bayyana cewa kafa na farko yana da matukar wahala a daina saboda kamfanoni sun riga sun sami tushen abokin ciniki da kuma "suna" da aka riga aka yi. Kuma Idan kamfani, kamar a cikin lamarin, zai ga an tilasta wa kansa canja wurin wurin zama, kamfanin zai "narke" kuma ya sake yin kanta a wani wuri. Duk da yake yana yiwuwa, idan yana da sauƙi, za a yi gasa ta tsari ( siyayyar dandalin tattaunawa ) tsakanin Membobin Ƙasashen, kuma wannan ba shine iyakar dokar Turai ba. Abin da ke faruwa duk a cikin wannan yanayin shine kafa na biyu (hukuma, reshe, reshe), wanda ya zama doka ta hanyar 'yancin kafawa.
  • Vale 378/10 - A wannan yanayin, zamu iya ganin yanayin sabanin abin da aka ambata a cikin shari'ar da ta gabata. Vale (kamfanin) an karanta shi ya zama kamfanin Hungarian. [nb 1] Ba ya son zama Italiyanci. Ta yin haka, kamfanin yana tsammanin zai zama "majibi" na kamfanin Italiya wanda a baya ya kasance. [nb 2] Hukumomin Hungary sun ce ba zai yiwu ba. A wannan shari'ar, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa matakin Hungarian da ya haramta ƙetare kan iyaka ya zama cikas ga 'Yancin Kafa, kamar yadda kafa firamare kuma wani nau'i ne na kafawa. Sannan A cikin wannan hukunci, Kotun ta yi amfani da ka'idoji guda biyu na asali ga tunani, na Daidaitawa da na Inganci. Ainihin, Kotun ta ce: 'Idan kuna da jujjuyawar gida, bai kamata ya zama da wahala yin juyar da kan iyakoki fiye da na kamfanonin cikin gida ba'.

Bayanin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun bayan kaddamar da Kasuwar Guda daya, wanda ya maye gurbin da ake kira “Kasuwar gama-gari” a wancan lokaci, hukumar ta himmatu wajen kaddamar da tsare-tsaren da abin ya shafa. Tebu mai zuwa yana nuna wasu ci gaban da aka samu daga shekarata 1985 zuwa 2016.

Nau'in Ci gaba
Kafa da Kayayyakin Ketare
  • Ƙarfafa ECJ a cikin ƙuntata shinge ga motsi kyauta - gwajin 'shiga kasuwa' (misali Sager 1990 da Gouda 1989).
Daidaitawa
  • Dir. 2006/123 - Har ila yau, an san shi da " Uwararrun Sabis ", yana kafa ƙa'idodin kwance waɗanda suka dace da duk sabis. Wadanda aka riga aka rufe su da takamaiman ƙa'idodin sashe ne kaɗai aka keɓe.
Ayyukan Kuɗi
  • Fasfo na kudi bisa ma'auni masu jituwa don lasisi na ƙasa.
  • Kulawar gida na cibiyoyin kudi; kula da ƙasa mai masaukin baki don gudanar da kasuwanci, kariyar mabukaci da 'tsari' kwanciyar hankali na kasuwa mai masaukin baki.
  • Dokoki guda biyu kan ayyukan saka hannun jari da ababen more rayuwa na kasuwar hada-hadar kudi (MiFID II 2014/65, MiFIR 600/2014).
  • Tsarin Kula da Kuɗi na Turai tare da sa hannun Hukumar Haɗaɗɗen Tsarin Turai da Hukumomin Kula da Turai ( EBA, EIOPA, ESMA ).
  • Ƙungiyar Banki : Injiniyan Kulawa Guda ɗaya, Tsarin Haɓakawa guda ɗaya da kuma umarni akan tsare-tsaren garantin ƙasa da tsare-tsaren ƙuduri na ƙasa; Kunshin CRD IV don buƙatun babban kuɗi da kulawar hankali.
  • Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwan Jari : Sauƙaƙan kudade don SMEs, Matakan Zuba Jari, bita da Jagorancin Solvency, Littafin Shuɗi guda ɗaya don kamfanoni, Shirin Babban Haɗin Kan Turai, da dai sauransu.
Ayyuka na Babban Sha'awar Tattalin Arziki
  • Yarjejeniyar Amsterdam tare da gabatarwar labarin 14 TFEU game da sabis na sha'awa gabaɗaya da ƙimar ƙimar ƙungiyar a wannan batun da aka gabatar a cikin yarjejeniya ta 26.
Masana'antu na Sadarwa
  • A fannin sadarwa, iskar gas, wutar lantarki, aikewa da sakon waya da kuma layin dogo hukumar ta taka rawar gani wajen bude kasuwar ta hanyar ka’idojin yin gasa da kuma a wasu lokutan kafa wajibai na ayyuka na duniya.
  • Ƙungiyoyin ƙa'idodi na Turai don dacewa da hukumomin ƙasa.
  • Ayyukan sassaucin ra'ayi a fagen hanyoyi, sufurin jiragen sama da na ruwa.

Umarnin Ayyuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekarar 2004 ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, An gani a matsayin muhimmiyar farawa ga Lisbon Agenda wanda, wanda aka kaddamar a shekarata 2000, shine tsarin da aka amince da shi don mayar da EU "mafi kyawun tattalin arziki da gasa a duniya" ta shekarar 2010. Babban manufar Umarnin shine ƙirƙirar kasuwa na cikin gida na gaske a Sabis. Kamar yadda umarnin ya yi niyya don daidaita ƙa'idodi, babban ra'ayin shine a kawar da ƙa'idodin da ke kawo cikas ga ciniki da saka hannun jari a sabis. Jagoran Sabis yana gabatar da ka'idar "ƙasar asali" don samar da ayyuka a cikin EU, ma'ana cewa mutum na doka / na halitta yana bin ƙa'idodin a cikin ƙasarsa yana da damar ba da sabis a wasu ƙasashen EU ba tare da bin ƙarin ƙa'ida ba a cikin EU. kasar mai masaukin baki inda ake bada sabis.

Bayan haka, umarnin yana da alhakin kafa:

  • Wuraren tuntuɓar guda ɗaya waɗanda ke aiki azaman kantunan tsayawa ɗaya don masu samar da sabis don samun bayanai da kammala ƙa'idodin gudanarwa akan layi a duk ƙasashen EU
  • Haƙƙoƙin mai karɓar sabis na ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu amfani da sabis na karɓar kasuwanci a cikin EU
  • Haɗin kai na gudanarwa da taimakon juna a cikin kulawar masu samar da sabis a ƙasashen EU
  • Jagoran da ke taƙaita mahimman bayanai akan umarnin sabis.

An jinkirta aiwatar da umarnin a yawancin Membobin ƙasa dangane da ainihin ranar ƙarshe (28 Disamba 2009). A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2010 Hukumar ta fara aiwatar da cin zarafi ga wasu ƙasashe membobin - wato Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Faransa, Jamus, Girka, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia da Ingila - waɗanda ba su bayyana matakan da suka ɗauka ba. domin aiwatar da umarnin.

Ayyukan Kuɗi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The rights to provide cross-border services in the field of finance is also guaranteed within the Union's legislative framework and it constitutes one of the pillars of the European single market. Since the implementation of free movement of capitals after the Single European Act (SEA), the subsequent Financial Services Action Plan (1999) and the recent launch of the Capital Markets Union under the Junker administration, several directives and regulations were proposed and adopted by the institutions in order to facilitate the process of cross-border provision of financial services. The most relevant of them are:

  • Umarnin 2014/65/EU akan kasuwanni a cikin kayan aikin kuɗi da aka sani da MIFID 2: Ya shafi kamfanonin zuba jari, ma'aikatan kasuwa, sabis na rahoton bayanai da kamfanoni na ƙasa na uku (tare da reshe a cikin EU) kuma ya kafa buƙatun da suka danganci izini, yanayin aiki, Sannan Sharuɗɗa akan gaskiya, ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi na kasuwanni masu daidaitawa, da sauransu A aikace, MIFID tana da alhakin ba da damar kasuwa ta hanyar abin da ake kira "haƙƙin fasfo" ga kamfanoni da aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Yana baiwa irin waɗannan kamfanoni damar yin aiki a kowace ƙasashen EU muddin ana ba da irin wannan izini da kulawa ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da aka tanadar a cikin Jagorar.
  • Doka No 600/2014/EU akan kasuwanni a Kayayyakin Kudi da aka sani da MIFIR: yana ginawa akan MIFID 2 kuma yayi la'akari da darussa daga rikicin 2008 don kafa buƙatu iri ɗaya akan abubuwan da ke biyowa: i) bayyana bayanai ga jama'a; ii) bayar da rahoton hada-hadar kasuwanci ga hukumomin da suka cancanta; iii) ciniki na abubuwan haɓakawa akan wuraren da aka tsara; iv) damar da ba ta dace ba don sharewa da kuma samun damar yin amfani da Kuma alamomin benci; v) ikon sa hannun samfur na hukumomi masu cancanta, a cikin ESMA da EBA na musamman; da vi) tanadar ayyukan saka hannun jari ko ayyukan da kamfanoni na ƙasa na uku ke bi da kuma zartar da shawarar daidai da hukumar (tare da kafa reshe ko a'a).
  • Regulation No 2017/1129 da aka sani da Prospectus Regulation : ya sabunta ƙa'idodin Prospectus na baya yana ba da sassauci ga kowane nau'in masu bayarwa da sauƙaƙe ƙa'idodi don ƙirƙira abubuwan haɓakawa. Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da kyauta mafi a cikin girma ga ƙananan kyauta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa ka'idodin da suka dace sun shafi cikakken tsarin rayuwa na kamfanoni (daga mataki na farawa har zuwa balagagge da kuma ci gaba da tasowa a cikin mai ba da izini akai-akai akan kasuwannin da aka tsara.
  • Umarnin 2013/36/EU wanda aka sani da Jagoran Buƙatun Babban Birni (CRD): Ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Basel III a cikin EU. Yana kafa ka'idoji masu ma'ana ga bankuna, ƙungiyoyin gine-gine da kamfanonin saka hannun jari waɗanda ke gabatar da buƙatu don: i) ƙa'idodin haɗarin takwaransa; ii) yawan ruwa da buƙatun amfani; iii) inganci da adadin jari; iv) ma'auni na macro-Prudential; da v) fasfot – da sauransu.
  • Doka No 596/2014/EU da aka sani da Kasuwar Abuse Regulation (MAR): yana ƙarfafa bincike da kuma takunkumin gudanarwa dangane da cin zarafi na kasuwa idan ya zo da kuma kayan aikin kuɗi da aka yi ciniki a cikin Kasuwar Kayyade, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da yawa (MTFs), Kayan Gudanar da Kasuwanci (OTFs) da sauran.
  • Doka No 548/2012/EU da aka fi sani da Dokar Kasuwar Kasuwa ta Turai (EMIR): ta tsara dokoki game da kan-da-counter (OTC) kwangilolin da aka samu, takwarorinsu na tsakiya da wuraren ajiyar kasuwanci. Babban manufar ita ce kiyaye kwanciyar hankali a kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi ta hanyar rage haɗari da gabatar da sabbin buƙatun bayyana gaskiya.
  • Umarnin 2015/2366 akan sabis na biyan kuɗi a cikin kasuwa na ciki (PSD 2): yana gane sabbin don sabbin ƙa'idodin da suka dace da shekarun dijital. Yana ƙarfafa buƙatun tsaro game da biyan kuɗi na lantarki, kariyar mabukaci da dokoki kan izini da kulawar cibiyoyin biyan kuɗi. Kuma Yana buɗe kasuwa ga sabbin samfuran kasuwanci waɗanda aka fi sani da ' buɗewar banki '. [32]

Sauran ka'idoji/umarni da za a yi la'akari dasu sune:

Ƙungiyar Banki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyar Banki tana da alhakin kula da tsarin banki a Turai ta hanyar kafa dokoki masu jituwa. Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a yankin na Yuro da masu biyan haraji da kuma tattalin arzikin haqiqanin hatsarin faduwar banki. Kuma Ya ƙunshi duk ƙasashen yankin Yuro da waɗanda ke son shiga. Ƙungiyar Banki tana aiki ta hanyar: [33]

  • Littafin ƙa'ida ɗaya - saitin rubutun dokoki da ke aiki ga duk cibiyoyin kuɗi da samfurori a cikin Ƙungiyar. Ya haɗa da dokoki game da buƙatun babban birnin, Kuma ingantattun tsare-tsaren garantin ajiya da sarrafa bankunan da suka gaza.
  • Tsarin Kulawa Guda Daya - Ita ce hukumar kula da bankuna ta EU wacce ta ƙunshi kulawar ECB tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin ƙasa.
  • The Single Resolution Mechanism - Yana da wani tsari na warware marasa amfani cibiyoyin kudi. Yana da manyan sassa guda biyu, Singl Resolution Board da Single Resolution Fund.

Ƙungiyar Kasuwan Jari[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An dauki CMU a matsayin "Sabon iyaka na kasuwar guda ɗaya ta Turai" ta Hukumar da ke da nufin magance matsalolin daban-daban da ke kewaye da kasuwannin babban birnin Turai kamar: rage rarrabuwar kasuwanni, rarraba hanyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi, babban birnin kan iyaka da ke gudana tare da na musamman. Sannan Kuma Hankali ga kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu (SMEs). Ana kuma kallon aikin a matsayin matakin karshe na kammala kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki da Lamuni domin ya kasance mai dacewa ga kungiyar bankunan da ta kasance fagen aiwatar da ayyukan majalisa mai tsanani tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2012. Aikin CMU yana nufin daidaitawa da wakilai na iko a matakin sama da ƙasa tare da fannin gudanarwar tattalin arziki da kula da banki shine abin ya fi shafa.

Shirin Farko na Farko na Kungiyoyin Kasuwan Jari da hukumar ta gabatar a shekarar 2015 ya kunshi:

  • Kudade don ƙididdigewa, masu farawa da kamfanonin da ba a lissafa ba
  • Samar da sauƙi ga kamfanoni don shiga da tara jari a kasuwannin jama'a
  • Zuba jari na dogon lokaci, kayayyakin more rayuwa da zuba jari mai dorewa
  • Haɓaka jarin dillali
  • Ƙarfafa ƙarfin banki don tallafawa mafi girman tattalin arziki
  • Gudanar da saka hannun jari a kan iyaka

Digital Single Market[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harkokin sufurin kaya shine mafi haɗin kai har zuwa yau bayan juyin halitta na tarihi saboda wani "fifi" da aka ba wannan sashin a cikin tsarin hukumomi a farkon matakan aikin Turai. Sannna a Yanzu wannan sabis ɗin yana da fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na tattalin arzikin Turai, amma duk da haka Kasuwar Single ta koma baya a cikin haɗin gwiwar sabis na dijital. A cewar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, hadaddiyar kasuwar dijital guda ɗaya na iya haɓaka babban GDP na EU da fiye da Yuro biliyan 400 a shekara. Dangane da wannan, Hukumar Turai ta ƙaddamar da aikin Kasuwar Single na Dijital a cikin Mayu shekarata 2015 tare da manyan ginshiƙai uku:

  1. Ingantacciyar dama ga masu amfani da kasuwanci zuwa kayayyaki da ayyuka na dijital a duk faɗin Turai;
  2. Ƙirƙirar madaidaitan yanayi da filin wasa don cibiyoyin sadarwar dijital da sabbin ayyuka don bunƙasa;
  3. Matsakaicin girman ƙarfin haɓaka l na tattalin arzikin dijital.

Aikin ya zama mahimmanci musamman don samar da ayyuka kyauta saboda an aiwatar da yunƙurin kawar da shinge ga masu amfani da kamfanoni. Kuma Daga cikin su za mu iya ambata, musamman:

  1. karshen zargin yawo .
  2. zamanantar da kariyar bayanai .
  3. ƙetare iyakokin abubuwan da ke cikin layi.
  4. Yarjejeniyar buɗe kasuwancin e-commerce ta hanyar dakatar da toshewar ƙasa mara dalili.

Kwanan nan Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a karkashin Ursula Von der Leyen ta ba da shawarar gabatar da Dokar Sabis na Dijital a matsayin wata hanya ta sake fasalin "Umarnin eCommerce". Dangane da jagororin za mu iya cewa a sabuwar Umarnin za ta kasance bisa ginshiƙai biyu:

  1. Pillar Kasuwa Guda: Kasuwanci a zahiri (sabis na jama'a na kasuwanci ba tare da shinge ba)
  2. Tushen Abun Ciki: Bukatun al'umma (bayyanar da ɓangarori na alhaki, magance kalaman ƙiyayya, bayanan ɓarna, abubuwan ta'addanci da sauransu. ).

Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Kasuwar Single ta Turai
  • Ƙungiyar Kasuwan Jari
  • Motsi kyauta ga ma'aikata a cikin Tarayyar Turai
  • Yarjejeniyar Aiki na Tarayyar Turai
  • Digital Single Market

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  2. ↑ TFEU arts 56 and 57
  3. ↑ (1974) Case 33/74
  4. ↑ cf Debauve (1980) Case 52/79, art 56 does not apply to 'wholly internal situations' where an activity are all in one member state.
  5. ↑ Belgium v Humbel (1988) Case 263/86, but contrast Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz v Finanzamt Bergisch Gladbach (2007) C-76/05
  6. ↑ Wirth v Landeshauptstadt Hannover (1993) C-109/92
  7. ↑ (2001) C-157/99, [2001] ECR I-5473
  8. ↑ (2001) C-157/99, [48]-[55]
  9. ↑ (2001) C-157/99, [94] and [104]-[106]
  10. ↑ See Watts v Bedford Primary Care Trust (2006) C-372/04 and Commission v Spain (2010) C-211/08
  11. ↑ (2010) C‑137/09, [2010] I-13019
  12. ↑ (1995) C-384/93, [1995] ECR I-1141
  13. ↑ (2004) C-36/02, [2004] ECR I-9609
  14. ↑ (2009) C‑42/07, [2007] ECR I-7633
  15. ↑ 2006/123/EC
  16. ↑ See Asscher v Staatssecretaris van Financiën (1996) C-107/94, [1996] ECR I-3089, holding a director and sole shareholder of a company was not regarded as a "worker" with "a relationship of subordination".
  17. ↑ See P Craig and G de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (6th edn 2015) ch 22. C Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms (4th edn 2013) chs 10–11 and 13
  18. ↑ (1995) C-55/94, [1995] ECR I-4165
  19. ↑ Gebhard (1995) C-55/94, [37]
  20. ↑ TFEU art 54 treats natural and legal persons in the same way under this chapter.
  21. ↑ ITWF and Finnish Seamen's Union v Viking Line ABP and OÜ Viking Line Eesti (2007) C-438/05, [2007] I-10779, [34]
  22. ↑ (1974) Case 2/74, [1974] ECR 631
  23. ↑ See also Klopp (1984) Case 107/83, holding a Paris avocat requirement to have one office in Paris, though "indistinctly" applicable to everyone, was an unjustified restriction because the aim of keeping advisers in touch with clients and courts could be achieved by 'modern methods of transport and telecommunications' and without living in the locality.
  24. ↑ (2011) C-565/08
  25. ↑ (2011) C-565/08, [52]
  26. ↑ (1988) Case 81/87, [1988] ECR 5483
  27. ↑ (1999) C-212/97, [1999] ECR I-1459. See also Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH (2002) C-208/00, on Dutch minimum capital laws.
  28. ↑ (2002) C-208/00, [92]-[93]
  29. ↑ (2008) C-210/06
  30. ↑ See further National Grid Indus (2011) C-371/10 (an exit tax for a Dutch company required justification, not justified here because it could be collected at the time of transfer) and VALE Epitesi (2012) C-378/10 (Hungary did not need to allow an Italian company to register)
  31. ↑ cf P Craig and G de Burca, EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (2015) 815, "it seems that the CJEU's rulings, lacking any deep understanding of business law policies, have brought about other corporate law changes in Europe that were neither intended by the Court nor by policy-makers".
  32. ↑ Reijers, J., Jacobs, B. P. F., & Poll, I. E. (2016). Payment Service Directive 2 (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science in Information Sciences at the Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands).
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2


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