Ƴantar da Afirka daga Mulkin Mallaka

Decolonization na Afirka
decolonization (en)
Bayanai
Nahiya	Afirka
Lokacin farawa	1950s
Lokacin gamawa	1975

Taswirar mai motsi yana nuna tsarin yancin kai na ƙasashen Afirka, 1950–2011

Decolonisation na mulkin mallaka na Afirka wani tsari ne da ya gudana daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1975 a lokacin yakin cacar baka, tare da samun sauye-sauye na gwamnati a nahiyar yayin da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka yi sauye-sauye zuwa kasashe masu cin gashin kansu. Tsarin ya kasance sau da yawa yana cike da tashin hankali, rikice-rikicen siyasa, tarzoma mai yaduwa, da shirya tawaye a cikin kasashen arewaci da na kudu da hamadar Sahara da suka hada da tawayen Mau Mau a Kenya ta Birtaniya, Yakin Aljeriya a Aljeriya na Faransa, Rikicin Kongo a Kongo Belgian, Yakin samun yancin kai na Angola a kasar Portugal Angola da juyin juya halin Zanzibar a masarautar Zanzibar da yakin basasar Najeriya a kasar Biafra mai neman ballewa.

Tarihi

Rarraba Afirka: Nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1880 da 1913, kafin Farar Duniya ta Farko

Rarraba Afirka tsakanin shekarar alif 1870 da 1914 wani muhimmin lokaci ne na mamayar Turawa a nahiyar Afirka wanda ya ƙare da kusan dukkan Afirka da albarkatunta sun koma hannun ƙasashen Turai, waɗanda suka yi gasa wajen kwace ƙasa ba tare da yin yaƙi da juna ba. An tabbatar da rarraba Afirka ne a Taron Berlin na 1885, ba tare da la’akari da tsarin siyasa da na zamantakewar da ke akwai ba.

Kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka sun rasa ’yancinsu. Keɓantattun ƙasashe guda biyu ne suka tsira: Laberiya, wadda tsoffin bayi daga Amurka suka kafa a farkon ƙarni na 19 kuma aka amince da ita a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1862, amma Turawa suka ɗauke ta a matsayin ƙarƙashin tasirin Amurka; da Habasha, wadda ta samu nasara a Yaƙin Adwa, sai dai daga baya Italiya ta mamaye ta a 1936.

Birtaniya da Faransa su ne suka fi mallakar wurare da yawa a Afirka, sai dai kuma Jamus, Sifaniya, Italiya, Belgium, da Portugal suma suna da yankunan mallaka.

Daga shekarar 1977, ƙasashe 50 na Afirka sun samu 'yancin kai daga ƙasashen Turai.Samfuri:Better source needed

Dalilan waje

File:Colonial Africa (1939).svg|thumb|Yankunan Turawa a Afirka a 1939, shekarar da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya fara

A farkon ƙarni na ashirin 20, ƙaunar ƙasa ta karu a faɗin duniya. Bayan ƙarewar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, daulolin Jamus, Austro-Hungary, da Ottoman sun karye bisa ga ka'idojin da Woodrow Wilson ya gabatar cikin makalarsa ta maki goma sha huɗu. Ko da yake wasu masu fafutukar 'yanci a Afirka sun gani a matsayin dama, Wilson bai yi niyyar amfani da ka’idar 'yancin kai wajen taimaka wa Afirka ba. Buƙatun jagororin Masar da Tunisiya na neman 'yanci ba su samu karɓuwa ba domin hakan zai haifar da cikas ga muradun ƙasashen da suka yi nasara. Sai dai ra’ayin tsarin duniya bisa ga 'yancin kai ya ci gaba da samun karbuwa.

Bayan 1919, jagororin fafutukar 'yancin kai sun fara kallon Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin abokiyar gwagwarmaya bisa akidar haɗin kan ma'aikata.

Yawancin 'yan Afirka sun yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu. A Yaƙin Farko, aiki daga Afirka ya zama tilas a gaban gaba na yaki, sannan sojojin Afirka sun yi yaƙi a yakin Sinai da Falasdinu. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba a bar su su riƙe bindiga ko su yi aiki daidai da fararen fata ba. Nutsewar jirgin SS Mendi a 1917 ya jawo mutuwar mutane 607 daga cikin 646 da ke cikinsa — mafi yawansu 'yan Afirka ta Kudu. A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, 'yan Afirka sun yi yaƙi a Turai da Asiya.

Kusan mutane miliyan ɗaya daga Afirka ta ƙasa da hamada sun yi aiki a rundunonin Turawa. Wasu sun shiga aikin soja ne da ƙarfi, wasu kuma da son rai domin neman rayuwa mai kyau. Wannan ya haifar da wayewar kai ta siyasa da fata na samun 'yanci, amma an fi yi musu burin banza. Saboda ƙasashen da suka yi nasara ba su da niyyar barin yankunan mallakarsu, kuma suna buƙatar albarkatu da ma’aikata daga Afirka don farfaɗo da Turai, sai suka rage girman rawar da Afirka ta taka a nasarar yaƙin.

A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1941, Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt da Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Winston Churchill sun haɗu don tsara yadda duniya za ta kasance bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Sakamakon haka shine takardar Atlantic Charter. Ba wata yarjejeniya ba ce kuma ba a miƙa ta ga Majalisar Dokokin Birtaniya ko Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ba, amma ta zama sananniya sosai. Sashe na uku na takardar ya nuna 'yancin al’umma su zabi nau’in gwamnatin da suke so, da kuma dawo da ikon mulkin kai.

Firayim Minista Churchill ya bayyana a majalisar dokokin Birtaniya cewa wannan takarda tana magana ne game da "ƙasashe da al’ummomi na Turai da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Nazi."

Dalilan Ciki

Cin hanci da rashawa na tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka ya haɗa da karkatar da albarkatu kamar hakar ma'adinai da kuma ribar da ake samu zuwa hannun masu hannun jari na Turai, wanda hakan ya hana ci gaban cikin gida, ya kuma haifar da babbar damuwa a zamantakewar al'umma. Ga farkon masu kishin ƙasa na Afirka, samun ‘yancin kai ya zama wajibi ne na ɗabi’a da aka gina fafutukar siyasa a kansa.

A cikin shekarun 1930, mulkin mallaka ya farfado, a wasu lokuta ba da gangan ba, da ƙananan shugabanni 'yan Afirka da suka sami ilimi a jami’o’in Yammacin Duniya, inda suka fahimci ra’ayoyi kamar ikon kai da kai (TND). Ko da yake ba a karfafa samun ‘yancin kai ba, an samu wasu yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin waɗannan shugabanni da masu mulkin mallaka, kuma irinsu Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Kwame Nkrumah (Gold Coast, yanzu Ghana), Julius Nyerere (Tanganyika, yanzu Tanzania), Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal), Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria), Patrice Lumumba (Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo), António Agostinho Neto (Tsohuwar Angola ta Portugal, yanzu Angola) da Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d'Ivoire) su ne suka jagoranci fafutukar kishin ƙasa na Afirka.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wasu masana'antu da biranen Afirka sun bunƙasa lokacin da jiragen ruwa masu yaki na U-boat suka hana jigilar albarkatu zuwa Turai ta Tekun Atlantika.Samfuri:Better source needed

A hankali, garuruwa, masana'antu, da ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun bunƙasa, wanda ya inganta ilimi da koyo, tare da haifar da kafuwar jaridun da ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai.Samfuri:Better source needed

A shekarar 1945, Taron Na Biyar na Pan-Afriƙa ya nemi a kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka, inda wakilan taron suka haɗa da waɗanda suka zama shugabannin Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, da sauran masu kishin ƙasa na Afirka.

Sauyin Zuwa 'Yancin Kai

Samfuri:Further Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, samun ‘yancin kai ya yadu cikin sauri a nahiyar Afirka yayin da ƙasashe da dama suka sami ‘yancin kai daga mulkin mallakar Turai.

A watan Agusta 1941, Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt da Firaministan Birtaniya Winston Churchill sun haɗu don tattaunawa kan manufofin su bayan yaƙin. A wannan taron, sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Atlantic Charter, wadda a wani ɓangare ta tanadi cewa za su, "girmama haƙƙin kowane ƙasa na zaɓar nau'in gwamnati da za su rayu a ƙarƙashinta; kuma suna son ganin haƙƙin ikon kai da mulkin kai ya dawo ga waɗanda aka tilasta musu a rasa shi." Wannan yarjejeniya ta zama mataki na farko bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu zuwa samun ‘yancin kai yayin da kishin ƙasa ya ƙaru a Afirka.

Sakamakon bashi da yawa da suka taru bayan yaƙin, ƙasashen Turai ba su iya ci gaba da kula da mulkin mallakar Afirka ba. Wannan ya ba wa masu kishin ƙasa na Afirka damar yin sulhu kan samun ‘yancin kai cikin sauri da ƙarancin asarar rayuka. Sai dai wasu ƙasashe sun sha wahala sosai tare da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a yayin fafutukarsu don samun ‘yancin kai.

Masanin tarihin James Meriweather ya bayyana cewa manufar Amurka game da Afirka ta kasance ta hanyar matsakaici, inda suka goyi bayan samun ‘yancin kai na Afirka amma kuma suka tabbatar wa ƙasashen mulkin mallaka na Turai cewa za su ci gaba da riƙe abin da suke da shi. Washington na son irin ƙungiyoyin Afirka da za su jagoranci sabbin ƙasashen da suka sami ‘yancin kai, wato ba na kommunist ba kuma ba sosai na dimokiradiyya ba. Meriweather ya ce ƙungiyoyin ba na gwamnati ba sun yi tasiri wajen canza manufofin Amurka game da Afirka. Sun matsa lamba ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu su janye jarinsu daga ƙasashen Afirka da ba a mulki da rinjaye na mafi yawan jama'a ba. Wannan ya taimaka wajen sauya manufofin Amurka game da Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin amincewa da Dokar Yaki da Rarrabuwar Kawuna ta 1986.

Kasashen Afirka da suka samu 'yancin kai

Kasar	Sunan koloni	Ikon mulki	Ranar samun 'yanci	Shugaban kasa na farko	Hanyar samun 'yanci
Samfuri:Country data Daular Habasha Daular Habasha	Italiya ta Gabas ta Afirka	Daular Italiya	1941	Yekuno Amlak	Ba ta taba zama koloni ba An mamaye ta dan lokaci ta Italiya bayan yakin Italiya da Habasha na biyu
Samfuri:Country data Liberiya	Al’ummar Amurka ta Kolonizasiya Liberiya	Amurka	26 Yuli 1847	Joseph Jenkins Roberts	Bayanin samun 'yancin Liberiya
Samfuri:Country data Afirka Ta Kudu	Kolonin Cape Kolonin Natal Kolonin Orange River Kolonin Transvaal	Birtaniya	31 Mayu 1910	Louis Botha	Dokar Tarayyar Afirka Ta Kudu 1909 Har yanzu tana karkashin mulkin kabilar fari har zuwa 1994.
{{country data Masar}}	Sultanate na Masar	28 Fabrairu 1922	Fuad I na Masar	Juyin juya hali na Masar na 1919
Samfuri:Country data Emirate na Cyrenaica	Birtaniya ta Mulkin Soja (Libya)	Birtaniya	1 Maris 1949	Idris
Samfuri:Country data Masar ta Libya Masar ta Libya	Birtaniya ta Mulkin Soja (Libya) Faransa yankin soji na Fezzan-Ghadames Emirate na Cyrenaica	Birtaniya Faransa Emirate na Cyrenaica	24 Disamba 1951	Yaki na Jeji na Yamma
Libya	Italiya ta Libya	Italiya Birtaniya	24 Disamba 1951	Idris	Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Italiya, 1947 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolushin 289
Sudan	Birtaniya da Masar (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan)	Birtaniya	1 Janairu 1956	Ismail al-Azhari	–
Tunisiya	Masar ta Tunisiya	Faransa Birtaniya	20 Maris 1956	Muhammad VIII al-Amin Habib Bourguiba	–
Moroko	Masar ta Faransa a Moroko Yankin Tangier na Duniya Masar ta Spain a Moroko Yammacin Afirka na Spain Ifni	Faransa Spain	2 Maris 1956 7 Afrilu 1956 10 Afrilu 1958 4 Janairu 1969 14 Nuwamba 1975 27 Fabrairu 1976	Mohammed V	Yakin Ifni
Ghana	Asturaliya	United Kingdom	6 Maris 1957	Kwame Nkrumah	Zaɓen Gabaɗaya na Gold Coast 1956
Gine	Faransa	France	2 Oktoba 1958	Ahmed Sékou Touré	Zaɓen Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Guinea 1958
Cameroon	Samfuri:Flagicon image Kamerun Samfuri:Flagicon image French Cameroon Samfuri:Flagicon image British Cameroon	{{country data German Empire}} France United Kingdom	4 Maris 1916 1 Janairu 1960 1 Oktoba 1961	Karl Ebermaier Ahmadou Ahidjo John Ngu Foncha	–
Togo	Samfuri:Flagicon image French Togoland Samfuri:Flagicon image Togoland	France	27 Afrilu 1960	Sylvanus Olympio	–
Mali	Samfuri:Flagicon image French West Africa		20 Yuni 1960	Modibo Keïta	–
Senegal				Léopold Sédar Senghor	–
Madagaskar	Samfuri:Flagicon image French Madagascar		26 Yuni 1960	Philibert Tsiranana	–
Democratic Republic of the Congo	[[File:|23px|link=]] Daular mulkin mallaka ta Belgium	Belgium	30 Yuni 1960	Joseph Kasa-Vubu	Taron Teburin Zagaye na Belgo-Congolese
Somaliya	Birtaniya Samfuri:Flagicon image Yankin Amanar Somaliland	United Kingdom Italy	26 Yuni 1960 1 Yuli 1960	Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal Aden Adde	–
Jamhuriyar Dahomey	Jamhuriyar Dahomey Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá	Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Biyar Portugal	1 Agusta 1960 31 Yuli 1961	Hubert Maga
Benin	Faransa	France	1 Agusta 1960	Hubert Maga	–
Nijar			3 Agusta 1960	Hamani Diori	–
Burkina Faso			5 Agusta 1960	Maurice Yaméogo	–
Ivory Coast			7 Agusta 1960	Félix Houphouët-Boigny	–
Cadi	{{country data French Equatorial Africa}}		11–12 Agusta 1960	François Tombalbaye	–
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya			13 Agusta 1960	David Dacko	–
Jamhuriyar Kwango			14–15 Agusta 1960	Fulbert Youlou	–
Gabon			16–17 Agusta 1960	Léon M'ba	–
Nigeria	Samfuri:Flagicon image Colonial Nigeria Samfuri:Flagicon image British Cameroon	United Kingdom	1 Oktoba 1960 1 Yuni 1961 1 Oktoba 1961	Nnamdi Azikiwe	–
Muritaniya	Faransa	France	28 Nuwamba 1958 28 Nuwamba 1960	Moktar Ould Daddah	–
Saliyo	Samfuri:Flagicon image Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate	United Kingdom	27 Afrilu 1961	Milton Margai	–
Samfuri:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964)	Daular Biritaniya		9 Disamba 1961	Julius Nyerere	–
Burundi	Deutsches Kaiserreich (mul) Ruanda-Urundi	{{country data German Empire}} Belgium	1 Yuli 1919 1 Yuli 1962	Mwambutsa IV na Burundi	–
Ruwanda				Yuhi V Musinga Grégoire Kayibanda	Juyin Juya Halin Rwanda
Algeria	Samfuri:Flagicon image French Algeria	France	5 Yuli 1962	Ya kama mukami a 27 Satumba 1962 a matsayin Firayim Minista. Daga ranar samun 'yanci har zuwa rantsar da Ben Bella, Abderrahmane Farès ne shugaban Kw	Yakin Algeriya Yarjejeniyar Évian
Uganda	Samfuri:Flagicon image Masarautar Uganda	United Kingdom	9 Oktoba 1962	Milton Obote	–
Kenya	Samfuri:Flagicon image Gidan mulkin Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka		12 Disamba 1963	Jomo Kenyatta	–
Samfuri:Flagicon image Masarautar Zanzibar	Samfuri:Flagicon image Masarautar Zanzibar		10 Disamba 1963	Jamshid bin Abdullah	–
Malawi	Birtaniya		6 Yuli 1964	Hastings Banda	–
Zambiya	{{country data Northern Rhodesia}}		24 Oktoba 1964	Kenneth Kaunda	–
The Gambia	Samfuri:Flagicon image Gidan mulkin Gambia da kariya		18 Fabrairu 1965	Dawda Jawara	–
Rhodesia Zimbabwe	Daular Biritaniya		11 Nuwamba 1965 (a matsayin Rhodesia)	Ian Smith	Hanyar Rhodesia ta ƙaddamar da 'yanci kai tsaye
Botswana	Samfuri:Flagicon image Masarautar Bechuanaland		30 Satumba 1960 – 1966	Seretse Khama	–
Lesotho	Samfuri:Flagicon image Basutoland		4 Oktoba 1966	Leabua Jonathan	–
Moris	Samfuri:Flagicon image Mauritius na Birtaniya		12 Maris 1968	Seewoosagur Ramgoolam	–
Eswatini	Mulkin kai tsaye na Birtaniya akan Swaziland (1906–1968)		6 Satumba 1968	Sobhuza II	–
Gini Ikwatoriya	Samfuri:Flagicon image Kamerun Samfuri:Flagicon image Kamerun na Faransa Kasar Afirka ta Faransa Samfuri:Flagicon image Kamerun na Birtaniya Samfuri:Flagicon image Guinea ta Spain	Mulkin Jamus Mulkin Faransa Mulkin Birtaniya Mulkin Spain	4 Maris 1916 1 Janairu 1960 16–17 Agusta 1960 1 Oktoba 1961 12 Oktoba 1968	Karl Ebermaier Ahmadou Ahidjo Léon M'ba John Ngu Foncha Francisco Macías Nguema	–
Guinea-Bissau	Samfuri:Flagicon image Guinea ta Portugal	Portugal	24 Satumba 1973 10 Satumba 1974 (an amince) 5 Yuli 1975	Luís Cabral João Bernardo Vieira Aristides Pereira Pedro Pires	Yakin 'yancin Guinea-Bissau
Mozambik	Samfuri:Flagicon image Mozambique na Portugal		25 Yuni 1975	Samora Machel	Yakin 'yancin Mozambique
Cabo Verde	Samfuri:Flagicon image Cape Verde na Portugal		5 Yuli 1975	Aristides Pereira	Yakin 'yancin Guinea-Bissau
Komoros	Samfuri:Flagicon image Tarihin Comoros na Faransa	France	6 Yuli 1975	Ahmed Abdallah	Zabukan samun 'yanci na 1974 a Comoros
Sao Tome da Prinsipe	Samfuri:Flagicon image São Tomé da Príncipe na Portugal	Portugal	12 Yuli 1975	Manuel Pinto da Costa	–
Angola	Samfuri:Flagicon image Angola na Portugal		11 Nuwamba 1975	Agostinho Neto	Yakin 'yancin Angola
Seychelles	Samfuri:Flagicon image Tarihin Seychelles na Birtaniya	United Kingdom	29 Yuni 1976	James Mancham	–
Jibuti	Samfuri:Flagicon image Yankin Faransa na Afars da Issas	France	27 Yuni 1977	Hassan Gouled Aptidon	Zabukan samun 'yanci na 1977 a Afars da Issas
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Samfuri:Flagicon image Sahara ta Spain Yankunan Kudu Tiris al-Gharbiyya (Sahara ta Yamma)	Spain Morocco Mauritania	27 Fabrairu 1976 har yanzu ba a samu 'yanci ba	El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed Mohamed Abdelaziz	Yakin Sahara ta Yamma rikicin Sahara ta Yamma
Namibiya	{{country data South West Africa}}	South Africa	27 Oktoba 1966 (na doka) 21 Maris 1990	Sam Nujoma	Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 269 Yakin iyakar Afirka ta Kudu
Eritrea	Eritrea ta Italiya {{country data Ethiopian Empire}} Masarautar Eritrea	Daular Italiya {{country data Ethiopian Empire}} Daular Habasha	15 Satumba 1952 (Haɗa da Habasha) 24 Mayu 1993 'yanci	Isaias Afwerki	Yakin 'yancin Eritrea

Daular Biritaniya

Daular Biritaniya a 1959

Yakin 'yancin kai na Biritaniya a Afirka. Zuwa 1980, kowace mulkin mallaka ta Biritaniya ta sami 'yanci.

Ghana

A ranar 6 ga Maris, 1957, Ghana (tsohuwar Gold Coast) ta zama kasar Afirka ta farko a kudancin Sahara da ta samu 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Turai. Tun daga babban taron Pan-African na 1945, shugaban 'yancin kai na Gold Coast (Ghana ta zamani), Kwame Nkrumah, ya bayyana manufarsa a fili. A cikin sanarwar taron, ya rubuta cewa, "Mun yi imani da 'yancin dukkan al'ummai su mulki kansu. Muna tabbatar da 'yancin dukkan al'ummar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka su mallaki makomarsu. Dukkanin mulkin mallaka dole ne su 'yantu daga ikon mallaka na kasashen waje, ko na siyasa ne ko na tattalin arziki." A shekarar 1948, 'yan Ghana tsoffin sojoji uku 'yan sanda na mulkin mallaka suka kashe su a lokacin zanga-zanga. Rikici ya barke a Accra kuma duk da cewa an daure Nkrumah da sauran shugabannin Ghana na wani dan lokaci, lamarin ya zama mai hanzari ga yunkurin 'yancin kai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, Nkrumah ya kafa jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CPP), wadda ta kaddamar da babban kamfen don tallafawa 'yancin kai tare da taken "Gwamnatin Kai Tsaye Yanzu!" Karin kishin kasa a cikin kasar ya kara karfinsu kuma jam'iyyar siyasa ta fadada sosai. A watan Fabrairun 1951, CPP ta sami ikon siyasa ta hanyar lashe kujeru 34 cikin 38 da aka zaba, ciki har da guda daya ga Nkrumah wanda aka daure a lokacin. Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sake fasalta kundin tsarin mulkin Gold Coast don ba 'yan Ghana rinjaye a majalisar dokoki a 1951. A 1956, Ghana ta nemi 'yancin kai a cikin Commonwealth, wanda aka bayar cikin lumana a 1957 tare da Nkrumah a matsayin firaminista kuma Sarauniya Elizabeth II a matsayin mai mulki.

Iska ta Canji

Firaminista Harold Macmillan ya yi jawabin "Iska ta Canji" a Afirka ta Kudu, a watan Fabrairun 1960, inda ya yi magana da Majalisar Dokokin kasar game da "iska ta canji da ke kadawa ta wannan nahiyar." Macmillan yana son kauce wa irin yakin mulkin mallaka da Faransa ke yi a Aljeriya. A karkashin mulkinsa, yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ci gaba cikin sauri. Sauran yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Afirka, ban da Kudancin Rhodesia, duk sun sami 'yancin kai kafin 1968. Janyewar Birtaniya daga kudanci da gabashin Afirka bai kasance mai lumana ba. Samun 'yancin kai na Kenya ya riga Yakin Mau Mau na tsawon shekaru takwas. A Rhodesia, sanarwar 'yancin kai ta bangare guda ta 1965 da 'yan tsiraru farare suka yi ta haifar da yakin basasa wanda ya dauki lokaci har zuwa yarjejeniyar Lancaster House ta 1979, wadda ta kafa sharuddan samun 'yancin kai da aka amince da shi a 1980, a matsayin sabuwar al'ummar Zimbabwe. Birtaniya ta dauki matakin dawo da yankinta na karshe da Birtaniya ta mamaye a Afirka ta hanyar sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma a 2025 wadda ke mika ikon mallaka na tsibirin Chagos ga Mauritius. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, tsibirin Diego Garcia mai mahimmanci da yankin buffer na kilomita 38 nan da nan an mayar da su ga Mauritius. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta ba da damar ci gaba da aiki tare na sansanin Anglo-Amurka a Diego Garcia.

Belgium

Mutum-mutumin sarkin Belgium Leopold II yana kan doki, wanda ya mulki Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kongo daga 1885 zuwa 1908, a Regent Place cikin birnin Brussels, Belgium

Belgium ta mallaki yankuna da dama a zamanin mulkin mallaka, musamman Congo ta Belgium (wanda yanzu ake kira Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Congo) daga 1908 zuwa 1960 da kuma Ruanda-Urundi (wanda yanzu suke matsayin Rwanda da Burundi) daga 1922 zuwa 1962. Har ila yau, tana da ƙaramar mallaka a ƙasar Sin (1902–1931) kuma tana cikin shugabannin haɗaka na Yankin Ƙasa na Tangier a Maroko.

Kimanin kashi 98% na yankunan Belgium a ketare na wancan lokaci guda ɗaya ne kawai, wato Congo ta Belgium, wanda ya fi girman Belgium sau 76. An kafa wannan mallaka ne a shekara ta 1908 bayan an sauya ikon mulki daga Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kongo, wadda ta kasance mallakar kai tsaye ta sarkin Belgium Leopold II. Tashin hankali da cin zarafin da jami'an Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Kongo suka yi wa mutanen asalin ƙasar, da kuma mugun tsarin tattalin arziƙin ƙwace dukiya, ya haifar da matsin lamba daga ƙasashen duniya don Belgium ta karɓi cikakken ikon ƙasar. Mulkin Belgium a Congo ya ta'allaka ne da abota tsakanin gwamnati, mishan (ƙungiyoyin kirista) da kamfanonin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu, wanda ake kira "hadin gwiwar mulkin mallaka" (trinité coloniale). A shekarun 1940 da 1950, Congo ta samu gagarumar ci gaban birane kuma gwamnati na ƙoƙarin mayar da ita "mallaka abar koyi". Saboda motsin neman 'yanci da ya ƙara ƙarfi da radikalanci, Congo ta samu 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1960 a matsayin Jamhuriyar Congo-Léopoldville.

Daga cikin sauran mallakan Belgium, mafi muhimmanci shi ne Ruanda-Urundi, wani yanki na Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus, wanda aka bai wa Belgium a matsayin mallaka ƙarƙashin hukumar League of Nations bayan Jamus ta rasa dukkan mallakokinta a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Bayan juyin juya halin Rwanda, wannan yankin ya zama ƙasashe masu 'yanci guda biyu: Burundi da Rwanda a shekara ta 1962.

Daular Mallakar Faransa

Al’ummar Faransa a Afirka a shekarar 1959

Yadda Turawa da 'ya'yansu suka bazu a nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1962.

  Fiye da 100,000

Daular mallakar Faransa ta fara rugujewa lokacin Yakin Duniya na Biyu lokacin da gwamnatin Vichy France ke iko da daular. Kasa bayan kasa, yawancin yankuna na mallaka sun fadi hannun wasu kasashen waje: Japan a Indochina, Birtaniya a Siriya, Lebanon da Madagascar, Amurka da Birtaniya a Maroko da Aljeriya, da Jamus da Italiya a Tunisiya. Charles de Gaulle ne ya fara dawo da iko a hankali, inda ya yi amfani da sansanonin mallaka don korar gwamnatin Vichy daga kasar Faransa. De Gaulle da mafi yawan Faransawa sun kuduri aniyar ci gaba da rike da daular cikin sabon tsari. An samar da Hadaddiyar Faransa wacce ta maye gurbin tsohuwar daula, amma har yanzu jami'an birnin Paris ke da cikakken iko. An bai wa yankunan majalisun cikin gida da iyakantaccen iko da kasafin kudi. An samu wata gungun fitattun mutane da ake kira *évolués*, 'yan asalin yankunan da Faransa ke mulki da ke zaune a cikin kasar Faransa.

De Gaulle ya shirya babban taro na yankunan Faransa masu 'yanci a Brazzaville, Afirka ta Tsakiya, a watan Janairu zuwa Fabrairu 1944. Tsira da dorewar Faransa ya dogara da goyon bayan wadannan yankuna, don haka De Gaulle ya yi alkawura da dama. Wadannan sun hada da kawo karshen tilasta wa mutane yin aiki, kawo karshen dokokin musamman da suka bambanta fararen fata da 'yan asalin yankuna, samar da zababbun majalisun yankuna, wakilci a Paris a cikin sabuwar "Kungiyar Faransa", da kuma wakilci daga yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a majalisar Faransa. Sai dai kuma, 'yancin kai an fito fili an ce ba zai taba yiwuwa ba:

Manufar aikin wayar da kan al'umma da Faransa ta aiwatar a yankunan mallaka ya hana kowanne ra’ayi na cin gashin kai, ko sauya hanya daga tsarin daular Faransa; Ko da kuwa a nan gaba, tsarin mulki ba zai bai wa yankunan mallaka damar mulkin kai ba.

Rikice-rikice

Bayan karewar Yakin Duniya na Biyu, Faransa ta fuskanci motsin neman 'yancin kai. A Aljeriya, zanga-zanga a watan Mayu 1945 ta jawo kashe-kashen da suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar kimanin mutane 20,000 zuwa 45,000. Tashin hankali a Haiphong, Indochina, a watan Nuwamba 1945 ya jawo jirgin yaki na ruwan Faransa ya harba garin. Gwamnatin Paul Ramadier (SFIO) ta murkushe Tashin Hankali a Madagascar a 1947. Faransa ta kiyasta mace-macen daga mutane 11,000 zuwa kimanin 89,000 bisa rahoton sojojin Faransa.

A Kamaru, tawagar Union of the Peoples of Cameroon karkashin Ruben Um Nyobé ta fara tarzoma a 1955, an murkushe ta da karfi tsawon shekaru biyu inda aka kashe kimanin mutane 100,000.

Aljeriya

Shugabancin Faransa a Aljeriya ya samo asali ne tun shekaru dari da suka gabata. Kungiyoyin Ferhat Abbas da Messali Hadj ne suka yi fice tsakanin yakin duniya biyu, amma bayan yakin duniya na biyu, matsin lamba ya karu. A 1945, an yi kashe-kashe a Sétif. Yakin 'Yancin Aljeriya ya fara a 1954. Bangarori duka biyu sun aikata danyen aiki, kuma yawan wadanda suka mutu yana da cece-kuce saboda dalilan yaɗa ra'ayi. Yakin ya rikide zuwa rikici na bangarori uku saboda yawan 'yan asalin Turai da suka zauna a Aljeriya tun lokacin mulkin Faransa. Rikicin siyasa a Faransa ya janyo rugujewar Jamhuriyar Hudu, inda Charles de Gaulle ya dawo mulki a 1958 ya kuma janye sojoji da Turawa daga Aljeriya a 1962. Yakin ya dauki fiye da shekaru takwas, kuma adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai tsakanin 300,000 zuwa 400,000. A 1962, Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Aljeriya ta cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da De Gaulle, wato Évian Accords, inda Turawa za su iya komawa kasashensu, ko zauna a Aljeriya a matsayin baki ko kuma su zama 'yan kasa. Mafi yawan Turawa miliyan daya da ke Aljeriya sun bar kasar.

Al’ummar Faransa

Yankunan musamman na Tarayyar Turai, kusan 2011

Masu ra’ayin mazan jiya na Faransa sun gaji da mulkin mallaka bayan bala’o’in da suka fuskanta a Indochina da Aljeriya. Suna son katse duk wata alaka da kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da Hamadar Sahara da Faransa ke da su. Lokacin yakin duniya, de Gaulle ya dogara da wadannan yankuna wajen kafa gwamnatin Faransa mai 'yanci. A ziyararsa ta 1958, ya bayyana kudirinsa na bai wa Afirka ta Kudu da ke karkashin Faransa muhimmanci a siyasar waje. Hadaddiyar Faransa ta tsufa ta maye gurbinta da sabuwar Al’ummar Faransa karkashin tsarin mulkin 1958. Guinea ce kadai ta ki amincewa a kuri’ar raba gardama. Amma dai, Al’ummar Faransa ta ruguje a lokacin yakin Aljeriya; kusan duk sauran kasashen Afirka sun samu 'yancin kai a 1960

Portugal

Daular mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a karni na 20 tare da ranakun da suka rasa mallaka

Sabanin sauran ƙasashen Turai a shekarun 1950 da 1960, gwamnatin Estado Novo ta Portugal ba ta janye daga mulkinta na Afirka ba. A cikin shekarun 1960, kungiyoyin ‘yan gwagwarmaya masu ɗauke da makamai sun fara aiki a yankunan Afirka da Portugal ke mulka. Yaƙin Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin 'Yancin Angola, Yaƙin 'Yancin Guinea-Bissau da kuma Yaƙin 'Yancin Mozambique, rikici ne da ya ɗauki shekaru 13 ana yi tsakanin sojojin Portugal da ƙungiyoyin 'yan kishin ƙasa da ke neman 'yanci a yankunan Afirka daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1974. A wancan lokacin, gwamnatin Portugal, wato Estado Novo, sojoji ne suka kifar da ita a juyin mulki na Carnation Revolution a shekarar 1974, kuma wannan sauyin gwamnati ne ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin. Daga Mayu 1974 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, fiye da mutane 500,000 daga cikin ‘yan ƙasar Portugal da ke zaune a yankunan Afirka da Portugal ke mulka (galibinsu daga Angola da Mozambique) sun bar waɗannan yankuna a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira—retornados.

Suwidin

Akan Sarkin Futu sun gayyace su don gina "gidan dutse" don kasuwanci.

Sweden ta mallaki wasu ƙauyuka na ɗan lokaci a gabar tekun Gold (a halin yanzu Ghana) daga 22 ga Afrilu 1650 zuwa 20 Afrilu 1663, lokacin da Denmark ta kwace babban birnin Fort Carlsborg da Fort Christianborg.

Cape Coast

A cikin 1652, Swedes sun ɗauki Cape Coast a halin yanzu Ghana, wanda a baya yana ƙarƙashin ikon Dutch kuma kafin hakan Portuguese. Cape Coast ta ta'allaka ne akan katangar Carolusburg da aka gina a shekara ta 1653 kuma aka sanya mata suna bayan Sarki Charles X Gustav na Sweden amma yanzu ana kiranta da Cape Coast Castle.

Amurka

Mulkin Mallakar Laberiya

Mallakar Laberiya, daga baya ƙasar Laberiya, ta kasance wani yanki mai zaman kansa na ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka (ACS) wanda ya fara a 1822. Ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta—Jamhuriyar Laberiya—bayan Sanarwa ayyana 'yancin kai a 1847.

Kasashen da suka sami 'yancin kai daga Amurka

Ƙasa	Sunan mulkin mallaka	Ikon mulki	Ranar samun 'yanci	Shugaban ƙasa na farko	Yadda aka sami 'yancin kai
Laberiya	Samfuri:Flagicon image American Colonization Society, Liberia	United States (American Colonization Society)	26 Yuli 1847	Joseph Jenkins Roberts William Tubman	Takaddar 'Yancin Kai ta Liberia

Samun Ƙarfin Mulki

Ƙasa	Ranar samun Ƙarfin Mulki	Hanyar samun Ƙarfin Mulki
Algeria	3 Yuli 1962	Faransa ta amince da sakamakon kuri'ar raba gardama na neman 'yanci da aka gudanar kwanaki biyu kafin haka
Angola	11 Nuwamba 1975	'Yanci daga Portugal
Benin	1 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Botswana	30 Satumba 1966	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Burkina Faso	5 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Burundi	1 Yuli 1962	'Yanci daga Belgium
Cabo Verde	24 Satumba 1973 10 Satumba 1974 (an amince) 5 Yuli 1975	'Yanci daga Portugal
Cameroon	1 Janairu 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya	13 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Cadi	11 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Komoros	6 Yuli 1975	Ayyana 'yanci daga Faransa
Democratic Republic of the Congo	30 Yuni 1960	'Yanci daga Belgium
Samfuri:Country data Republic of Congo	15 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Jibuti	27 Yuni 1977	'Yanci daga Faransa
Egypt	28 Fabrairu 1922	Birtaniya ta dakatar da ikon mallakar ƙasar, ta ba Masar 'yancin kai
Gini Ikwatoriya	12 Oktoba 1968	'Yanci daga Sipen
Eritrea	1 Yuni 1936 5 Mayu 1941 19 Mayu 1941 10 Fabrairu 1947 19 Fabrairu 1951 15 Satumba 1952	Ayyukan yaƙin Abyssinia, ayyana 'yanci daga Habasha
Eswatini	6 Satumba 1968	'Yanci daga Birtaniya a matsayin Swaziland
Ethiopia	5 Mayu 1941	Yaƙin Abyssinia
Gabon	17 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Gambia	18 Fabrairu 1965	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Ghana	6 Maris 1957	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Gine	2 Oktoba 1958	'Yanci daga Faransa
Guinea-Bissau	24 Satumba 1973 10 Satumba 1974 (an amince) 5 Yuli 1975	Ayyana 'yanci daga Portugal
Ivory Coast	4 Disamba 1958	Jihar mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Ƙungiyar Faransa
Ivory Coast	7 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Kenya	12 Disamba 1963	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Lesotho	4 Oktoba 1966	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Laberiya	26 Yuli 1847	'Yanci daga Ƙungiyar Kwantar da Hankalin Amurka (American Colonization Society)
Libya	24 Disamba 1951	'Yanci daga kulawar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya bayan mulkin Italiya ya ƙare
Madagaskar	14 Oktoba 1958	An kafa Jamhuriyar Malagasy a matsayin jiharmu mai cin gashin kanta a Ƙungiyar Faransa
	26 Yuni 1960	Faransa ta amince da 'yancin Madagascar
Malawi	6 Yuli 1964	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Mali	25 Nuwamba 1958	Sudan ta Faransa ta sami ikon kanta
	24 Nuwamba 1958 4 Afrilu 1959 20 Yuni 1960 20 Agusta 1960 22 Satumba 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Muritaniya	28 Nuwamba 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Moris	12 Maris 1968	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Morocco	7 Afrilu 1956	'Yanci daga Faransa da Sipen
Mozambik	25 Yuni 1975	'Yanci daga Portugal
Namibiya	21 Maris 1990	'Yanci daga mulkin Afirka ta Kudu
Nijar	4 Disamba 1958	Cin gashin kai a Ƙungiyar Faransa
	3 Agusta 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Nigeria	1 Oktoba 1960	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Ruwanda	1 Yuli 1962	'Yanci daga Belgium
Sao Tome da Prinsipe	12 Yuli 1975	'Yanci daga Portugal
Senegal	20 Yuni 1960 20 Agusta 1960 22 Satumba 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Seychelles	29 Yuni 1976	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Saliyo	27 Afrilu 1961	'Yanci daga Birtaniya
Somaliya	26 Yuni 1960 1 Yuli 1960	Haɗewar yankin Tsohon Somaliyar Italiya da Tsohon Somaliyar Birtaniya
South Africa	11 Disamba 1931	Dokar Westminster: ba da cin gashin kai ga Union of South Africa daga Birtaniya
	31 Mayu 1910	Ƙirƙirar Union of South Africa daga tsoffin yankuna
Sudan ta Kudu	9 Yuli 2011	'Yanci daga Sudan bayan yaƙin basasa
Sudan	1 Janairu 1956	'Yanci daga hadin mulki na Masar da Birtaniya
Tanzania	'9 Disamba 1961	'Yancin Tanganyika daga Birtaniya
Togo	30 Agusta 1958	Cin gashin kai a Ƙungiyar Faransa
	27 Afrilu 1960	'Yanci daga Faransa
Tunisia	20 Maris 1956	'Yanci daga Faransa
Uganda	1 March 1962	An ba da ikon cin gashin kai
	9 October 1962	'Yancin kai daga Birtaniya
Zambiya	24 October 1964	'Yancin kai daga Birtaniya
Zimbabwe	11 November 1965	Ayyaɗewar 'yancin kai ba tare da izini ba daga Rhodesia ta Kudu
	18 April 1980	An amince da 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a matsayin Zimbabwe

Mulkin mallaka na zamani

Daular duniya da masarautu a shekara ta 1550

Daular duniya da masarautu a shekara ta 1800

Mulkin mallaka a zamanin mulkin mallaka, yawanci yana nufin ƙasashen Yammacin Turai suna kwace ƙasashe a Amurka, Afirka, Asiya, da Oseaniya. Manyan ƙasashen Turai da suka yi aiki a irin wannan mulkin mallaka sun haɗa da Spain, Portugal, Faransa, Tsardom na Rasha (daga baya Daular Rasha da Ƙungiyar Soviet), Masarautar Ingila (daga baya Masarautar Birtaniya), Netherlands, Belgium da Masarautar Prussia (yanzu mafi yawan Jamus), kuma daga karni na 18, Amurka. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashen sun sami lokaci na kusan cikakken rinjaye a harkar ciniki ta duniya daga kusan shekara ta 1500 zuwa 1900. Daga ƙarshen karni na 19, Japan ma ta shiga harkar mulkin mallaka, musamman a Hokkaido da Korea.

Yayinda wasu mulkin mallaka na Turai suka mai da hankali kan gajeren lokaci na cin gajiyar damar tattalin arziki (misali Newfoundland ko Siberia) ko kuma don wasu manufofi na musamman kamar masu zaman kansu da ke neman 'yancin addini (Massachusetts), a wasu lokuta an shirya tsare-tsaren dogon lokaci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga dukkan ɓangarorin, amma mafi yawa don ƙasashen masu mulki ne, bisa ga tsari mai zurfi (kamar yadda James Oglethorpe ya yi a Mulkin Georgia a shekarun 1730 da Edward Gibbon Wakefield a Kamfanin New Zealand a shekarun 1840). A wasu lokuta mulkin mallakar Turai ya kasance don samun ribar tattalin arziki ta dogon lokaci, kamar a Congo inda Joseph Conrad ya bayyana rayuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Leopold II na Belgium a karni na 19 kuma Siddharth Kara ya bayyana mulkin mallaka da tasirin Turawa da Sinawa a karni na 20 da 21.

Daular duniya da masarautu a shekara ta 1945

Mulkin mallaka na iya zama wata hanya ta shigar da haɗa mutanen ƙasashen waje cikin al'adun ƙasar mulkin mallaka. Wata hanya a wannan fanni ita ce mulkin harshen ƙasa, ko amfani da harsunan mallakar ƙasar waje ba tare da ba da damar harsunan asali su samu amfani ba musamman wajen gudanarwa (da kuma a wuraren jama'a).

Gado

Tattalin Arziki

Akwai rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka yi nazari a kan gado da tasirin mulkin mallaka da tsarin mulkin mallaka kan cigaban tattalin arzikin Afirka, inda bincike da dama ke nuna sakamako daban-daban na tattalin arziki.

Ra'ayin nazarin zamani na cigaba (modernisation theory) ya bayyana cewa kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka sun gina abubuwan more rayuwa domin haɗa Afirka da tattalin arzikin duniya; sai dai an fi mayar da hankali wajen amfani da wannan ababen more rayuwar ne don fitar da albarkatu zuwa kasashen turai. Tsarin tattalin arzikin Afirka an gina shi ne don amfanar da masu mulkin mallaka, inda duk wata riba da ake samu za ta tafi wurinsu, hakan kuma yana hana ci gaban tarin jarin yankunan cikin gida. Ra'ayin dogaro (dependency theory) na cewa, yawancin tattalin arzikin kasashen Afirka sun ci gaba da zama a matsayin na biyu cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya bayan samun ‘yancin kai, suna dogaro da kayayyakin albarkatu na asali kamar tagulla a Zambiya da shayi a Kenya. Duk da wannan dogaro da rashin daidaiton kasuwanci, wani binciken kwatanta (meta-analysis) da aka gudanar a kasashe 18 na Afirka ya gano cewa kashi daya cikin uku daga cikinsu sun samu cigaban tattalin arziki bayan samun ‘yancin kai.

Al’umma

Harshe

Masana irinsu Dellal (2013), Miraftab (2012), da Bamgbose (2011) sun bayyana cewa yawan bambancin harsunan Afirka ya ragu sosai.Samfuri:Full citation needed An yi amfani da harshe a matsayin kayan aiki daga kasashen turai masu mulkin mallaka wajen raba yankuna da kuma kirkirar sabbin ainihi, wanda hakan ya janyo rikice-rikice da tashin hankali a tsakanin kasashen Afirka.

Doka

A farkon shekarun bayan samun ‘yancin kai, kasashen Afirka da dama sun ci gaba da amfani da dokokin mulkin mallaka. Sai dai daga shekarar 2015, yawancin wadannan dokokin na mulkin mallaka an sauya su da dokoki da aka rubuta a cikin gida.

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• Wilder, Gary. Freedom time: negritude, decolonization, and the future of the world (Duke University Press, 2015). excerpt Archived 7 ga Yuni, 2016 at the Wayback Machine
• Winks, Robin, ed. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography (2001) ch 29–34, pp 450–557. How historians covered the history online
• Wood, Sarah L. "How Empires Make Peripheries: 'Overseas France' in Contemporary History." Contemporary European History (2019): 1–12. online

Mahaɗa

• Africa: 50 years of independence Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Radio France Internationale in English
• "Winds of Change or Hot Air? Decolonization and the Salt Water Test" Legal Frontiers International Law Blog