13th Airborne Division (United States)

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13th Airborne Division (United States)
airborne division (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Farawa 1943
Rikici Yakin Duniya na II
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka

Sashi na sha uku 13 na Sojan Sama ya kasance rundunar sojan sama da aka kafa na rarrabuwa -girman sojojin Amurka da ke aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II . Manjo Janar Elbridge G. Chapman ne ya ba da umarnin rarrabuwa a mafi yawan wanzuwarta. [1] An kunna shi a hukumance a Amurka a watan Agusta dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da uku 1943 a Fort Bragg a Arewacin Carolina, yana ci gaba da aiki har zuwa watan Fabrairu dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da shida 1946, duk da haka bai taɓa ganin faɗa ba.

Bayan kunnawa sashen ya kasance a Amurka don kammala horo. An kammala wannan horon a watan Satumbar dubu days da Dari Tara da arba'in da hudu 1944, amma dole a kara shi da karin wata hudu lokacin da sashen ya samar da musanyawa ga Rukuni na tamanin da biyu 82 da dari da daya 101. Bangaren kuma ya gamu da tsaiko wajen kara yawan horo na horo saboda karancin jiragen jigilar kaya a Amurka. Wannan karancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar 82nd da 101st Division Airborne da suka fifita kan 13th dangane da kayan aiki saboda sassan biyu da ke aiki a cikin yaƙi a Turai. [2] Sakamakon wadannan jinkirin da aka samu ba a ba da cikakken horo da shirye-shiryen yaki ba har zuwa watan Janairun dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da biyar 1945, kuma an canza shi zuwa Faransa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai a watan Fabrairu. [3]

Lokacin da ta sashin ta isa zuwa Faransa, ta zo ƙarƙashin umurnin Sojojin Haɗin Jirgin Sama na Farko, wanda ke sarrafa duk tsarin jirgin sama na Allied. An zaɓi rukunin, tare da wasu biyu don shiga cikin Operation Varsity, aikin jirgin sama don tallafawa ƙungiyar Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group da ke ƙetare Kogin Rhine, amma an cire shi daga aikin saboda babu isasshen jirgin saman jigilar kaya don ɗaukar dukkan ukun. rarrabuwa cikin yaƙi. [4] An shirya wasu ayyuka da yawa don rarrabuwa bayan ƙarshen Operation Varsity, amma an soke waɗannan ayyukan yayin da sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa suka ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin su kuma suka zama marasa ƙarfi. [5] Bayan kawo karshen rikici a Turai, an tura Jirgin sama na 13 zuwa Amurka don yin shiri a can kafin ya shiga cikin shirin mamaye Japan, amma rikicin Gabas mai nisa ya ƙare kafin a buƙaci shi kuma ya kasance a cikin Amurka. Rundunar Sojin sama ta 13 a ƙarshe ba ta aiki a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da shida 1946 kuma an tura mayaƙanta zuwa rundunar 82nd Airborne Division. [6]

Ƙirƙirar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sashe na 13 na Jirgin Sama shi ne rukuni na biyar na jirgin sama da za a kafa a Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma an kunna shi a hukumance ranar Juma'a 13 ga Agusta 1943 a Fort Bragg, North Carolina, ƙarƙashin umurnin Manjo Janar George W. Griner Jr. [1] Bayan monthsan watanni kawai bayan kunna sashin, duk da haka, an umarci Manjo Janar Griner ya ɗauki umurnin Runduna ta 98, kuma Manjo Janar Elbridge Chapman ya maye gurbinsa, wanda zai ci gaba da ba da umurnin raba ragowar. na rikici. [1] [7] Chapman yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗanda suka fara ba da ra'ayi game da jirgin saman Amurka, yana ba da umurnin gwajin bataliya ta 88th Airborne Infantry Battalion a ƙarshen 1941 lokacin da yake babban hafsan hafsoshi, kafin ya ci gaba da jagorantar Runduna ta 13. [8] Za a yi wa Battalion 88th Airborne Infantry Battalion suna a matsayin 88th Airborne Infantry Regiment, sannan a ƙarshe ya zama 88th Glider Infantry Regiment a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1942, wanda ya zama babban sashi na 13 na Jirgin Sama. [9] Lokacin da aka kunna ta, Rundunar Sojin Sama ta 13 da farko an haɗa ta 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 88th Glider Infantry Regiment da 326th Glider Infantry Regiment . [1]

Hannun hannun riga[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An amince da facin kafada na rukunin, unicorn mai fuka -fukai cikin ruwan lemo a kan shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, reshe na launuka sabis na Sojojin Sojojin Amurka, ranar 2 ga Yuni 1943. A zinariya a baki " Airborne " tab aka sawa sama da insignia.

Ayyuka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Horarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsakanin watan Agustan 1943 da Fabrairu 1945, sashin jirgin sama na 13 ya kasance a Amurka kuma bai yi hidima a ƙasashen waje ba ko shiga cikin kowane aiki na jirgin sama, yayin da ya fara horo don zama shiri mai shiri. A kwatankwacin, an sanya Rukuni na 82 da na 101 a matsayin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya masu aiki don yin hidima a ƙasashen waje a Turai, an tsara za a tura Sashe na 11 na Jirgin Sama zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific, kuma an ba da sashi na 17 na Jirgin Sama a matsayin Amurka dabarun ajiyar dabaru. [10] A cikin wannan lokacin, ayyukan rukunin farko sun haɗa da horon iska, gami da shiga cikin darussan horo da yawa. Duk da haka, yayin da ake yin horon jirgin sama na rukunin farko na huɗu na jirgin saman Amurka a cikin 1943, na 13 ya gamu da matsaloli masu yawa lokacin da ya zo lokacin horo. [11] A watannin ƙarshe na 1943 Ƙungiyoyin Jirgin Sama na 82 da 101 sun gudanar da atisaye na iska kuma sun gama horon su, sannan aka tura su Turai; don tabbatar da rarrabuwar kawunan za su iya gudanar da ayyukan iska, aka aika akasarin jiragen sufurin da ke cikin Amurka tare da su, har ma da yawa an tura su zuwa Turai a matsayin masu sauyawa bayan saukar jirgin saman Amurka a Normandy a watan Yuni 1944. [12] A sakamakon haka, jirage kalilan ne na sufuri ke samuwa don amfani da 13th, kuma dole ne a jinkirta aikin horon horo na farko da aka tsara don Yuni 1944 zuwa 17 ga Satumba, sannan kuma har zuwa 24 ga Satumba. [13]

Manjo Janar Eldridge G. Chapman da Laftanar Janar Lesley J. McNair, kwamandan Sojojin Ƙasa, suna duba sojojin na 13 Airborne Division, 13 May 1944.

Horon horo na rarrabuwa ya faru a kusa da Camp Mackall, North Carolina, kuma ya sha wahala daga matsaloli da matsaloli da yawa. Mummunan yanayi ya jinkirta fara atisayen har zuwa daren 25 ga watan Satumba, kuma a lokacin ne kawai jirgin da ke ɗauke da bataliyar farko na dakarun soji uku zai iya tashi ya yi yunƙurin sauke sojojin saman a sassa uku daban -daban. [14] Haɗuwa da rashin gani sosai, da rashin samun isasshen horo ga matukan jirgi na sufuri, ya haifar da tarwatsa matukan jirgin lokacin da aka sauke su. Kashi sittin da biyar cikin dari na sojojin sama da kayan aikin da aka sauke a yankin saukar da farko sun kasance a shirye don aiki mintina casa'in daga baya, kuma a cikin digon na biyu sojojin saman sun bazu sosai har zuwa karfe 10:00 na safiyar gobe kwamandan bataliyar. kawai yana da iko akan kashi ashirin cikin ɗari na mutanensa. [14] Irin wannan adadi na masu fafutuka sun rasa yanki na digo na uku, kodayake yawancin an jefa su a cikin ƙaramin yanki inda za su iya taruwa. [14] An ci gaba da samun ƙarin matsaloli, yayin da haɗarin jirgin sama ya kashe masu fafutuka takwas da matuƙan jirgin sama huɗu, kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da sabani a cikin ƙasa saboda ƙasa sun jinkirta da rashin kyawun yanayi. Bayan dare na farko, aikin ya ci gaba na ƙarin kwanaki uku kuma ya haɗa da aikin samar da hadaddun kayan aikin da aka tsara don gwada ko zai yiwu a samar da rundunar sojan da ke keɓe. [14]

Gabaɗaya, masu sa ido da suka halarci wannan aikin sun ba da rahoton cewa sun gamsu da aikin abubuwan da ke haifar da guguwa. Duk da haka, da yawa sun lura cewa horar da matukan jirgi don ƙirƙirar jirgin sama da kewaya da dare bai yi gamsarwa ba. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da sauƙaƙƙen saukar jirgi na dare kawai lokacin da akwai gaggawa, kuma in ba haka ba masu tuƙi za su tashi cikin dare kuma su sauka a lokacin hasken rana don gujewa tarwatsawar manyan sojojin iska da raguwar inganci. [14] Bayan waɗannan darussan sun ƙare, rukunin ya ci gaba da yin horo, amma ya ci gaba da jinkiri. An haifar da waɗannan lokacin da aka cire maza 1,652 daga rukunin don samar da ƙarfafawa ga rukunin Jirgin Sama na Amurka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai; wannan ya rage karfin rukunin sosai kuma ya tilasta ta tsawaita lokacin horo na karin watanni hudu. [15] Bayan kammala horo a watan Janairu rukunin yana shirye -shiryen canja wuri zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific a farkon 1945. Koyaya, saurin ci gaban da sojojin Jamus suka samu a lokacin Yaƙin Bulge ya haifar da rarrabuwa zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai don ƙarfafa ɓangarorin Allied da ke cikin yaƙi. [16]

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sashin ya isa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai a farkon watan Fabrairu, yana zuwa karkashin umurnin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Farko, kuma an sanar da Manjo Janar Chapman cewa akwai yuwuwar cewa za a buƙaci sashen ya gudanar da ayyukan jirgin sama yayin ƙarshen matakan. yaqin kumbura . Koyaya, yaƙin neman zaɓe a Ardennes ya ƙare kafin a iya jigilar rukunin zuwa can. [3] Dama ta gaba don 13th don shiga cikin aikin jirgin sama, da ganin zahiri yaƙi, shine a cikin Maris 1945 lokacin da Kawancen suka shiga cikin Jamus da kanta kuma suka isa Kogin Rhine. Bayan 'yan makonni kafin rukunin ya shiga cikin tsalle -tsalle na yaƙi a kan Rhine an sake tsara shi, bayan wani taro da Sashen Yaƙi ya yanke shawarar cewa mafi kyawun abin da aka tsara don rukunin jirgin sama shine Sojojin Sojoji guda biyu na Parachute Infantry Regiment kuma guda ɗaya kawai Glider Infantry Regiment. . Daga baya, runduna ta 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment, wani tsohon sojan da ya yi aiki a Italiya, Kudancin Faransa da Ardennes, ya shiga cikin rukunin a farkon Maris, kuma an haɗa Runduna ta 88 na Glider Infantry a cikin 326th Glider Infantry Regiment wanda ya kasance a matsayin kawai rukunin. glider-based element. [3] 517 na kwanan nan ya yi yaƙi yayin yakin Ardennes, kuma ya karɓi Sashin Shugaban Ƙasa don ayyukansa. [1]

Yanayin haɗin gwiwa a yammacin Turai zuwa Maris 1945.

Kogin Rhine ya kasance babban cikas na halitta ga ci gaban kawancen, amma idan an keta shi zai ba da damar Kawancen shiga cikin Filin Arewacin Jamusanci kuma a ƙarshe ya ci gaba a Berlin da sauran manyan biranen Arewacin Jamus. Bayan 'Hanyar Gabatarwa' da Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower, Babban Kwamandan Kawancen Sojojin Haɗin Kai, an yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin karya Rhine a yankuna da dama. [17] Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, wanda ke jagorantar Rukunin Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, ya tsara wani shiri don ba da damar sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin umarninsa su karya Rhine, wanda ya yi wa lakabi da Operation Kwashe, wanda daga baya Eisenhower ya ba da izini. An yi hasashen Sojoji na Biyu na Burtaniya, a ƙarƙashin Lieutenant-General Miles C. Dempsey, da Sojojin Tara na Amurka, ƙarƙashin Lieutenant General William Simpson, suna ƙetare Rhine a Rees, Wesel, da wani yanki a kudancin Lippe Canal. Don tabbatar da cewa aikin ya yi nasara, Montgomery ya dage cewa an saka wani sashi na iska a cikin tsare-tsaren aikin don tallafawa hare-haren da za su faru, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Operation Varsity . [18] An fara zaɓar ɓangarori uku na jirgin sama don shiga cikin Varsity, waɗannan su ne Sashin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na 6, Sashin Jirgin Sama na Amurka na 17, kuma a ƙarshe 13th, duk an ba da su ga US XVIII Airborne Corps, wanda Manjo Janar Matthew Ridgway ya ba da umarni. [5] Koyaya, an gano cewa akwai isassun jirage masu saukar ungulu da ake da su a Turai don jigilar sassan jirgin sama guda biyu zuwa yaƙi, kuma saboda haka an cire shi daga Operation Varsity saboda ƙarancin gogewar yaƙi. [4]

Bayan cire shi daga Operation Varsity, rabe -raben ya kasance a ajiye yayin da Sojojin Kawancen suka ci gaba har zuwa cikin Jamus, suna ƙaura zuwa Oise, Faransa, ranar 3 ga Afrilu don samar da ayyukan gudanarwa. An tsara sashin don shiga cikin wasu ayyuka da yawa na iska; duk da haka, waɗannan duk an soke su kafin su faru. [19] Na farko daga cikin su shine Operation Arena, wanda ya yi tunanin saukowa tsakanin kashi shida zuwa goma zuwa abin da ake kira 'dabarar jirgin sama' a yankin Kassel na Arewacin Jamus; masu tsara ayyukan sun yi hasashen cewa aikin zai hana masu fafutukar kare yankin na Jamus wani yanki mai yawa kuma zai bai wa sojojin kawancen wani wuri don kara samun shiga cikin Jamus. An zaɓi na 13 don shiga, tare da 17th, 82nd da 101st Division Airborne da British 6th da 1st Airborne Divisions . [20] An sanya ranar farko ta 1 ga Mayu don yin aikin da zarar an sami dukkan sassan da ake buƙata na jirgin sama da na ƙasa da aka kawo, amma a ƙarshe an soke shi a ranar 26 ga Maris saboda saurin motsi na Sojojin ƙasa da ke ƙasa suna watsi da buƙatar. aikin. [21] An shirya wasu ayyukan jiragen sama guda biyu da za su hada da na 13. Operation Choker II zai kasance jirgin sama ya sauka a gabar gabashin Rhine kusa da Worms, Jamus ; shirin aikin ya kai wani mataki na ci gaba, kuma rarrabuwa ta kasance awanni ne kawai daga tashi daga filayen jirgin sama a Faransa lokacin da aka soke aikin saboda sojojin kawancen na kasa da suka mamaye wuraren da ake shirin sauka. An tsara Operation Inganci don sauka a kudu na 13 a kudancin Stuttgart, kwace filin jirgin sama da ke kusa da samar da wani jirgin sama don ƙarin sojojin su sauka a kusa da Black Forest . An shirya aikin ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, amma an soke shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu saboda rukunin kawancen da ke kewaye da yankin Black Forest da sanya shi ba dole ba. [22]

Abun da ke ciki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rukunin ya ƙunshi raka'a masu zuwa:[23]

  • 88th Glider Infantry Regiment (wanda aka wargaza 1 ga Maris 1945, kadarorin sun haɗu cikin 326 na GIR)
  • 326th Glider Infantry Regiment
  • 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment
  • 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment, (wanda aka sanya 1 Maris 1945; ya maye gurbin 88th GIR)
  • Bataliya ta 129 na Sojojin Sama
  • Bataliyar Ruwa ta 153 na Jirgin Sama
  • 13th Parachute Maintenance Company (sanya 1 Maris 45)
  • Kamfanin Likitoci na 222nd
  • Runduna ta 13 ta Sojojin Sama
    • Bataliyar Ruwa ta 458 ta Parachute (75 mm)
    • Bataliya ta 460 ta Parachute Battalion Battalion (75 mm) (sanya 1 Maris 1945)
    • Bataliya ta 676th Glider Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)
    • Bataliya ta 677th Glider Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)
  • Sojoji na Musamman (An kunna hedkwatar 1 Mar 45)
    • Kamfanin Hedikwatar, Runduna ta 13 ta Jirgin Sama
    • Kamfanin Quartermaster na Jirgin Sama na 409
    • 513th Kamfanin Siginar Jirgin Sama
    • Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na 713th
    • Platoon Reconnaissance (sanya 1 Maris 45)
    • Platoon 'Yan Sanda
    • Band (sanya 1 Maris 45)

Kyaututtuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ba wa membobin rukunin kyaututtukan masu zuwa:[24]

  • Lambar Daraja : 1
    • Ajin Farko na Farko Melvin E. Biddle, wanda aka ba da kyauta don ayyuka kafin 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment ya shiga Sashi na 13 na Jirgin Sama.
  • Legion of Merit : 6
  • Lambar Star Tagulla : 50

Rashin aiki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikicin da Jamus ya zo ƙarshe bayan 'yan makonni bayan an soke Operation Inganci, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sanar da cewa za a sake tura sashin zuwa Pacific don shiga cikin mamayar Japan bayan ɗan dakatarwa a Amurka. Kashewar Sojan Sama na 17 yana nufin cewa 13th ta sami rukunin rukunoni da yawa daga wannan rukunin don ƙarfafa shi don aikin da aka yi niyya a Japan. [25] Rukunin ya isa birnin New York a ranar 23 ga Agusta, amma bai bar Amurka ba kafin mika wuya Japan a watan Satumba 1945. Tare da rikici a ƙarshen, Sojojin Amurka ba sa buƙatar rarrabuwa, kuma ba a kashe ta har abada a Fort Bragg, North Carolina, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1946, tare da ma'aikatan ta aka tura su zuwa umurnin Sashi na 82 na Jirgin Sama. [6]

Bayanan ƙasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Littafin tarihin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hanyoyin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Flanagan, p. 289
  2. ↑ Huston, p. 125
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Flanagan, p. 285
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Blair, p. 440
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Huston, p. 217
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Flanagan, p. 290
  7. ↑ Blythe and Henry, p. 16
  8. ↑ Flanagan, p. 19
  9. ↑ Flanagan, p. 20
  10. ↑ Huston, p. 126
  11. ↑ Huston, p. 124
  12. ↑ Huston, pp. 124–125
  13. ↑ Huston, p. 139
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Huston, p. 140
  15. ↑ Huston, p. 148
  16. ↑ Ruppenthal, p. 286
  17. ↑ Saunders, Tim, p. 41
  18. ↑ Devlin, pp. 258–259
  19. ↑ Warren, p. 157
  20. ↑ Huston, pp. 216–217
  21. ↑ Huston, pp. 217–218
  22. ↑ Warren, p. 201
  23. ↑ Order of Battle of the US Army - WWII - ETO - 13th Airborne Division". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 5th October 2021.
  24. ↑ "13th Airborne Division". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  25. ↑ Flanagan, p. 344
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