1452/1453 fashewar Kuwae
 1452/1453 mystery eruption |
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Wani fashewa dutsen mai ban mamaki a cikin 1452 ko 1453 ya haifar da babban sulfate na farko a cikin 1450s, wanda ya biyo bayan wani fashewa mai ban mamaki.[1][2] Fashewar ta haifar da matsanancin hunturu na dutsen wuta, wanda ya haifar da daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi karfi a Arewacin Hemisphere.[3] Wannan kwanan wata kuma ya dace da karuwar Little Ice Age . [4]
Ranar sulfate spike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shaidar farko game da babban fashewa a cikin shekarar 1450-1460 ya fito ne daga babban sulfate da aka rubuta a cikin kankara a Antarctica tare da rashin tabbas har zuwa 'yan shekaru. Nazarin farko a cikin 1990s da 2000s [5] ba daidai ba ne ya sanya kwanan wata na wannan asalin sulfate a cikin 1452/53 bisa ga babban rashin tabbas yayin da aka sanya caldera na Kuwae a Vanuatu ya zama tushen wannan ba daidai ba sulfate spike.[6] Tun daga shekara ta 2012, bayanan sulfate masu tsawo bisa ga ainihin lokacin kankara sun canza kwanan wata na asali, mai yiwuwa Kuwae, sulfate spike zuwa 1458 kuma sun tabbatar da wani taron sulfate a cikin 1452/53. [7][8][1][9] Sabili da haka, fashewar 1452/53 na yanzu tana nufin sulfate spike wanda aka gano a cikin 2012, yayin da tsohuwar fashewar 1492/53, wanda ake zaton yana da alaƙa da Kuwae, wanda ake magana da sulfate spiki wanda aka sauya kwanan wata zuwa shekarar 1458 tun 2012.
Rubuce-rubucen kankara da na bishiyoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An rubuta ƙwanƙolin sulfate na 1452/53 a duka Greenland da Antarctica, amma siginar sulfate a Greenland ta fi girma fiye da na Antarctica, tana ba da shawarar tushen dutsen wuta a cikin ƙananan latitudes na Arewacin Hemisphere.[7] Sulfur isotope abun da ke ciki na 1452/53 sulfate ya nuna cewa fashewar ta fitar da iskar gas kai tsaye a cikin stratosphere, tare da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ilmin sunadarai na yanayi da kuma yiwuwar sakamako ga yanayin duniya.[2] Injin sulfur na stratospheric da aka sake ginawa na taron 1452/53 ya kiyasta cewa an yi amfani da kimanin gram 11 na sulfur a cikin stratosphere, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na fashewar Dutsen Tambora na 1815, bisa ga wannan saitin rikodin sulfate.[10][11]
Tushen fashewar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kuwae an haɗa shi da asalin 1452/53 sulfate wanda aka sake kwanan wata zuwa 1458 bisa ga daidaito mafi girma a cikin 2012. Tambayar ko Kuwae na iya zama ainihin tushen abin da ya faru na 1452/53 maimakon abin da ya gabata na 1458 ana zaton yana iya zama mara kyau saboda rarrabawar sulfate a Greenland da Antarctica. Rashin daidaituwa tare da mafi girma sulfate deposition a Greenland idan aka kwatanta da Antarctica yana nuna cewa tushen dutsen mai fitattun wuta yana cikin ƙananan latitudes na Arewacin Hemisphere.[7] Rashin binciken tephra da ke da alaƙa da 1452/53 sulfate layer ya hana ganowa ta amfani da daidaitawar geochemical.[2]
Tarihin tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Codex na Mexico sun bayyana sanyi na kaka a cikin 1453 wanda ya shafi aikin gona a duk tsakiyar Mexico.[12]
Fashewar ta faru ne kafin faduwar Constantinople, ginshiƙi na ƙarshe na Daular Byzantine mai ƙarfi. Turks na Ottoman, karkashin jagorancin Sultan Mehmed II, sun kewaye birnin a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1453 kuma sun ci shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1453. Pang ya sami ambaton tasirin dutsen mai fitattun wuta a cikin tarihin kwanakin ƙarshe na daular. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa lambunan birnin, wannan bazara, sun samar da kadan. A daren 22 ga Mayu 1453, wata, alamar Constantinople, ta tashi cikin duhu, ta cika annabcin mutuwar birnin. A ranar 25 ga Mayu 1453, wata tsawa ta fashe a birnin: "Ba zai yiwu a tsayayya da ƙanƙara ba, kuma ruwan sama ya sauka cikin irin wannan raƙuman ruwa cewa duk tituna sun cika". Kashegari, a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1453, duk birnin ya cika da hazo mai zurfi, yanayin da ba a sani ba a wannan ɓangaren duniya a wannan watan.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Plummer, Christopher T.; Curran, M. A. J.; van Ommen, Tas D.; Rasmussen, S.O.; Moy, A. D.; Vance, Tessa R.; Clausen, H. B.; Vinther, Bo M.; Mayewski, P. A. (2012-05-01). "An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu". Climate of the Past Discussions. 8: 1567–1590. doi:10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Plummer2012" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cole-Dai, Jihong; Ferris, David G.; Lanciki, Alyson L.; Savarino, Joël; Thiemens, Mark H.; McConnell, Joseph R. (2013-07-17). "Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (14): 7459–7466. Bibcode:2013JGRD..118.7459C. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50587. S2CID 129790360. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Cole-Dai2013" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Briffa, K. R.; Jones, P. D.; Schweingruber, F. H.; Osborn, T. J. (1998). "Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years". Nature (in Turanci). 393 (6684): 450–455. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..450B. doi:10.1038/30943. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4392636. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ↑ Miller, Gifford H.; Geirsdóttir, Áslaug; Zhong, Yafang; Larsen, Darren J.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Holland, Marika M.; Bailey, David A.; Refsnider, Kurt A.; Lehman, Scott J.; Southon, John R.; Anderson, Chance; Björnsson, Helgi; Thordarson, Thorvaldur (2012). "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks: LITTLE ICE AGE TRIGGERED BY VOLCANISM". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 39 (2): n/a. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.2708M. doi:10.1029/2011GL050168. S2CID 15313398.
- ↑ Ruth, U.; Barnola, J.-M.; Beer, J.; Bigler, M.; Blunier, T.; Castellano, E.; Fischer, H.; Fundel, F.; Huybrechts, P.; Kaufmann, P.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Lambrecht, A.; Morganti, A.; Oerter, H.; Parrenin, F. (2007-08-07). ""EDML1": a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the last 150 000 years". Climate of the Past (in English). 3 (3): 475–484. Bibcode:2007CliPa...3..475R. doi:10.5194/cp-3-475-2007. ISSN 1814-9324. S2CID 131418894. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Gao, Chaochao; Robock, Alan; Self, Stephen; Witter, Jeffrey B.; Steffenson, J. P.; Clausen, Henrik Brink; Siggaard-Andersen, Marie-Louise; Johnsen, Sigfus; Mayewski, Paul A.; Ammann, Caspar (2006). "The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years". Journal of Geophysical Research (in Turanci). 111 (D12): D12107. Bibcode:2006JGRD..11112107G. doi:10.1029/2005JD006710. ISSN 0148-0227.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R.; Layman, Lawrence; Maselli, Olivia; McGwire, Ken; Pasteris, Daniel; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder; Vinther, Bo; Edwards, Ross; Mulvaney, Robert; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2013-02-16). "A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years: A 2000YR BIPOLAR VOLCANO RECORD". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 118 (3): 1151–1169. doi:10.1029/2012JD018603. S2CID 130773456. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cole-Dai, Jihong; Ferris, David G.; Lanciki, Alyson L.; Savarino, Joël; Thiemens, Mark H.; McConnell, Joseph R. (2013-07-27). "Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record: TWO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN THE 1450s". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 118 (14): 7459–7466. Bibcode:2013JGRD..118.7459C. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50587. S2CID 129790360.
- ↑ Abbott, Peter M.; Plunkett, Gill; Corona, Christophe; Chellman, Nathan J.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Pilcher, John R.; Stoffel, Markus; Sigl, Michael (2021-03-04). "Cryptotephra from the Icelandic Veiðivötn 1477 CE eruption in a Greenland ice core: confirming the dating of volcanic events in the 1450s CE and assessing the eruption's climatic impact". Climate of the Past (in English). 17 (2): 565–585. Bibcode:2021CliPa..17..565A. doi:10.5194/cp-17-565-2021. ISSN 1814-9324. S2CID 233267071 Check
|s2cid=value (help). Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R.; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Severi, Mirko (2022-07-12). "Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array". Earth System Science Data (in Turanci). 14 (7): 3167–3196. Bibcode:2022ESSD...14.3167S. doi:10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022. ISSN 1866-3516. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ↑ Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R.; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Severi, Mirko (2021-03-02). "HolVol: Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth for the Holocene (9500 BCE to 1900 CE)". Pangaea (in Turanci). doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.928646. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ↑ Therrell, Matthew; Stahle, David W.; Soto, Rodolfo Acuña (2004). "Aztec Drought and the 'Curse of One Rabbit'". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 85 (9): 1263–1272. Bibcode:2004BAMS...85.1263T. doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-9-1263. S2CID 123560837.