1954 Anglo-Egyptian evacuation agreementAngloAnglo
 1954 Anglo-Egyptian evacuation agreementAngloAnglo |
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A ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba, 1954, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙaura daga Anglo-Masar ta 1954 ("Shugabannin Yarjejeniyar"), wanda ya kawo ƙarshen fiye da shekaru saba'in na mamayar Birtaniyya na yankin Suez Canal na fiye da watanni huɗu, har sai da Burtaniya ta sake mamayewa. Lokacin da Biritaniya ta yi watsi da kasancewarta a wasu sassan Masar bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, ta ci gaba da ajiye dakarunta a sansanoni da dama, da filayen jiragen sama, da sauran wuraren aikin soja a kan mashigar ruwa. [1]
Yarjejeniyar dai ta kawo ƙarshen mamayar da Birtaniyya ke yi a Masar, tare da maido da cikakken 'yancin kai da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na Masar. Tasirin yarjejeniyar gaggawa ta Suez mai zubar da jini wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka sama da 450 ga Birtaniyya kuma sarrafa magudanar ruwa ya zama ƙalubale ga Burtaniya. Ita ma Birtaniyya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a wani yunkuri na gyara alaka da Masar ƙarƙashin sabuwar gwamnatin mulkin soja. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, 1956, sojan Birtaniya na ƙarshe ya bar Masar. [2] An kusan kwace yarjejeniyar lokacin da Birtaniya, Faransa suka koma Suez da Isra'ila suka mamaye Sinai, a lokacin rikicin Suez daga ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba - 7 Nuwamba 1956. [3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara Ingila ta fara mamayar a Masar a shekara ta 1882 lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sir Garnet Wolseley suka shiga tsakani don murkushe boren kishin ƙasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Masar Ahmed Urabi, wanda ya kai ga yakin Anglo-Masar na shekarar 1882. Bayan shan kaye a Kafr El Dawwar, sojojin Birtaniya sun canza tsare-tsare tare da fatattakar Sojojin Masar A yakin Tell El Kebir, suna zuwa Alkahira kyauta. A sakamakon haka, Urabi ya miƙa wuya kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Ceylon (Sri Lanka a yau). Birtaniya ta ba da hujjar shiga tsakani da buƙatar kare muradun Birtaniyya, musamman ma kogin Suez, wanda ke da muhimmanci ga daular mulkin mallaka da kuma hanyoyin kasuwanci na Biritaniya. Masar ta ci gaba da zama Ottoman Vassal mai suna tare da daularta, soja da tsarin shari'a. Masar ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Daular Usmaniyya kuma ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a lokacin hawan Muhammad Ali kan karagar mulki musamman bayan yakin Masar da Ottoman.
A cikin shekarar 1914, lokacin yakin duniya na 1, Birtaniya ta ayyana Masar a matsayin mai karewa, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na daular Usmaniyya a kan ƙasar. Masar ta zama mai kariyar Biritaniya a matsayin Masarautar Masarautar Masar, ta maido da sultan da Ottoman suka lalata a shekarar 1517. Tashe-tashen hankula a shekarar 1919 wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Masar na 1919, wanda jam'iyyar Wafd ke jagoranta, tana neman cikakken 'yancin kai. Yayin da Birtaniyya da farko suka yi tsayin daka wajen bai wa Masar 'yancin kai, ra'ayoyi da zanga-zangar 'yan kishin ƙasa da suka yaɗu, tare da matsin lamba na yakin duniya na ɗaya, sun tilastawa Birtaniya yin shawarwari da shugabannin siyasar Masar.
A cikin shekarar 1922, Biritaniya ta amince da 'yancin kai na Masar a matsayin Masarautar Masar, kodayake wannan 'yancin kai ne. A shekara ta 1936, gwamnatin wafdist ta rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936 wadda ta sa Birtaniyya ta janye daga dukkan yankunan Masar in ban da Suez Canal da Sudan. Yarjejeniyar 1936 ta kawo ƙarshen tasirin Birtaniyya a siyasar cikin gida ta Masar amma Biritaniya ta ci gaba da yin tasiri a kan manufofin ketare na Masar da harkokin tsaro. Biritaniya ta koma sauran yankunan Masar a takaice a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu amma ta koma yankin Canal na Suez a shekara ta shekarar 1947. [4]
A cikin shekarar 1951, gwamnatin Wazirist ta soke yerjejeniyar 1936, ta kaurace wa kayayyakin Birtaniyya, ta haramta abinci da ayyuka daga sansanonin Birtaniyya ta hanyar mashigar ruwa ta Suez da kuma ɗaukar nauyin hare-haren ‘yan bindiga a kan sojojin Birtaniyya da ‘yan kishin ƙasa na Masar suka yi, wanda ya kai ga Gaggawar Suez. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1952 ne sojojin Birtaniya suka kai wa 'yan sanda hari a Isma'iliyya wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar 'yan sandan Masar 56 da sojojin Birtaniya 13. Washegari, gobarar Alkahira ta auku. A watan Yulin 1952, ƙananan hafsoshi a cikin sojojin Masar da aka fi sani da Free Officers suka hambarar da Sarki Farouk a juyin mulki tare da soke sarauta a shekara ta gaba, tare da ayyana jamhuriya. A shekara mai zuwa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. [5] [6]
Yarjejeniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, 1954, masu shiga tsakani na Biritaniya da Masar suka kaddamar da daftarin "Shugabannin Yarjejeniyar", wanda ya kafa wani tsari na yarjejeniyoyin da za su gudanar da amfani da Birtaniyya a nan gaba na tashar ruwa ta Suez a lokacin yakin da kuma jagorantar wakilan gwamnatocin biyu a ci gaba da kokarin da suke yi na yin shawarwarin cimma matsaya.[7] Shugabannin yarjejeniyar da ta tanadi janye sojojin Birtaniya daga yankin magudanar ruwa a cikin watanni da sanya hannun; Masu fasaha na farar hula 1,200 ne za su kula da ginin, wanda 800 na iya kasancewa daga wajen Masar. Birtaniyya tana da hakkin mayar da sojojinta sansanin Suez Canal na tsawon shekaru 7 ba tare da wani hakki na tsawaita wannan lokacin ba kuma an ba su damar yin hakan ne kawai idan Masar ta fuskanci harin kai tsaye.
A cikin yanayi na gaggawa ko barazanar hari, aikin Masar ya keɓe ne kawai don tuntuɓar Burtaniya. Bugu da kari, an takaita fagen ta'addanci, kai tsaye ko barazana, a Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Masar ko wata kasa ta Larabawa da Turkiyya. An cire Iran da Isra'ila. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma amince da mashigar ruwa ta Suez a matsayin wani muhimmin yanki na Masar; Ƙasar Ingila za ta kasance tana da matsayi ɗaya da sauran masu amfani da hanyar ruwa; kuma Masar ta yi alƙawarin bin ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Constantinople ta 1888 game da yin amfani da Canal na Suez kyauta ga dukkan ƙasashe.[7]
Yarjejeniyar dai ta haramtawa Biritaniya samun ci gaba na soja na dindindin, ko sarrafa siyasa ko kuma fadar albarkacin bakinta a cikin harkokin cikin gidan Masar. Hakan ya kasance don tabbatar da cewa yuwuwar kasancewar sojojin Birtaniyya ba zai shafi ikon mulkin Masar ba na tsawon shekaru 7. Biritaniya ce kawai take da ikon kafa dakaru a mashigar ruwa ta Suez kuma dole ne ta nemi kuma ta sami amincewar Masar don komawa sansanonin magudanar ruwa a cikin shekaru 7 kuma idan Birtaniyya ta yi sojojinta, to zai kasance don dalilai na soji ba mamaya ko iko da Masar ba.[7]
Tattaunawar ta ci gaba a kan tabbataccen yarjejeniyar, kuma a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba, 1954, wakilan Masar da Birtaniya sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar karshe wadda ta soke tare da maye gurbin yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936. An yi musayar kayan aikin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar a Alkahira a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, 1954.[7]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yaƙin Anglo-Masar
- Juyin juya halin Masar 1919
- Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952
- 1936 Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar
- Suez Emergency
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Anglo-Egyptian Agreement | British-Egyptian history [1954] | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 28 April 2025.
- ↑ Selak, Charles B. (1955). "The Suez Canal Base Agreement of 1954". The American Journal of International Law. 49 (4): 487–505. doi:10.2307/2194417. ISSN 0002-9300.
- ↑ Varble 2003
- ↑ "Unilateral declaration of Egyptian independence – archive, 1922". The Guardian. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
- ↑ "15. Egypt (1922-present)". uca.edu. DADM Project, University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 28 April 2025.
- ↑ Parkes, Pamela (23 October 2016). "The Suez Emergency: The forgotten war of the conscript soldier". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2025.
- 1 2 3 4 "Memorandum of Conversation, by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs (Hare)". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, The Near and Middle East, Volume IX, Part 2. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 5 May 2025.Samfuri:Source-attribution