1960 Sojojin Jama'a

1960 Sojojin Jama'a

Iri	mutiny (en)
Kwanan watan	ga Yuli, 1960

A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960, sojoji na garuruwan Léopoldville da Thysville na Force Publique, sojojin sabuwar Jamhuriyar Kongo mai zaman kanta sun tayar da fararen jami'an su. Tashin hankali ya bazu da sauri a duk faɗin Bas-Congo kuma ya mamaye ƙasar cikin rikici, ya fara Rikicin Kongo.

Tarihi

Gendarmerie a Léopoldville, 1959. Ba kamar sauran Force Publique ba, 'yan sanda sun kasance masu aminci a lokacin tawaye.

Force Publique ya daɗe yana da alamun ayyukan 'yan sanda masu zalunci da rarrabe launin fata. Baya ga adjutants 10 da aka nada jim kadan kafin samun 'yancin kai, babu wani soja na Kongo da ya iya wucewa bayan matsayin sajan. Mutane da yawa sun yi fatan cewa 'yancin kai zai haifar da ci gaba da samun riba, amma Firayim Minista Patrice Lumumba ya yi takaici da jinkirin sake fasalin. Matsayin-da-fayil ɗin ya ji cewa rukunin siyasa na Kongo - musamman ministoci a cikin sabuwar gwamnati - suna wadatar da kansu yayin da suka kasa inganta yanayin sojojin. Akwai rashin gamsuwa cewa Lumumba ya nada wani kwamandan da ba a yarda da shi ba, van Hoorebeke, zuwa babban mukami a Ma'aikatar Tsaro, kuma sojojin daga Equateur da kudancin Kasai sun kuma yi fushi cewa ba a haɗa Jean Bolikango da Albert Kalonji a cikin sabuwar gwamnati ba. Yawancin sojoji sun gaji da kiyaye tsari a lokacin zabe da kuma shiga cikin bukukuwan 'yancin kai.

A ranar 27 ga Yuni Gwamnatin Lumumba ta kafa kwamiti don tsara Yarjejeniyar Abokantaka, Taimako, da Haɗin Kai da za a sanya hannu tare da Belgium. Ya tsara cewa ma'aikatan gwamnati na Belgium a Kongo da jami'an Belgium na Force Publique za su kasance a matsayinsu kuma su sami diyya daga gwamnatin Belgium. Har ila yau, ya ba da izini ga Sojojin birni na Belgium su ci gaba da tsare sansanonin Kitona da Kamina har sai wani yarjejeniya zai iya shirya mika kayan aikin ga gwamnatin Kongo. An gama rubutun yarjejeniyar da sauri kuma a ranar 29 ga Yuni Firayim Ministan Belgium Gaston Eyskens, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Belgium Pierre Wigny, Lumumba, da Ministan Harshen Kongo Justin Bomboko ne suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.

Ranar Independence, 30 Yuni 1960, ranar Alhamis ce. An bi shi da dogon karshen mako na bukukuwan da suka faru cikin kwanciyar hankali a duk faɗin ƙasar. A Léopoldville, babban birnin, an yi fadace-fadace tsakanin bangarorin da ba su gamsu da sakamakon zaben shugaban kasa ba. A safiyar 4 ga Yuli ma'aikata a Coquilhatville, babban birnin lardin Équateur, sun fara yajin aiki. An kira Force Publique zuwa aiki kuma ya bude wuta a kan taron, ya kashe tara. Wannan yajin aikin shine aikin karshe na hukuma na Sojoji kafin tashin hankali ya fara. A wannan rana majalisar ministocin Kongo ta taru don tattauna sake fasalin cibiyoyin kasa. Sun yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don bincika sake tsara sojoji, suna mai da hankali sosai ga kawar da nuna bambancin launin fata.

A halin yanzu, a Camp Léopold II, babban aikin soja a Léopoldville, jami'ai sun lura da babban matakin farin ciki tsakanin mukaman Kongo. Wani jami'in da ba shi da kwamishinan ya fara gaya wa 'yan uwansa sojoji cewa tun da Kongo ta kasance mai zaman kanta ba a buƙatar su bi umarnin Belgium ba. Da karfe 17:00 Janar Emile Janssens, babban kwamandan Force Publique, ya isa kuma ya sauke shi. An sanya sojoji uku marasa horo a cikin tantanin ajiya, kodayake an saki biyu na wucin gadi ga Sakataren Gwamnati na Tsaro na Kasa Albert Nyembo, wanda aka sanar da shi game da lamarin. Da maraice Janssens ya ji a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo game da niyyar gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin don sake tsara sojojin. Ya yi fushi da cewa ba a tuntube shi ba.

Rikicin

Sojojin Public Force a kan titunan Léopoldville a lokacin tawaye

A safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Yuli Janar Janssens, don mayar da martani ga karuwar tashin hankali tsakanin sojojin Kongo, ya kira dukkan dakarun da ke aiki a sansanin Léopold II. Ya bukaci sojoji su ci gaba da horo kuma ya rubuta "kafin samun 'yancin kai = bayan samun' yancin kai" a kan allon baki don jaddada cewa halin da ake ciki ba zai canza ba. A wannan maraice 'yan Kongo sun kori kantin abinci don nuna rashin amincewa a Janssens. Ya faɗakar da garuruwan ajiyar sansanin Hardy, mai nisan kilomita 95 a Thysville. Jami'an sun yi ƙoƙari su shirya rundunar sojoji don aikawa zuwa sansanin Léopold II don maido da tsari, amma mutanen sun yi tawaye kuma sun kwace makamai. "Congo Crisis" wanda ya biyo baya zai mamaye mulkin Gwamnatin Lumumba.

Kashegari da safe wasu kungiyoyin sojoji sun tashi daga Thysville zuwa Inkisi, Madimba, da Mbanza-Boma, suna yada tawaye da kuma yi wa mata fyade. A halin yanzu, Janssens ya kammala shirye-shiryen kai hari kan sansanin Hardy kuma ya faɗakar da kwamandan sojojin birni na Belgium a Kongo. Gwamnati ta karyata umarninsa kuma a maimakon haka ta aika Mobutu, Charles Kisolokele, da Mataimakin Shugaban Lardin Léopoldville don tattaunawa da masu tayar da kayar baya. Sun yi nasarar sakin Turawa da aka kama kuma sun fara kwashe su zuwa babban birnin. Kungiyoyin sojoji masu fushi sun yi yawo a babban birnin, kuma Lumumba ya katse taron majalisa a gidansa don gayyatar wata kungiya don raba korafin ta. A cikin ƙoƙari na kwantar da hankalin sojojin masu tayar da kayar baya, ya kori Janssens kuma ya inganta kowane soja da digiri ɗaya. Ya kuma kori jami'in Belgium da ke kula da Sûreté kuma ya tilasta masa zuwa gudun hijira, wanda ya haifar da rushewar kungiyar da aka kammala ta hanyar tashiwar yawancin sauran ma'aikatan Belgium.

Yaduwar tawaye ga garuruwa a duk faɗin ƙasar ya ci gaba yayin da sojoji - ba su san sauye-sauyen Lumumba ba - sun tsoratar da jita-jita daban-daban. Girman tuhuma da rarrabuwa tsakanin jami'ai da matsayi a sansanin soja na Kongolo ya jagoranci jami'an su sanya bututun man fetur a cikin makamai na sansanin don a iya lalata shi a cikin gaggawa. Sojojin, da ke kula da kashewa, sun shiga cikin makamai kuma sun kai hari kan jami'ai biyu. A cikin rikici da ya biyo baya an kashe wani ɗan Belgium da ɗaya ɗan Kongo, wanda ya nuna mutuwar farko ta tawaye. A Léopoldville, sojoji da yawa na Kongo sun gamsu cewa Lumumba ya kawo sojojin Soviet cikin kasar don kawar da makamai ga Force Publique. Da fushi da wannan, sun mamaye dakunan otal na tawagar Soviet wacce ta kasance don bikin 'yancin kai. Bayan ya ji abin da ya faru, Lumumba ya umarci Bomboko da ya ɗauki alhakin tsaron dukkan wakilan kasashen waje da ke Kongo kuma ya tabbatar da cewa Soviets za su iya barin kasar lafiya. Bomboko ya umarci Minista-Mataimakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Thomas Kanza ya raka tawagar zuwa Filin jirgin saman N'djili inda dukansu biyu suka shawo kan sojojin Kongo su ba da damar Soviets su tashi cikin salama.

Sakamakon da tasirin

Rikicin Force Publique ya kara rashin amincewar sojoji kuma ya kashe gwamnati da yawa na tallafi a yankunan karkara. Rashin tsaro da suka haifar ya kuma hana samar da tattalin arziki da rarraba kayayyaki kuma ya janye hankalin jagoranci daga magance wasu matsalolin da gwamnati ke fuskanta.

Wannan tawaye shine na farko daga cikin tawaye da yawa na sojoji da suka faru a jihohin Afirka a cikin shekarun 1960. A cikin Kongo kanta, Kanar Mobutu zai ci gaba da karbar mulki daga baya a cikin 1960 a cikin juyin mulki, ya kafa Kwalejin Kwamishinoni-Janar, wanda ya gudanar da gwamnati a cikin 1960-61 a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Shekaru biyar bayan haka Mobutu ya kwace mulki a karo na biyu, inda ya fara kusan soja amma kuma gwamnatin farar hula. Sarautarsa ta kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1997.