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1972 mamayewar Uganda

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1972 mamayewar Uganda
invasion (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Uganda

Harin 1972 na Uganda [1] wani yunkuri ne da 'yan tawaye na Uganda, da Tanzania ta goyi bayan, don hambarar da mulkin Idi Amin. A karkashin umarnin tsohon shugaban kasar Uganda Milton Obote, masu tayar da kayar baya sun kaddamar da mamaye kudancin Uganda tare da iyakance goyon bayan Tanzaniya a watan Satumbar 1972. Sojojin 'yan tawaye galibi sun kunshi "Sojojin Jama'a" wadanda dakarunsu suka fi aminci ga Obote, amma kuma sun hada da' yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin Yoweri Museveni. Ayyukan sun sami cikas daga farkon, yayin da aka zubar da wani hari na 'yan tawaye, an gargadi Amin game da mamayewar da ke gabatowa, kuma' yan tawaye ba su da lambobi, horo, da kayan aiki. Ko ta yaya, 'yan ta'adda sun mamaye wasu garuruwa a kudancin Uganda a farkon mamayar. Koyaya, babu wani babban tashin hankali da ya ɓarke kamar yadda Obote ya yi fatan.

Ba tare da goyon bayan farar hula ba kuma sun fi yawa da kuma bindigogi, 'yan tawaye galibi sun ci nasara da masu goyon bayan Amin cikin sa'o'i. An kashe mafi yawan masu tayar da kayar baya ko kuma an kama su, yayin da sauran suka gudu cikin rikici zuwa Tanzania. Da sojojin Libya da PLO suka karfafa su, jami'an tsaro na Uganda sun kaddamar da ayyukan farauta da lalata 'yan tawaye, yayin da suke fara tsarkakewa na siyasa a kan magoya bayan Obote. A halin yanzu, Amin ya umarci rundunar sojan sama da su rama ta hanyar jefa bam a Tanzania, wanda ya sa ta ƙarshe ta tattara sojojin ta a kan iyaka. Kafin rikici ya kara tsanantawa zuwa cikakken yaki tsakanin Uganda da Tanzania, kasashen biyu sun amince da tsagaita wuta a karkashin sulhu na Somaliya, sannan daga baya suka tabbatar da yarjejeniya a Mogadishu don warware tashin hankali. Duk da wannan, rikici ya kara tabarbarewar dangantakar da ta riga ta kasance tsakanin Uganda da Tanzania, kuma a ƙarshe ya ba da gudummawa ga Yaƙin Uganda da Tanzania.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Idi Amin (1977)
Milton Obote (tsakiya, 1962)

A shekara ta 1971, Uganda_coup_d'état" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="1971 Ugandan coup d'état">juyin mulkin soja ya hambarar da Shugaban Uganda, Milton Obote . Kanal Idi Amin ya sanya kansa a matsayin sabon shugaban kasar Uganda kuma ya mallaki kasar a karkashin mulkin kama karya. Koyaya, yawancin 'yan Uganda sun yi maraba da wannan karɓar mulki, yayin da Obote ya zama mai zurfi a wasu sassan jama'ar ƙasar kuma Amin ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin mai gyarawa. Ya 'yantar da 'yan adawa da yawa waɗanda aka ɗaure a ƙarƙashin Obote, ciki har da Shaban Opolot, Grace Ibingira, da Benedicto Kiwanuka.[2] Wannan juyin mulkin ya haifar da lalacewar dangantakar da makwabciyarta Tanzania, yayin da Shugaban Tanzania Julius Nyerere ya hana amincewa da sabuwar gwamnati kuma ya ba da mafaka ga Obote da magoya bayansa.[3] Bayan juyin mulkin, Amin ya kaddamar da tsarkake abokan gaba, kuma ya ba da ikon mabiyansa don karfafa mulkinsa.[4] Sojojin kasar, wanda aka fi sani da Sojojin Uganda (UA), wannan ci gaban ya fi shafar su. An kashe ko kuma an fitar da yawa shugabancinta, yayin da aka tattara mambobin kabilanci da addinai da ke goyon bayan Amin kuma aka inganta su gaba ɗaya.[4] Yawancin sojoji da 'yan adawa da aka yi niyya da tsarkakewa saboda haka sun gudu zuwa gudun hijira. Sun kafa sansanonin horo kuma sun shirya kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a Sudan da Tanzania.[4][5] Shugaban Sudan Jaafar Nimeiry ya yi adawa da Amin saboda goyon bayansa ga 'yan tawayen Sudan Anyanya, yayin da Shugaban Tanzania Nyerere ke da alaƙa ta kusa da Obote kuma ya goyi bayan tsarin mulkin gurguzu. [5][3]

A sakamakon haka, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Uganda da Tanzania ta kara tsanantawa. Nyerere akai-akai ya yi tir da mulkin Amin, kuma Amin ya yi barazanar mamaye Tanzania.[3] Yanayin ya kara rikitarwa saboda takaddamar kan iyaka, yayin da Uganda ta yi iƙirarin cewa Kagera Salient - murabba'in kilomita 7 (1,900 ) na ƙasa tsakanin iyakar hukuma da Kogin Kagera kilomita 18 (29 zuwa kudu, ya kamata a sanya shi a ƙarƙashin ikonsa, yana riƙe da cewa kogin ya yi iyaka mai ma'ana. Jami'an mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Jamus ne suka tattauna kan iyakar kafin Yaƙin Duniya na I. Baya ga Kagera Salient, Amin ya kuma sami fatan samun hanyar zuwa Tekun Indiya. Dangane da haka, ya yi la'akari da shirye-shiryen cin nasarar arewacin Tanzania, gami da garin tashar jiragen ruwa na Tanga.[4] Bayan rikici tsakanin sojoji a kan iyakar kasashen 'yan watanni bayan juyin mulkin, Amin ya ba da ka'idojin shiga tsakani wanda ya bayyana cewa an ba Sojojin Uganda damar kai hari kan Tanzania ne kawai don ramawa ko kuma idan ya ba da umarni don yin hakan. Ko ta yaya, matsayinsa na siyasa ya kasance mai tsananin tashin hankali.[4]

A lokaci guda, 'yan gudun hijirar Uganda sun yi makirci don hambarar da Amin tare da goyon bayan Tanzaniya. Ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi na farko da suka yi aiki shine ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Yoweri Museveni da ba a san sunanta ba. Ya shiga Uganda kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa sansanin 'yan tawaye a Dutsen Elgon a cikin 1971, amma jami'an tsaro sun gano masu tayar da kayar baya kuma sun kama su.[6] Duk da adawa da Obote da manufofinsa, Museveni da ƙaramin ƙungiyar abokan aikinsa daga baya sun yanke shawarar haɗa kai da tsohon shugaban, suna kallon Amin a matsayin babbar barazana.[5][4] Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Obote ta sha wahala da yawa. Obote ya riga ya shirya mamayewa a lokaci guda daga Sudan da Tanzania da za su faru a watan Agustan 1971, amma an soke wannan aikin ne saboda tsoron Nyerere na goyon bayan Burtaniya da Isra'ila ga Amin, shakku da babban kwamandan Sojojin Tsaro na Tanzania (TPDF) game da damar mamayewa na nasara, da rikice-rikicen 'yan tawaye.[5]

A farkon 1972, an ruwaito Amin ya nemi taimakon Isra'ila don mamaye Tanzania. Lokacin da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ki samar da makamai don wannan shirin, Shugaban Uganda ya amsa ta hanyar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da yin kawance da sojojin adawa da Isra'ila kamar Libya a karkashin Muammar Gaddafi da Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). [4] Amin ya kuma daina taimakawa 'yan tawaye na Anyanya kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Sudan, bayan haka kasar ta kori mafi yawan' yan tawaye na Uganda daga ƙasarsu. Dole ne a kwashe masu goyon bayan Obote na Sudan ta hanyar Kenya zuwa Tanzania; a kan hanya, mutane da yawa sun mutu. Wadanda suka tsira sun shiga cikin 'yan daruruwan da suka riga sun kasance a Kigwa a Yankin Tabora. [5] Wasu 'yan tawaye sun kasance a kudancin Sudan, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye Uganda a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1972. Sojojin Uganda sun sauƙaƙa aikin.[7] A watan Agustan 1972, Amin ya ba da umarnin korar Asiyawa daga Uganda, ya kwace dukiyarsu kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana sake rarraba shi ga wasu 'yan Uganda.[8][9] Wannan yunkuri ya shahara sosai a cikin gida, kuma ya janye hankalin jama'a daga rikicin tattalin arziki da ke gudana.[8] Akwai tsoro mai yawa tsakanin 'yan tawaye da gwamnatin Tanzania cewa jinkirta babban mamayewar' yan tawaye ya ci gaba da rage damar samun nasara, yayin da aka sanar da Nyerere cewa Uganda ta shiga wani makirci na kasa da kasa don hambarar da shi. A sakamakon haka, Shugaban Tanzania ya sanya hannu kan mamayewar 'yan tawaye a Uganda a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1972. [5] A halin yanzu, Obote ya tara rundunar kimanin sojoji 1,300 da suka tsere zuwa gudun hijira.[10] An san mabiyansa da "Uganda People's Liberation Front" (UPLF). [11]

Gabatarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
McDonnell Douglas DC-9 na Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Gabashin Afirka a 1973

Shirin Obote na mamayewar ya cika a ranar 10 ga Satumba: Na farko, 'yan tawaye za su "karɓi" kamfanin East African Airways McDonnell Douglas DC-9 kuma su yi amfani da shi don jigilar kwamandoji 80 zuwa Filin jirgin saman Entebbe.[10][lower-alpha 1] Wadannan 'yan tawaye za su kama filin jirgin sama, su yi tafiya a Kampala, kuma su kama tashar rediyo don watsa saƙon da Obote ya riga ya rubuta. Tsohon shugaban ya yi fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da tashin hankali daga fararen hula da sojoji.[9] A halin yanzu, ƙungiyoyi biyu na masu tayar da kayar baya za su haye iyaka daga Tanzania kuma su kai hari kan manyan garuruwan Mbarara da Masaka a kudancin Uganda. Bayan tabbatar da waɗannan, sojojin 'yan tawaye za su ci gaba zuwa Kampala, Mubende, da Fort Portal. Kungiyar yammacin da aka yi niyya da Mbarara za ta kai hari daga sansanin 'yan tawaye a Kigwe, yayin da ƙungiyar da ke kai hari Masaka za ta fara a sansanin' yan tawaye na Handeni.[5] Muryar Uganda, jaridar jihar Uganda, ta yi iƙirarin cewa darektan leken asiri na Tanzania Lawrence Gama yana da hannu a cikin shirin mamayewar.[13]

A lokaci guda, TPDF ta ba da sojojin Museveni da bindigogi kuma ta taimaka musu su gudanar da hare-hare zuwa Uganda don kafa sel masu adawa da Amin kamar "Kwamitin Lokaci" da ke Kampala. Museveni ya gaya wa Tanzaniyawa cewa waɗannan manufofi sun kasance babban nasara kuma dubban mutane suna shirye su yi tawaye a yankin Mbarara.[5][10] Koyaya, ya kasance mai sukar "magani na putschist", yana gaskanta cewa ana iya hambarar da Amin ne kawai ta hanyar yakin basasa na dogon lokaci.[10] A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, ministan tsaro na Tanzania ya sanar da Museveni game da shirin mamayewa wanda ya gaya masa cewa motoci sun riga sun kasance a kan hanyar jigilar 'yan tawaye daga sansanin su zuwa iyaka.[10] Shirye-shiryen yaƙi sun ɗauka cewa hanyar sadarwa ta ɓoye ta Museveni za ta samar da yawan 'yan tawaye don taimakawa mamayewar.[10] Museveni daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne wanda ya yi alkawarin babban shafi na biyar a Uganda ba. A matsayin hujja, ya nuna gajeren sanarwa da aka ba shi game da mamayewa, wanda ya sa ya zama ba zai yiwu ba a shirya hanyar sadarwarsa ta karkashin kasa don tayar da kayar baya. Museveni ya yi jayayya cewa Obote da gangan ya wuce gona da iri game da yawan hulɗarsa ta ciki don shawo kan Tanzaniyawa na greenlighting mamayewar.[1] Gabaɗaya, an ruwaito cewa akwai tashin hankali mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye, yayin da membobin ƙungiyar Obote suka bi da ƙungiyar Museveni "a matsayin abokan gaba". Bayan kama shi a lokacin mamayewar, ɗan tawaye Alex Ojera ya kuma gaya wa masu tambayoyinsa na Uganda cewa wariyar launin fata ya shafi masu tayar da kayar baya, kamar yadda 'yan bindiga na Bantu, Acholi, da Lango ba su amince da juna ba.[14]

An sanar da Amin cewa ana shirya mamayewar 'yan tawaye, kuma yana shirya don wannan yiwuwar ta hanyar ƙarfafa tsaron kudancinsa.[5] Mujallar Afirka ta Kudu Drum ta bayyana cewa hukumar leken asiri ta Kenya ce ke da alhakin ɓoye shirye-shiryen mamayewa, yayin da mai bincike A. Kasozi ya yi jayayya cewa fararen hula na Baganda a kudancin Uganda waɗanda ke adawa da Obote sun ɓoye bayanai.[9][15] Jarida Faustin Mugabe ya dauki 'yan leƙen asirin Uganda a Tanzania da ke da alhakin gano shirin' yan tawaye.[13] A cewar sojan Uganda Bernard Rwehururu, jami'an soja da yawa na Uganda ba su dauki gargadi game da mamayewa da gaske ba, kuma ba su shirya da kyau don wannan yiwuwar ba.

Mamayewa

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Ayyukan 'yan tawaye na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar kudu maso gabashin Uganda da ke nuna Masaka da Mbarara

Tun daga farko, mamayewar ta kasance "fiasco" da " bala'i".[5] Masanin tarihin Uganda Samwiri Karugire ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da yawa a tarihin soja. Cikakken gazawar. Jirgin DC-9 bai taɓa isa Entebbe ba.[16] Obote ya zaɓi James Lalobo, [1] ɗan aboki don tashi jirgin sama duk da cewa ba shi da ƙwarewa. Kodayake an samu nasarar sace DC-9 tare da goyon bayan bayanan Tanzaniya daga Filin jirgin saman Dar es Salaam, matukin jirgin ya kasa janye kayan saukowa.[10] A cikin yunkurinsa na tsayawa na ɗan lokaci a Filin jirgin saman Kilimanjaro don karɓar kwamandojin a ranar 15 ga Satumba, ya sauka da sauri sosai, ya lalata tayoyin DC-9.[10][10] Dole ne a soke harin a kan Entebbe, yayin da 'yan jarida suka sami labarin abubuwan da suka faru a Kilimanjaro. Wata jarida, Uganda Argus, nan da nan ta buga wani labarin mai taken "Pilot ya ɓace a cikin DC-9 asiri", yana faɗakar da Amin cewa aikin 'yan tawaye yana gabatowa. Ya sanya kwamandojinsa na kudanci a faɗake, ya aika da kwamandan Simba Battalion Ali Fadhul don tantance halin da ake ciki a kan iyaka.[10]

Duk da cewa sun rasa abin mamaki, mamayewar ƙasa ta ci gaba.[5] Bayan ya kira ƙarfinsa "Sojojin Jama'a" ko "sojojin Sojojin Jamaʼa", Obote da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa sun kaddamar da mamayewar a ranar 17 ga Satumba. [9] Dukan rundunar 'yan tawaye sun kasance 1,340 zuwa kimanin mayakan 1,500 masu karfi. [6][17] Babban ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye sun haye iyaka a karfe 5:30 na safe bayan sun kashe masu tsaron iyaka da yawa, kuma sun kama Mutukula.[9][1]  Ya kamata ya yi niyya da Masaka, kimanin mayakan 1,000 masu karfi, kuma jagorancin Kyaftin Anach ko Lieutenant Colonel David Oyite-Ojok da Tito Okello.[5][10][9][1] Babban rukuni da farko ya sami ci gaba mai kyau, ya mamaye wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin sojoji kuma ya kama wasu kayan aikin soja.[1] Bayan an sanar da shi game da 'yan tawaye da ke tsallaka iyakar Uganda, Gaddafi ya yi alkawarin tallafawa abokinsa Amin, kuma ya ba da umarnin a aika da rundunar shiga tsakani zuwa Uganda.[9][17]

Wasu fararen hula sun ɗaga tutar baki-ja-blue na Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda don tallafawa 'yan tawaye.[10]

Sojojin 'yan tawaye na yamma, karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Oyile, Lieutenant Okot, da Lieutenant Okumu, sun haye iyaka a karfe 7 na safe, a bayan jadawalin.[lower-alpha 2][1] An dauke shi da wasu bindigogi, bindigogi marasa juyawa, da rokoki, [1] ya kunshi kimanin 'yan tawaye 300 zuwa 350 kuma ya hada da karamin rundunar Museveni na' yan ta'adda 40. [1][9][5][10] Kungiyar yamma ta damu da matsalolin cikin gida tun daga farko. Yayinda masu goyon bayan Obote ke sanye da kayan aiki kuma suna tsammanin nasara mai sauƙi, ƙungiyar Museveni ta sa tufafin farar hula don yin yaƙi a matsayin 'yan tawaye. Yawancin mambobin kungiyar yamma sun nuna shakku game da tsoffin makaman su da ƙananan lambobin su idan aka kwatanta da Sojojin Uganda. Wasu mayakan a cikin kungiyar ba su da makamai. Har ila yau, kungiyar tana da matsaloli tare da motocinsu, suna jinkirta ci gaban su.[10] Koyaya, ƙungiyar da farko ta lalata wani tashar iyakar Uganda, ta kashe masu gadi huɗu. Bayan ci gaba da kilomita 8.7 (14 zuwa Uganda daidai, 'yan tawaye sun gamu da Land Rover tare da sojoji takwas waɗanda aka kashe a cikin wuta [1] a Kaberebere .[9] Duk da wannan nasara mai sauƙi, wasu 'yan tawaye ba su da ƙwarewa har suka riga sun karya a lokacin wannan rikici kuma suka gudu zuwa cikin tuddai. Sauran sun ci gaba da ci gaba. Sun kuma shiga Fadhul, amma sun kasa gane shi a cikin motarsa ta farar hula. Kwamandan ya wuce masu tayar da kayar baya sannan ya sanar da Amin ta tarho game da lambobin 'yan tawaye da wurin.[10] A cewar gwamnatin Uganda, 'yan tawaye sun mamaye Kyotera, Kakuto da Kalisizo.[17] Rahotanni na rediyo na Tanzaniya sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan tawaye ne suka kama Kisenyi da Umburra. [19][17] Wasu fararen hula sun mayar da martani ga ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta yamma ta hanyar ɗaga tutar Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda, jam'iyyar Obote.[10] Koyaya, sabanin fatan Museveni, babu babban tawaye da ya ɓarke a yankin Mbarara don tallafawa mamayewar.[5][10] Yawancin fararen hula har yanzu suna goyon bayan Amin a lokacin, musamman saboda ci gaba da fitar da 'yan Asiya na Uganda daga kasar.[8]

A halin yanzu, masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Uganda sun mayar da martani ta hanyar shirya tsaron su. Da karfe 9 na safe na biyu a cikin kwamandan Simba Battalion Yusuf Gowon ya tada ƙararrawa a barikin Mbarara, kuma ya umarci yawancin dakarunsa su dauki matsayi na tsaro. Ya kuma aika da jeps da yawa don kare hanya a barikin.[10] Kungiyar yajin aiki ta yammacin masu tayar da kayar baya ta isa Mbarara da karfe 10:30 na safe, inda suka lalata wasu shingen hanya da kuma wani jeep da aka watsar kafin su matsa don kai hari kan barikin garin.[10]  Ba tare da kayan aiki masu kyau ba, ba a horar da su ba kuma ba su da kwarewa, 'yan tawaye sun kasa kama barikin Mbarara.[5] Da zaran sun kusanci sansanin, wani jeep na sojoji ya bude wuta tare da bindiga mara juyawa kuma ya lalata motar 'yan tawaye. Dukan ci gaban masu tayar da kayar baya nan da nan ya fada cikin rikici. Kyaftin Oyile "ya ɓace", yayin da 'yan ta'adda da yawa suka gudu zuwa cikin dazuzzuka da ke kusa. Museveni da talatin daga cikin 'yan tawaye sun ci gaba har zuwa ƙofofin barikin, suna ɓoyewa a wani shinge kuma suna harbi sojoji. Wani rukuni na 'yan tawaye sun dauki matsayi a wani masallaci kuma sun harbe barikin tare da bam. Wasu 'yan tawaye sun yi ƙoƙari su hau kan shinge na waya wanda ya kewaye barikin, amma sojojin Gowon sun kashe su cikin sauƙi.[10] Bayan sa'a guda na fada, 'yan tawaye sun janye. Kamar yadda sauran 'yan tawaye suka bar mafi yawa ba tare da shugaba ba, Museveni ya ɗauki umurni kuma ya jagoranci waɗanda suka tsira zuwa iyakar Tanzania. Sojojin Gowon sun bi su.[10] An kashe 'yan tawaye da yawa yayin janyewar fiye da lokacin yakin a Mbarara.[10] Masu tayar da kayar baya da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su ɓoye tare da fararen hula na yankin, ciki har da Oyile, Okot, da Okumu, kawai don a ba da su ga Sojojin Uganda.[1]

Sojojin Uganda sun dakatar da rundunar 'yan tawaye ta gabas a Kiziba.[5][1][lower-alpha 3] Sojojin gwamnati sun hada da tankuna da Masu dauke da makamai. Kamar yadda 'yan tawaye ba su da makamai don shawo kan sojojin gwamnati, kuma sun rasa harsashi, da sauri suka dakatar da harin.[5][9] Kimanin 'yan tawaye 169 ne aka kashe a wannan rikici.[1] Bayan sun sha wahala mai yawa, sun koma baya a ƙarƙashin duhu.[9]

Komawar 'yan tawaye da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka

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A farkon 18 ga Satumba, 'yan tawaye sun koma baya. Masu tayar da kayar baya 46 ne kawai na rundunar Mbarara suka kai iyakar Tanzania a wannan rana.[1] Akalla an kashe masu tayar da kayar baya 100 na wannan rukuni kuma an kama wasu da yawa don a kashe su daga baya. [1][1] Wadanda suka mutu sun hada da manyan mambobin ƙungiyar Museveni kamar Mwesigwa Black da Omongin Raila . [1] Masu goyon bayan gwamnati sun sake karbar Mbarara, Kalisizo da Kyotera, yayin da Mutukula ya kasance a waje da ikon Sojojin Uganda.[1][1] A cewar Rwehururu, an kori masu tayar da kayar baya a Kalisizo ta hanyar hadin gwiwa, wanda ya kunshi Simba Battalion da Sojojin Suicide Regiment karkashin jagorancin Lt. Atanasius.[2] Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tawaye 500 sun koma cikin marshes tsakanin Masaka da iyakar Tanzania, inda suka haƙa. [1][1] Masu ba da labari a Tanzania sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ba waɗannan masu tayar da kayar baya sabbin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, da wasu ƙarfafawa daga Tanzania.

Amin ya zargi Nyerere da tallafawa da kuma makamai ga abokan gaba, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa sojoji 1,000 na Tanzania sun kasance wani ɓangare na rundunar mamayewa.[4] Ya mayar da martani ta hanyar umarnin rundunar sojan sama da su jefa bam a garuruwan iyakar Tanzania.[3] Sojojin Sama na Uganda sun yi niyya ga Mwanza da Bukoba daga 18 [20] zuwa 20 ga Satumba, suna da'awar sun lalata sansanonin masu tayar da kayar baya a can.[9][5] TPDF ta motsa rundunar ta 4 da kuma kamfanin bam don kare iyakar.[17] Amin ya kuma zargi Isra'ila, Burtaniya, da Indiya da tallafawa harin, da kuma 'yan tawaye da kasancewa a cikin aljihun mutanen Asiya da ba a yarda da su ba.[9][8] Wani mai magana da yawun Sojojin Uganda ya bayyana cewa fararen fararen Isra'ila guda uku suna aiki tare da masu tayar da kayar baya kuma an kashe su a lokacin mamayewar, tare da masu lura da kasashen waje suna tsoron cewa waɗannan "ma'aikatan fararen hula" a zahiri fararen farar hula ne da aka kama a cikin wuta.[17][20]

A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, Shugaba Amin ya ayyana "cikakken nasara" a kan masu tayar da kayar baya, duk da cewa har yanzu suna riƙe da wasu yankuna.[1] Ya yi iƙirarin a fili cewa dakarunsa sun sami kwafin shirin yaƙi na 'yan tawaye, kuma ya bayyana ƙarya cewa masu tayar da kayar baya sun yi niyyar kashe wasu kabilun da sana'o'i. Cikin fushi, kungiyoyin fararen hula sun haɗu tare kuma sun fara farautar 'yan tawaye, suna kashe wadanda suka kama.[1] Wasu fararen hula sun yi amfani da damar don warware rashin jin daɗi, suna ƙoƙarin tsara marasa laifi a matsayin magoya bayan masu tayar da kayar baya.[1] An ba da ayyukan tsaftacewa na hukuma da kuma tsaftace masu goyon bayan 'yan tawaye ga Fadhul, Gowon, da Isaac Maliyamungu.[1] An danƙa wa Fadhul da ƙauyen, Gowon ne ke da alhakin Mbarara, kuma Maliyamungu ya shirya tsarkakewa a Masaka.[1][1] Cibiyar Bincike ta Jiha (SRC) ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattara abubuwan da ake zargi da anti-Amin.[1] A Mbarara, an kafa kotun wucin gadi karkashin jagorancin Gowon; an yanke wa 'yan tawaye da yawa hukuncin kisa, kodayake an sami wasu marasa laifi kuma an sake su.

A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, biyar na Libya Lockheed C-130 Hercules dauke da sojoji 399 da kayan aikin soja sun haye cikin sararin samaniya na Sudan a kokarin isa Uganda.[17] Jiragen Sudan sun tilasta musu su sauka a Khartoum; hukumomin Sudan sun kwace makaman su kuma sun umurce su da su koma Libya.[9][21][17] Direbobin C-130 sun tabbatar wa Sudanese cewa za su bi waɗannan umarni, amma sai suka ci gaba da tashi zuwa Uganda, suna tashi a ƙasa da radar na Sudanese.[17] 'Yan Libya sun sauka a Entebbe a ranar 21 ga Satumba.[17] Duk da cewa sun isa da wuri don bayar da "taimako mai ma'ana" a cikin fada da 'yan tawaye, kasancewarsu ta bunkasa hoton Amin na yankin.[21][9] Libya kuma ta aika da wasu kwamandojin kungiyar 'yanci ta Falasdinu, da kuma Jirgin sama na MiG don taimakawa Amin.[5] A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, gwamnatin Uganda ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan tawaye har yanzu suna sarrafa garuruwan Mutukula da Kikagari.[17] Amin ya yi iƙirarin a ranar 28 ga Satumba cewa kimanin 'yan tawaye 50 sun kasance a ƙasar Uganda, waɗanda sojojin Sojojin Uganda suka kewaye su.[17] Kashegari, 'yan jarida na kasashen waje sun bayyana cewa yaƙin ya ƙare.[22]

Halin kasa da kasa da matsakaici

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi Allah wadai da mamayewar da Tanzaniya ta goyi bayan masu tayar da kayar baya a duniya, musamman ta Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU). Najeriya, Guinea, Libya, da Masar a bayyane sun yi Allah wadai da horar da 'yan tawayen Uganda da kuma makamai a Tanzania.[5] A mayar da martani, kwamandan rundunar tsaron jama'ar Tanzania (TPDF) Manjo Janar Mrisho Sarakikya ya musanta duk wani shiga Tanzaniya a cikin aikin 'yan tawaye. Nyerere ya kuma aika da sakon waya ga shugaban OAU Hassan II na Maroko yana nuna rashin amincewa da hare-haren jirgin sama na Uganda da aka yi wa garuruwan Tanzania. Don kauce wa yakin basasa, OAU ta nemi kasashe na uku su yi sulhu tsakanin Uganda da Tanzania. OAU da farko ta kusanci Shugaban Kenya Jomo Kenyatta, amma shi da gwamnatinsa sun ki shiga cikin takaddamar. Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie na Habasha, Shugaban Aljeriya Houari Boumédiène da Shugaban Guinea Ahmed Sékou Touré sun ba da shawarar shirya sulhu, yayin da Masar ta tuntubi Ministan Harkokin Waje na Tanzania John Malecela don neman mafita ta zaman lafiya. Koyaya, shirin zaman lafiya na maki biyar da Shugaba Siad Barre na Somaliya ya yi shi ne mafi kyawun tayin da aka karɓa a Uganda da Tanzania, kodayake Amin da farko ya ci gaba da maganganunsa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi yayin da wakilan Uganda da Tanzania suka hadu a babban birnin Somaliya Mogadishu . [23]

Bayan Harin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shugaban Tanzaniya Julius Nyerere (a hoton 1975) ya ki daukar matakin da zai kara tsananta rikicin.

Ko da yake kwamandojinsa sun matsa masa lamba da ya mayar da martani kan hare-haren da aka kai daga iyakar Uganda, Nyerere ya amince da shiga cikin sulhun da Siad Barre ya jagoranta, wanda ya haifar da rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Mogadishu, wadda ta bukaci dakarun Uganda da na Tanzaniya su janye zuwa akalla kilomita 10 daga juna tare da dakatar da goyon bayan kungiyoyin adawa da ke neman kifar da gwamnati. An rufe sansanin 'yan tawayen Uganda da ke Handeni, kuma magoya bayan Obote sun koma garin Tabora a tsakiyar Tanzaniya domin su ci gaba da noma taba. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1972. Duk da hakan, Amin da Nyerere sun ci gaba da zama abokan gaba.

Gaba ɗaya, 'yan tawayen sun sha kaye sosai tare da asarar rayuka da dama; daruruwan mutane sun mutu. Jaridar *Daily Monitor* ta kiyasta adadin matattu daga bangaren tawaye ya kai 454. Rundunar sojin Uganda ta amince cewa soja tara ne suka mutu. Gwamnatin Uganda ta bayyana cewa kimanin fararen hula 150 daga Uganda sun mutu a yayin harin. Fararen hula daga Tanzaniya tsakanin tara zuwa ashirin ne suka mutu sakamakon hare-haren jiragen saman Uganda. Wani ma’aikacin Peace Corps dan kasar Amurka ya mutu sakamakon harbin da aka yi a kudu maso Uganda.

Bayan harin, Amin ya bayyana a talabijin tare da wasu 'yan tawaye da aka kama. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da ake zargi da kasancewa 'yan gwagwarmaya an kashe su a asirce ko a bainar jama'a, ciki har da Kyaftin Oyile, tsohon Ministan Watsa Labarai Alex Ojera, Picho Ali, da kuma tsohon mataimakin ministan hadin gwiwar jama'a Joshua Wakholi. Gwamnatin Uganda ta fara da cewa Oyile, Ojera da wasu shida sun “gudu daga tsare” maimakon amincewa da cewa an kashe su. Amin ya yi amfani da harin a matsayin wata dama ta hallaka makiyansa na siyasa, ko da kuwa ba su da hannu cikin harin. An kama kuma an kashe daruruwan mutane daga cikin manyan fararen hula. Wadannan kashe-kashen sojojin Military Police, SRC da Public Safety Unit ne suka jagoranta. Daga cikin wadanda aka kashe akwai Benedicto Kiwanuka, wanda Amin ya saki a 1971 kuma ya naɗa a matsayin Babban Mai Shari’a na Uganda.

An samu yawan kashe-kashen masu goyon bayan Uganda People's Congress a yankunan Masaka da Mbarara, kuma da dama daga cikin masu adawa da gwamnati da aka tsare, an kashe su. Yawancin 'yan Uganda sun firgita da yadda aka yi kashe-kashen bayan harin, domin har yanzu suna ganin Amin a matsayin “mai gyara da mai ceton kasa” kamar yadda ya gabatar da kansa a baya. Amin ya umarci kara tsananta korar 'yan asalin Asiya daga Uganda a matsayin martani ga harin, ya kuma tsarkake 'yan sanda da rundunar sojin Uganda daga wadanda ake zargin ba su da amana. An yi batan dabo da wasu jami’an Baganda, yayin da Shugaban ya fito fili yana zagin sojoji Acholi da Langi, yana cewa su “daina ayyukansu marasa kyau.” Harin na 1972 ya zama juyin-juya hali a Uganda, inda mulkin Amin ya fara tsananta fiye da yadda ya ke a baya, yana nuna shakku sosai da kuma halakar da fararen hula ba tare da jin kai ba. Duk da cewa kashe-kashen sun kasance don hana tsoma bakin waje da hana tashe-tashen hankula, hakan ya bata suna da farin jinin gwamnatin. Saboda haka, Amin ya kara jingina da tsoro da danniya wajen ci gaba da mulki. Masani Alicia Decker ta bayyana cewa danniyar ta “ci amanar gwamnatin Amin daga ciki.” Sakamakon korar 'yan Asiya daga Uganda ya kara dagula tattalin arzikin kasar da bata sunanta a duniya. Kimanin 'yan Uganda dubu ashirin ne suka gudu suka koma zama a Tanzaniya.

Ayyukan 'yan tawaye masu adawa da Amin sun ci gaba, kuma Nyerere ya shaida wa 'yan tawayen Uganda cewa za a kyale su su ci gaba da ayyukan adawa da Amin a Tanzaniya duk da yarjejeniyar Mogadishu. Shugaban Tanzaniya ya roki 'yan tawayen da su yi aiki a boye kuma kada su sanar da shi yadda suke gudanar da ayyukansu. Haka kuma Tanzaniya ta ci gaba da kallon Obote a matsayin shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, harin da ya ci tura ya haddasa matsaloli masu tsanani a tsakanin 'yan adawan Amin, inda shugabannin tawaye suka dora wa juna alhakin rashin nasara. Obote bai taba yafe wa Museveni ba saboda rashin tashi yin bore da aka yi tsammani a Mbarara kamar yadda aka ce Museveni ya yi alkawari. A farkon shekarar 1973, Museveni ya sanar da kafa Front for National Salvation (FRONASA), yayin da Obote ya sake tsara dakarunsa na gwagwarmaya. FRONASA, mayakan Obote da wasu kungiyoyin tawaye sun shiga yakin Uganda da Tanzaniya na 1978–79 wanda ya haifar da kifar da Amin daga mulki. Daga bisani, Obote ya dawo mulki a zaben 1980 wanda aka samu sabani akai, wanda hakan ya sa wasu kungiyoyin adawa suka dauki makami. A lokacin yakin da aka fi sani da Ugandan Bush Wa, kungiyar National Resistance Movement ta Museveni ta samu nasara kuma ya zama shugaban kasa a 1986.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Obote, Museveni blame each other for failed 1972 invasion of Uganda". Daily Monitor. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "monitor2" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Isaac Mufumba (15 April 2019). "The killings that turned Amin into a tyrant". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Roberts 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cooper & Fontanellaz 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Avirgan & Honey 1983.
  6. 1 2 Ngoga 1998.
  7. ↑ Otunnu 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Ravenhill 1974.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Seftel 2010.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rice 2009.
  11. 1 2 3 "The failed 1971 guerilla force attack, ex-minister Wakholi disappearance". Daily Monitor. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  12. ↑ Seftel 2010, p. 109.
  13. 1 2 Faustin Mugabe (11 April 2021). "Former minister Wakholi is arrested at Mutukula border". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 3 May 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mugabe" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Faustin Mugabe (14 November 2015). "Ex-minister Ojera taken prisoner after Obote forces are ambushed". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  15. ↑ Kasozi 1994.
  16. ↑ Rice 2003.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Keesing's 1972.
  18. ↑ Seftel 2010, p. 111.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mohr2
  20. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mohr
  21. 1 2 Decker 2010.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named zeit
  23. ↑ "Somalia saves Uganda and Tanzania from going to war". Daily Monitor. 17 December 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2021.

Aiyukan da aka saka

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  1. ↑ The South African magazine Drum reported that the DC-9 was supposed to carry 300 guerrillas,[12] while the Daily Monitor put the number at 100.[1]
  2. ↑ His name was also spelled "Oyire"[18] and "Oyira";[11] he was reportedly Obote's cousin.[17]
  3. ↑ According to Museveni's account, Tito Okello had called for reinforcements before arriving at Kalisizo. He did so using an army radio without changing frequency; Uganda Army members promptly answered, pretending to be insurgents and telling him to move to a certain area to receive ammunition. The Ugandan loyalists then disptached troops to the Lukoma airstrip in the south from where they moved to ambush the eastern rebel convoy.[11]
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