1983-1985 yunwa a Habasha

1983-1985 yunwa a Habasha

Iri	famine (en)
Kwanan watan	1983 –  1985
Ƙasa	Habasha

A cewar Oxfam da Human Rights Watch, Mengistu Haile Mariam ta taimaka wajen shirya manufofi da suka kara tasirin yunwa. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa a Habasha saboda laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa (Derg). Ya zuwa 2018, Mengistu ya zauna a gudun hijira a Zimbabwe .

Wata yunwa da ta yadu ta shafi Habasha daga 1983 zuwa 1985. Mafi munin yunwa da ya mamaye kasar a cikin karni daya, ya shafi mutane miliyan 7.75 (daga cikin miliyan 38-40 na Habasha) kuma ya bar kusan 300,000 zuwa miliyan 1.2 da suka mutu. Mutane miliyan 2.5 ne suka rasa muhallinsu yayin da 'yan gudun hijira 400,000 suka bar Habasha. Kusan yara 200,000 sun kasance marayu.  

A cewar Human Rights Watch, fiye da rabin mutuwarsa za a iya danganta shi da "rashin cin zarafin bil'adama wanda ya haifar da yunwa ta zo da wuri, yajin aiki da karfi kuma ya kara da yadda zai kasance". A cewar Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka, "a cikin fall of 1984, yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar sune Tigray, Wollo, da Eritrea - yankunan da ke da iyakancewar hanyoyi da hanyoyin sufuri. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan yankuna sun kasance wuraren tawaye na dogon lokaci wanda ya haifar da yanayin tsaro mai haɗari". Sauran yankuna na Habasha sun fuskanci yunwa saboda irin waɗannan dalilai, wanda ya haifar le dubban ƙarin mutuwar. Yunwa gabaɗaya ta faru ne shekaru goma cikin Yaƙin basasar Habasha.

Tun daga shekara ta 1991, bayanin da aka fi so game da yunwa ta 1983-1985 shine "yaƙi da fari". A cewar kungiyoyin Human Rights Watch da Oxfam, yunwa da ta mamaye Habasha tsakanin 1961 da 1985, kuma musamman na 1983-1985, an kirkiresu ne da manufofin soja na gwamnati, musamman tsarin da ake kira dabarun yaki da ta'addanci (a kan 'yan tawaye na Tigray People's Liberation Front), da kuma "canjin zamantakewa" a yankunan da ba masu tayar da kayar baya ba (a kan mutanen Lardin Tigray, Lardin Wollo da sauransu).

Tarihi

Abinci (Tushen Makamashi) Waɗannan ƙimar da aka bayar ne, ƙimar cin abinci kusan 60-70% ne na makamashi da aka bayar. Sauran yankuna (Yr 2010): Afirka, yankin Sahara: 2170 kcal / babban birnin / rana N.E. da Arewacin Afirka: 3120 kcal / Babban birnin / rana Kudancin Asiya: 2450 kcal / gari / rana

A duk lokacin feudal, yunwa ta zama ruwan dare a Habasha, musamman a arewa. Har ila yau, yunwa ta cikin gida ta kasance mai yawa amma kuma ba a rubuta ta ba. Mafi sananne shine "Babban Yunwa na Habasha" wanda ya kashe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen Habasha tsakanin 1888 da 1892. A shekara ta 1958, yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000. A shekara ta 1966, yunwa ta kashe 50,000.

A shekarar 1973, fari da kuma korar fursunonin sun haifar da yunwar da ta kashe mutane 40,000 zuwa 200,000 a Wollo, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zanga a babban birnin Addis Ababa, inda matasan Amhara suka yi Allah wadai da yunwar da aka yi watsi da ita. Duk da yunƙurin da aka yi na dakile labarin wannan yunwar, rahotannin da aka fallasa sun taimaka wajen lalata sahihancin gwamnati kuma sun zama wurin taruwa ga masu adawa da ita, wadanda suka yi korafin cewa attajirai da gwamnatin Habasha sun yi watsi da yunwar da kuma mutanen da suka mutu. Sannan a shekarar 1974, wata ƙungiyar sojoji da aka sani da Derg ta hambarar da Haile Selassie . Derg ta magance yunwar Wollo ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Hali (RRC) don bincika musabbabin yunwar da kuma hana sake afkuwarta, sannan ta soke mulkin fursunonin a watan Maris na 1975. Da farko RRC ta sami 'yancin kai daga Derg fiye da kowace ma'aikata, galibi saboda kusancinta da masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen waje da kuma ingancin wasu manyan ma'aikatanta. Sakamakon haka, masu tayar da kayar baya suka fara yaɗuwa zuwa yankunan gudanarwa na ƙasar.

Yunwa

Ana sauke taimakon yunwa daga babbar mota a shekarar 1985

Gundumomi huɗu na Habasha - Gojjam, Hararghe, Tigray da Wollo - duk sun sami ruwan sama mai yawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. A kudu, wani dalili daban kuma na lokaci guda shine martani na gwamnati ga tawaye na Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). A shekara ta 1984, Mengistu Haile Mariam ta ba da sanarwar cewa kashi 46% na Gross National Product na Habasha za a rarraba shi ga kashe kuɗin soja, wanda ya haifar da babbar rundunar sojoji a yankin Sahara na Afirka; rarraba kiwon lafiya a cikin kasafin kudin gwamnati ya fadi daga 6% a 1973-1974 zuwa 3% daga 1990-1991.

Kodayake ana yawan ambaton kimantawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na mutuwar mutum miliyan daya don yunwa ta 1983-1985, masanin yunwa Alex na Waal ya kalubalanci wannan adadi. A cikin wani babban binciken, de Waal ya soki Majalisar Dinkin Duniya saboda kasancewa "mai ban mamaki" game da yawan mutanen da suka mutu, tare da adadi miliyan daya na Majalisar Dinkinobho da ke da "babu wani tushe na kimiyya," gaskiyar da ke wakiltar "rashin muhimmanci da rashin mutunci na masifar ɗan adam. " De Waal ya kiyasta cewa 400,000 zuwa 500,000 sun mutu a cikin yunwa.