1987 Guguwar Teton-Yellowstone
 1987 Guguwar Teton-Yellowstone | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| guguwa | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka | |||
| Kwanan wata | 21 ga Yuli, 1987 | |||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka | |||
| Jihar Tarayyar Amurika | Wyoming | |||
Guguwar Teton–Yellowstone wata mahaukaciyar guguwa ce mai tsayi da ba kasafai ba wacce ta faru a ranar 21 ga Yuli, shekara ta 1987, a cikin jihar Wyoming ta Amurka. [1] [2] An ƙididdige shi a F4 akan ma'aunin Fujita, ya kasance mafi ƙaƙƙarfan guguwa da aka taɓa yi a cikin jihar kuma F4/EF4 kawai a hukumance a tarihin Wyoming. [3] [4] Guguwar ta ratsa cikin 39.2 kilometres (24.4 mi) - tsayi da 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) -fadi na Teton Wilderness da Yellowstone National Park, ƙetare Rarraba Nahiyar. [1] Lalacewa ta afku a tsaunuka masu tsayi daga 8,500 to 10,000 feet (2,600 to 3,000 m), yana mai da shi guguwar tashin hankali mafi tsayi da aka rubuta a Amurka. [2] A lokacin, ita ce guguwa mafi girma da aka sani, tun lokacin da wasu da dama suka zarce, ciki har da guguwar 2004 sama da 12,000 feet (3,700 m) a cikin Sequoia National Park na California. [5] Yayin da ba a sami asarar rayuka ko jikkatar mutane ba, [3] an kiyasta cewa guguwar ta sare bishiyoyi miliyan daya. [6] An yi tunanin lalacewar guguwar ta samo asali ne sakamakon tsawa mai karfi da iska madaidaiciya har sai da Jami'ar Chicago mai tsanani ta nazarin yanayin yanayi Ted Fujita da abokan aikinsa suka yi nazari a yankin, wanda ya buga takarda a 1989 yana nazarin hanyar hadari da kuma tattauna yanayin yanayin yanayi. [1]
Haɓaka guguwa da waƙa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Waƙar guguwar ta fara ne a cikin wani kwari mai nisan 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) zuwa arewa maso gabas na Dutsen Randolph, [1]: 1917 Fujita ya kiyasta guguwar ta fara tasowa ne a 1:28pm MDT. [1]: 1933 Hanyar lalacewa ta zama mai fadi kuma ta kasance mai daidaituwa yayin da ta tuntubi Gravel Ridge, wanda ya haifar da babban yanki na lalacewar bishiyar zuwa arewa maso gabas na tudun. [1]: 1917 Guguwar ta bayyana tana ƙaruwa da sauri, yayin da lalacewar da ta haifar ya ƙaru daga ƙarfin F0 zuwa ƙarfin F4 a ƙasa da 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), an kiyasta a minti uku na lokacin tafiya. An sami wurin kaɗaicin lalacewar F4 a arewacin Gravel Ridge, [1]: 1923 dangane da ƙaramin yanki da mummunar lalacewar bishiya ta shafa: manyan itatuwan spruce Engelmann tsakanin 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in) a cikin diamita an same su an tumɓuke su kuma an cire bawon su, tare da ɓangarorin kututtukan da ba su da tushe da ƙasa mai iska. [1]: 1923 Masanin yanayi Ted Fujita ya lura cewa kawai irin barnar dajin da ya gani hade da guguwar F4 ta kasance a cikin tsaunin Appalachian bayan guguwar Murphy, ta Arewacin Carolina ta 1974 Super Barkewar Cutar . [1]: 1923
Guguwar ta kiyaye F2–F3 tsawon 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), yana haifar da ɓarna mai yawa na lalacewar itace. A wannan lokacin, ta matso kuma ta haye kai tsaye a kan tafkin Enos a cikin gandun daji na Bridger-Teton . [1]: 1917 Wasu gungun ‘yan sansanoni tara da ke kusa da tafkin Enos sun ruwaito cewa, ba su ga gajimare ba, amma guguwar ta taso da sauri kuma “harin kamar jirgin kasa daga nesa” yana tare da duwatsu masu girman girman ’yan wasan golf. Fujita yayi hasashe cewa saboda girman wurin da guguwar ta yi ƙasa da ƙasan gajimare, da ba za a iya ganin gajimare ba. [1]: 1926 Sai guguwar ta gangaro cikin kwarin Pacific Creek kafin ta haura zuwa wani tudu mai tsayi a kusan 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) a cikin girma, raunana sosai. Ya haifar da ƙarin lalacewar bishiya a kan gangaren gangare har sai da ya ketare Rarraba Nahiyar, yana lalata bishiyoyi a tsayin 10,070 feet (3,070 m) . Lalacewar bishiyar ta yi tsanani a wurare da dama. Daga nan sai guguwar ta haye magudanar ruwa na Falcon Creek kafin ta gangaro cikin rafin Yellowstone, a hankali ta yi rauni yayin da ta yi haka. Hanyar lalacewa ta ƙara zama mai sauƙi har sai ta ɓace a gefen gabas mai nisa, [1]: 1917 tare da lissafin lokacin da guguwar ta tashi ya kasance 1:54pm MDT. [1]: 1933
Takaitaccen Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hanyar lalacewar guguwar ta kasance mai tsawon kilomita 24.4, tare da matsakaicin faɗin mil 1.6 (2.5 da matsakaitan faɗin mil 2.4 (3.9 . [1]: 1916-1917 Fujita ya kiyasta tsawon lokacin guguwar a ƙasa a kusan minti 26, [1]:(p1938) tare da saurin gaba na mil 56 a kowace awa (90 km / h). [1] (p1917)
Sakamakon haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babu wadanda suka mutu sakamakon guguwar, kodayake guguwar ta makale mutane goma sha biyu a cikin gida. Ma'aikatan kula da hanya da sauran ma'aikatan tarayya sun yi aiki na makonni don share kusan kilomita 15 na hanyar da bishiyoyin da suka fadi suka toshe, kuma an rubuta jimlar lalacewar a matsayin dala miliyan 2.5. [3]
Bincike da karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan rahoton ranar 23 ga watan Yuli na babban fashewa a cikin Teton Wilderness ta Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka, Fujita ta shirya don binciken sama da yawa ta jirgin saman Cessna na hanyar guguwar, wanda ya haifar da hotuna sama da 1,400 waɗanda suka rubuta kowane itace da ya lalace. Yankin kudancin waƙar kuma an ziyarci shi da ƙafa kuma abokin aikin Fujita Bradley S. Churchill ya ɗauki hoto.[7]
Kashe katako
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin fall of 1987, Sanata na Amurka na Wyoming Malcolm Wallop, Hukumar Fremont County, da kungiyoyin katako sun yi kira ga ikon girbi katako da ya fadi daga hanyar guguwar, suna jayayya cewa ya haifar da barazana saboda haɗarin gobarar daji da kwari kuma zai samar da ma'adinan katako da ke kusa da aiki. Babi na Wyoming na Sierra Club ya yi adawa da shawarar a kan dalilin cewa girbi zai buƙaci mil da yawa na hanyoyin katako ta hanyar jeji kuma zai haifar da haɗari mai haɗari. A ƙarshe, yawancin yankin sun ƙone a cikin Huck Snake River Complex da Mink Creek a lokacin gobarar Yellowstone ta 1988. Kodayake dubban kadada na hanyar fashewar guguwa ba ta shafar ba, ya hana Fujita da abokan aikinsa dawowa don yin binciken daukar hoto na sama da ziyarar shafin. [8][1]: 1938–1939 : 1938–1939
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Fujita, T. Theodore (1989-09-01). "The Teton-Yellowstone Tornado of 21 July 1987". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (9): 1913–1940. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.1913F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1913:TTYTOJ>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493 – via American Meteorological Society. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Fujita" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Edwards, Roger (January 29, 2009). "The Online Tornado FAQ". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Wyoming Climate Atlas". Water Resources Data System & State Climate Office. Wyoming State Climate Office. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2009. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Wyoming Climate Atlas" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Tornado History Project: Maps and Statistics". Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2014.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ Monteverdi, John P.; Edwards, Roger; Stumpf, Gregory J. (2014-11-01). "An Analysis of the 7 July 2004 Rockwell Pass, California, Tornado: Highest-Elevation Tornado Documented in the United States". Monthly Weather Review (in Turanci). 142 (11): 3925–3943. Bibcode:2014MWRv..142.3925M. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00222.1. ISSN 1520-0493. S2CID 120568073.
- ↑ "Tornado Information". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Riverton, WY. NOAA. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ↑ Fujita, T. Theodore (1989-09-01). "The Teton-Yellowstone Tornado of 21 July 1987". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (9): 1913–1940. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.1913F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1913:TTYTOJ>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493 – via American Meteorological Society.
- ↑ Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee (January 25, 1989). "The Greater Yellowstone Fires of 1988: Questions and Answers" (PDF). NPS History Electronic Library & Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2023.