2012 California Shirin 36

2012 California Shirin 36
Bayanai
Kwanan wata	2012

Shirin 36, wanda kuma ake kira A Change in the "Three Strikes Law" Initiative, wani matakin zabe ne na California wanda aka zartar a watan Nuwamba na 2012 don gyara Dokar Yajin aiki Uku ta California (wanda aka zartar da shi a 1994). Dokar ta ƙarshe tana azabtar da masu laifi na yau da kullun ta hanyar kafa karuwar hukunci don laifukan da aka rarraba a matsayin "harin aiki", kuma tana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin hukunci na 25 zuwa rai don "laifuka na uku".

Shirin 36 ya daidaita dokar don haka, don a rarraba shi a matsayin yajin aiki na uku, laifin dole ne ya zama "mai tsanani ko tashin hankali". Wannan sashi mai tsanani ko tashin hankali bai shafi wadanda ake tuhuma da aka yanke musu hukunci a baya kan fyade, kisan kai ko cin zarafin yara ba. Bugu da ƙari, shirin ya kara da tanadi a cikin Dokar Shari'a ta California wanda ya kafa tsarin sake dubawa na hukunce-hukuncen ga mutanen da ke yin hukuncin rai da rai a halin yanzu sakamakon laifuffuka na uku ba tare da tashin hankali ba ko kuma wadanda ba su da tsanani; ya ba da damar kotuna su samar da gajeren hukunci ko saki.

Magoya bayan wannan shawarar sun hada da Steve Cooley, lauyan gundumar LA a lokacin, George Soros, da NAACP. Masu adawa sun hada da Henry T. Nicholas, marubucin Dokar 'Yancin' Yanki ta California, Kungiyar Shugabannin' Yan sanda ta California, da kuma Gidauniyar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Laifi.

An gabatar da shawarar ne a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2012, tare da mutane 8,575,619 (69.3%) suka jefa kuri'a Ee da mutane 3,798,218 (30.7%) suka jefa zabe A'a. Yawancin masu jefa kuri'a ne suka zartar da shi a kowace gundumar.

Tushen zuwa Dokar Kashe Uku

Shirin 36 ya riga ya kasance ta manyan abubuwa biyu tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20: saurin karuwar yawan fursunoni da fadada masana'antar kurkuku masu zaman kansu. Da farko tare da shekarun 1970s, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya sanar da "yaƙin kan kwayoyi," wanda ya haifar da manufofi 'mai tsauri kan aikata laifuka' ta hanyar 'yan siyasa da yawa. Canje-canje sun haɗa da mafi ƙarancin hukunci, hukunci mai tsanani wanda ke hana fursunoni samun salula ko gwaji, da kuma hukunci mai tsauri ga masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a ciki da waje. Babu wani bangare da ke son bayyana "mai laushi a kan aikata laifuka", kuma aikata laifukan kananan laifuka ya ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da yawan fursunoni. Don mayar da martani ga yawan fursunoni masu yawa, masana'antar kurkuku masu zaman kansu ta fadada kusan 1600% tsakanin 1990-2009.

A shekara ta 2011, kamfanonin kurkuku masu zaman kansu suna da alhakin kusan 6% na fursunonin jihar da 16% na fursunoni na tarayya. Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), alal misali, a cikin 2011 ya mallaki kuma yana aiki da wurare 66, kuma ya sami dala biliyan 1.7 a cikin kudaden shiga. Yawan fadada kurkuku masu zaman kansu ya wuce yawan ci gaban gaba a cikin kurkuku. A shekara ta 2015, manyan kamfanonin kurkuku guda biyu sun samo asali ne daga kashi 45 zuwa 50% na kudaden shiga daga kwangilar tarayya kuma suna da karfafawa don kiyaye kurkuku cike.

A sakamakon ci gaba da yaki kan aikata laifuka a cikin shekarun 1990, jihohi da yawa sun zartar da abin da aka sani da dokokin yajin aiki uku. Tsakanin Disamba 1993 da Janairu 1996, jihohi ashirin da hudu sun zartar da irin waɗannan dokoki, waɗanda aka tsara don azabtar da masu aikata laifuka. A karkashin wadannan dokoki, masu laifi da aka yanke musu hukunci na biyu dole ne su sami hukunci sau biyu kamar wanda ya aikata laifi na farko. Mai laifi da aka yanke masa hukunci na uku, ba tare da la'akari da tashin hankali ko tsananin ba, za a yanke masa hukuncin kisa na shekaru 25 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Wadannan dokoki sun iyakance ikon alƙalai na yin amfani da hankali yayin da suke yanke wa masu aikata laifuka da yawa hukunci kuma suna buƙatar dogon lokaci har ma da laifuka marasa ƙarfi. Mutanen da ke da launi sun sha wahala sosai saboda yawan fursunoni har ma da ƙananan laifuka. A cikin 2016 Amurka tana da 5% na yawan jama'a a duniya da 25% na fursunonin duniya.

An zartar da Dokar Strike Uku ta farko a Jihar Washington, tare da goyon baya mai yawa daga masu jefa kuri'a. An danganta shi da fushin jama'a game da kisan Diane Ballasiotes, wanda Gene Kane Jr., wanda ya tsere daga aikin Seattle ya sace, ya yi wa fyade, kuma ya yi masa mummunan rauni. Irin wannan fushi a California ya tashi game da kisan Kim Reynolds da Polly Klaas, dukansu biyu an kashe su da masu aikata laifuka. California kuma ta zartar da dokar yajin aiki uku.

Dokokin yajin aiki uku sun wakilci rashin gamsuwa da jama'a game da manufofin jihohi game da masu aikata laifuka. Bincike ya nuna cewa damuwar jama'a tana da alaƙa da tsoro game da barazanar da ke da alaƙa ti aikata laifuka, barazanar ta jaddada ta hanyar 'yan siyasa da ke neman goyon baya don sake zaben, da kuma ra'ayi cewa kotuna ba su magance shi yadda ya kamata ba. Yawancin mutane suna jin tsoron aikata laifuka wanda ba ya da alaƙa da haɗarin su. Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam Zimring da Hawkins sun ba da shawarar cewa mutane suna motsawa su kare kansu da al'ummominsu daga barazana kuma ta haka ne suna tallafawa hukunci mai tsanani. Har ila yau, ana motsa mutane su azabtar da masu laifi saboda halayyar karya doka tana haifar da barazana ga haɗin kai na al'umma; azabtarwa ta sake tabbatar da darajar zamantakewa da wajibin yin biyayya da dokokin zamantakewa.