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2015 Kudu maso gabashin Asiya haze

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Infotaula d'esdeveniment2015 Kudu maso gabashin Asiya haze

Iri crisis (en) Fassara
Kwanan watan 28 ga Yuni, 2015 –
Wuri Indonesiya
Maleziya
Singapore
Thailand
Ƙasa Vietnam

Hazo na 2015 Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ya kasance rikicin gurbacewar iska da ya shafi kasashe da dama a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ciki har da Brunei, Indonesia (musamman tsibiranta na Sumatra da Borneo), Malaysia, Singapore, kudancin Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia da Philippines.

Hatsarin ya shafi Indonesia daga akalla karshen watan Yuni,[1] zuwa karshen watan Oktoba, wanda zai zama matsala ta kasa da kasa ga sauran kasashe a watan Satumba. Wannan shi ne sabon abin da ya faru na hazo na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, batu na dogon lokaci wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsanani a kowane lokacin rani a yankin. Gobarar dazuzzukan ta samo asali ne sakamakon yadda ake kashe mutane da kone-kone, musamman a tsibirin Sumatra da Kalimantan na Indonesiya, wanda kuma ya bazu cikin sauri a lokacin rani.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2015, Hukumar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Indonesiya ta bayyana cewa larduna shida na Indonesiya sun ayyana dokar ta baci saboda hazo; waɗannan sune Riau, Jambi, Kudancin Sumatra, Yammacin Kalimantan, Tsakiyar Kalimantan da Kudancin Kalimantan. [10] A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, Gwamnatin Indonesia ta sake ayyana dokar ta baci a Riau, a wannan lokacin.[11] Dubban mazauna Pekanbaru, babban birnin Riau, sun gudu zuwa biranen da ke kusa da Medan da Padang . [12] A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) ya kai rikodin rikodin 1801, wanda aka rubuta a lardin Kalimantan ta Tsakiya. [13][14]

Fiye da mutane miliyan 28 a Indonesia kadai sun kamu da matsalar, kuma fiye da 140,000 sun bayar da rahoton cutar numfashi.[15][16] Dangane da binciken Jami'ar Harvard-Columbia na 2016, hawan ya haifar da ƙarin Mutuwa sama da 100,000, mafi yawansu (> 90,000) a Indonesia.[17] Amma daga baya, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Indonesia, Singapore da Malaysia sun karyata da'awar.[18] Hawan da gobarar daji ta Indonesiya ta haifar an nuna ya kara cututtukan da suka shafi hawan, kamar cututtukani na numfashi na sama da cututtukatattun cututtuka, a Singapore.[19]

Gwamnatin Indonesiya ta yi kiyasin cewa rikicin hazo zai janyo mata asarar tsakanin rupiah tiriliyan 300 zuwa 475 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 35 ko kuma dalar Amurka biliyan 47 don shawo kan matsalar.[20] An aiwatar da rufe makarantu saboda hazo a Indonesia, Malaysia da Singapore; wadannan sun shafi dalibai kusan miliyan hudu a Malaysia kadai.[21] Daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo cikas ko kuma aka soke su saboda hazo sun hada da gasar cin kofin duniya ta Swimming World Cup na shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Singapore da kuma Marathon Kuala Lumpur a Malaysia.

Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a Sumatra da Kalimantan a kwanakin karshe na watan Oktoban 2015 ya rage girman girma da yawan gobara, da kuma inganta yanayin iska a mafi yawan yankunan da abin ya shafa.[22][23][24][25] Bi da bi, NEA ta Singapore ta daina ba da shawarwarin hazo daga 15 ga Nuwamba 2015.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Hoton tauraron dan adam na NASA wanda ke nuna girman hawan a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2015.

Indonesia ta yi gwagwarmaya shekaru da yawa don hana gobarar daji, musamman a tsibirin Sumatra da Borneo. A watan Satumbar 2014, Indonesia ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar ASEAN kan gurɓataccen Haze na Ƙasashen Ƙasashen . Ita ce kasa ta karshe ta ASEAN da ta yi hakan.[26] Yarjejeniyar ta yi kira ga Indonesia da ta dauki matakai don warware matsalar ta hanyar kokarinta ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta fuskanci matakin shari'a bisa ga tasirin haze a kan makwabtanta na kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[27] A cikin 2014, Singapore ta kuma zartar da dokoki da ke ba ta damar gurfanar da mutane da kamfanonin da ke ba da gudummawa ga haze.[28] A farkon watan Agusta 2015, kodayake Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, da Vietnam sun hadu don tattauna matsalar hauka, Indonesia ba ta shiga tattaunawar ba.[29]

Kamfanoni da manoma ne ke haifar da gobarar ta hanyar yin ƙulle-ƙulle a matsayin hanya mara tsada don share ƙasarsu daga ciyayi da ba a so. Sumatra da Kalimantan suna da manyan yankuna na ƙasa, wanda ke ƙonewa sosai a lokacin rani. Peat, wanda ya kunshi matattun ciyayi da sauran kwayoyin halitta, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin carbon saboda yawan sinadarin. da abun ciki na carbon. Hatsarin ya yi muni sosai a shekarar 2015 saboda bala'in El Niño, wanda ya haifar da bushewar yanayi, wanda ya sa gobarar ta kara yaduwa.[30]

Binciken da aka buga a cikin Wasiƙun Binciken Muhalli ya bayyana cewa 59% na hayakin wuta a Sumatra da 73% a Kalimantan sun samo asali ne daga "yanayin katako da Man dabino na waje".[31] Masu fafutukar kare hakkin muhalli sun kara da cewa ayyukan man dabino har yanzu suna da hannu a cikin konewa. Da farko, share ƙasa ta hanyar ƙonewa yana da arha kuma kamfanoni galibi suna zaɓar shi fiye da kowane hanyar share ƙasa. Abu na biyu, yawancin kamfanoni suna so su guji kashe kuɗi a kan sake dasa bishiyoyi. Duk wani kamfani wanda ya sami lasisi don filayen gandun daji dole ne ya sake dasa su daga asusun da gwamnati ta bayar.[32] Yawancin kamfanoni ba sa sake dasa su, kuma don kauce wa ganowa, suna ƙone ƙasar. Na uku, kamfanoni suna farfado da gonakin dabino ta hanyar yankewa ko ƙone tsoffin itatuwan dabino waɗanda ba su da amfani. Dokar ta tanadi cewa dole ne a yi irin wannan konewa a kan gado na kankare don kauce wa yada wuta, amma don rage farashi, yawancin kamfanoni ba sa yin hakan.[32]

Kasashen da abin ya shafa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akalla kasashe shida daga cikin kasashe goma na yankin ASEAN ne hazo ya shafa: kudancin Thailand, Vietnam, [33][34] kuma galibin sassan Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, da Singapore.[35] Hatsarin da ke shafar Cambodia da Cebu a Philippines ana kuma zargin cewa ya taso ne daga Indonesiya maimakon majiyoyin gida.[29][36]

A ranar 29 ga Satumba 2015, IBTimes ta buga hotuna masu ma'amala kafin da bayan da suka nuna raguwar ganuwa a Singapore da Indonesia saboda hazo.[37]

Cibiyar tattara bayanai ta Global Fire Emissions Database ta ba da rahoton cewa gobarar Indonesiya ta 2015 ta haifar da kusan tan miliyan 600 na iskar gas, adadin da aka kwatanta da 'kwatankwacin abin da Jamus ke fitarwa duk shekara'. NASA ta ce rikicin hazo na 2015 zai iya zama mafi muni da aka samu a yankin, mai yiwuwa ya zarce rikicin 1997, wanda aka kiyasta ya kashe dalar Amurka biliyan tara.

Brunei

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hayaki daga gobarar daji a Kalimantan, wanda iska ta kudu maso yamma ta hura, ya kawo yanayin hazo ga Brunei.[38] Wani mai hasashen aiki a Sashen Meteorological na Brunei, Nurulinani Haji Jahari, ya ce guguwa mai tsanani ba zai yi komai ba don sauƙaƙa yanayin hazo saboda har yanzu ana sa ran iskõki na yamma za su ci gaba da kawo ƙarin hayaki daga Kalimantan da Sumatra. A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, Gundumar Tutong ta yi rikodin karatun ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta (PSI) na 68; sannan Belait, tare da 67; Brunei-Muara, tare da 65; da Temburong, tare da 48.[39] Hukumomi sun shawarci jama'ar Bruneian da su sha ruwa mai yawa kuma su nemi taimakon likita idan sun fuskanci alamun da suka shafi hayaki. Hukumomi sun kuma yi gargadi game da duk wani konewa ko wasu ayyukan da zasu iya kara hauka.[39]

Kambodiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Phnom Penh ya sha fama da hazo, kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Cambodia ta yi zargin cewa gobarar da masu shukar suka kunna a Indonesiya na iya zama laifi. Rashin tabbas na tushen ya kasance tun lokacin da Indonesiya ta fitar da wasu bayanan da suka dace.[29]

Indonesia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hatsarin 2015 ya shafi Indonesia daga akalla karshen watan Yuni, tare da gundumar Dumai (a lardin Riau a tsibirin Sumatra) ya ba da rahoton hazo daga 28 ga Yuni.[1] Matsalar ta ci gaba har tsawon watanni[40]

As of 7 October 2015, more than 140,000 Indonesians had reported respiratory illnesses in the haze-affected areas.[15][41] By 15 September 2015, around 25,834 were suffering from respiratory infection, 538 having pneumonia, 2,246 suffering from skin irritation, and 1,656 suffering from eye irritation.[41] The haze blanketing the whole of Sumatra island and parts of Kalimantan hampered tourism, aviation and maritime activities as well as the Indonesian economy.[42][43][44] A state of emergency was declared in the province of Riau, one of the worst-affected by the haze.[11] In Riau's capital, Pekanbaru, authorities ordered the closing of schools to prevent pupils from being exposed to the haze,[45] and thousands were forced to flee the city.[12] Flight cancellations were reported daily in Pekanbaru as well as in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, due to poor visibility.[46]

Hukumar Indonesiya ta Kula da Yanayin yanayi, Climatology da Geophysics, wacce ta yi la'akari da ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta sama da 350 "masu haɗari", ta ruwaito a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2015 cewa ma'aunin a Palangkaraya da ke tsakiyar Kalimantan ya kai 1,986 kuma ma'aunin Pontianak a Yammacin Kalimantan ya kai 706. Waɗannan karatun sun zarce quintuple kuma sun ninka matakin "haɗari" na hukuma, bi da bi. A ƙarshen Satumba, lardin Kalimantan ta Tsakiya ya auna rikodin mafi girma na 2,300 akan PSI na Indonesiya. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, tsakiyar Kalimantan yana ci gaba da fuskantar babban PSI na 1,801, irin wannan helikwafta masu kashe gobara ba su iya yin bama-bamai a wasu wurare saboda ƙarancin gani.[13]

A tsakiyar ƙarshen Oktoba wuraren da ke cin wuta, suna ƙaruwa sosai, har ma sun bazu zuwa Yankin Papua na Indonesia. Satellite na Terra Aqua ya kuma gano wurare masu zafi 63 a Maluku da 17 a Arewacin Maluku. An gano hotspots 1,545 a Indonesia, kodayake ba za a iya tabbatar da ainihin adadin ba saboda hazo da ke rufe yankin ya yi kauri sosai. Tsibirin Nusa Tenggara kuma suna da wurare masu zafi: kusan 67 a Gabashin Nusa Tenggara da 25 a Yammacin Nusa Tenggara . An soke jirage da yawa a Timika, West Papua. Dukkanin tsibirin Moluccas da Sulawesi sun rufe da haushi. A Sulawesi, BPBD, hukumar rage bala'i ta gano kusan wurare 800. Akwai wurare masu zafi 57 a Yammacin Sulawesi, 151 a Kudancin Sulawesi 361 a Tsakiyar Sulawesi, 126 a Kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi, 47 a Gorontalo da 59 a Arewacin Sulawesi. Birnin Palu ya cika da hazo daga Kalimantan da ke kusa, wanda ya haifar da jinkirin jirgin sama.

Ƙayyadadden ganuwa saboda hayaki a Aceh, Sumatra, 24 ga Oktoba 2015

A cikin Java, gobarar daji ta ƙone a Yammacin Java da Dutsen Merapi, Tsakiyar Java. Wutar daji, wacce ta kama masu tafiya kuma ta kashe akalla bakwai daga cikinsu a Dutsen Lawu a Magetan Regency a Gabashin Java, daga baya an ruwaito cewa wuta ce ta haifar da ita.[47] Wannan lamarin ya sa aka kwashe yankunan yankin. Hawan da ke cikin Palangkaraya ya yi kauri sosai har ya juya iska ta rawaya kuma ya wuce ƙofar 'mai haɗari' sau 10. An katse taron majalisa na shekara-shekara, yayin da hayaki daga waje ya shiga dakin, ya sa dukkan 'yan siyasa su yi amfani da abin rufe fuska da kyallen takarda a cikin dakin.[48][49] Yawancin makarantu a yankin da abin ya shafa an rufe su har sai an kara sanarwa saboda hazo. A Riau da Palembang, an shawarci dalibai su je makaranta sau biyu kawai a mako. Wani lokaci ba su ma zuwa makaranta ba har mako guda saboda hazo, wanda ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin iyaye da jami'an gwamnati. Akalla kamfanoni goma, bakwai daga cikinsu kamfanonin kasashen waje ne, an ayyana su a matsayin manyan wadanda ake zargi da wuta a Sumatra da Kalimantan. Gwamnati ta dakatar da takaddun shaida guda biyu na kamfanoni. Shugaban kasar Indonesia Joko Widodo ya ba da umarnin duk asibitoci da puskesmas (asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma) su kasance a buɗe na awanni 24. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, akwai sabbin wurare masu zafi 825 a Sumatra, tare da ganuwa a Riau ya lalace zuwa mita 50. An soke kusan jirage 66 a Pekanbaru. Da tsakar rana, hawan ya kara muni yayin da iska ta zama rawaya.[50] Gwamnatin Riau, daga baya ta yi sanarwa cewa rikicin haze ya kashe 'yan ƙasarsu sannu a hankali ta hanyar shan su.

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, an ba da rahoton cewa adadin masu fama da matsalar numfashi ya karu zuwa 78,829 a Riau kadai. Mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi fama da tashin hankali da ciwon idanu. Galibin wadanda hatsarin ya kashe dalibai ne da jariran da aka haifa. Wata daliba ‘yar shekara tara da ke aji uku ta mutu sakamakon hayakin kuma likitoci da ma’aikatan jinya da suka yi kokarin ceto yaron sun bayyana cewa huhun yaron ya cika da hayaki. Haka kuma wani jariri dan wata 15 ya rasu a garin Jambi. Hotunan mamacin da aka dauka tare da mahaifiyar jaririn sun yadu a Facebook. [51] Rikicin hazo ya kuma katse binciken da ake yi na neman jirgin Eurocopter EC130 da ya bata tare da mutane biyar a tafkin Toba. Shi dai wanda ya tsira da ransa ya bayyana cewa musabbabin hadarin shi ne hazo.

  1. ↑ "Haze envelopes parts of Riau province in Indonesia". The Straits Times. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  2. ↑ "South-East Asia haze: What is slash-and-burn?". BBC. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  3. ↑ "Haze chokes Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore". BBC. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  4. ↑ "Image of Asia: Wildfires in Indonesia Spread Haze". The Straits Times. The Associated Press. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  5. ↑ Endi, Severianus (10 September 2015). "West Kalimantan on high smog alert". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  6. ↑ "1,500 Soldiers Deployed to Fight Forest Fires in South Kalimantan". Tempo. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  7. ↑ "Land Fires: Thick Haze in Central Kalimantan Capital". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  8. ↑ "379 hot spots detected in South Kalimantan". The Jakarta Post. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  9. ↑ "Police name 126 people as suspects in land fire cases". Antara. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  10. ↑ Oktama, Carla Isati. "Six Provinces Declare State of Emergency as Haze Worsens". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Indonesia declares emergency as brush-fire smoke chokes region". Al Jazeera America. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Jakarta declares emergency in Riau over haze". AsiaOne. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Soeriaatmadja, Wahyudi (2 October 2015). "Thick haze grounds firefighting copters". The Straits Times. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  14. ↑ "Borneo Palangkaraya Air Pollution Break 3000 points!". Marufish World of Disaster Prevention. 24 October 2015.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Southeast Asia's hazardous haze". Al Jazeera. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  16. ↑ "Indonesia needs better aircraft for water-bombing operations". The Straits Times. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  17. ↑ Koplitz et al.: Public health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September–October 2015: demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management strategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure. Environmental Research Letters Vol. 11, No. 9, 2016, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094023.
  18. ↑ "Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia refute study on haze causing 100,000 deaths". Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  19. ↑ Sheldon, Sankaran, Tamara, Chandini (2017). "The Impact of Indonesian Forest Fires on Singaporean Pollution and Health". American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings. 5 (107): 526–529. doi:10.1257/aer.p20171134. PMID 29558063.
  20. ↑ Chan, Francis (11 October 2015). "$47b? Indonesia counts costs of haze". The Straits Times. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  21. ↑ Chan Luo Er, Leong Wai Kit. "Schools to close on Friday due to worsening haze situation: MOE". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  22. ↑ WAHYUDI SOERIAATMADJA (30 October 2015). "Heavy rain clears haze as Jokowi arrives in S. Sumatra". The Straits Times.
  23. ↑ "Rain in Indonesia Dampens Forest Fires That Spread Toxic Haze". The New York Times. 29 October 2015.
  24. ↑ "Hujan 3 Hari Usir Kepekatan Kabut Asap di Sumatera dan Kalimantan". liputan6.com. 30 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "BMKG: Hujan di Kalimantan dan Sumatera Redakan Asap". Tempo Nasional. 28 October 2015.
  26. ↑ "Indonesia Meratifikasi Undang-Undang Tentang Pengesahan Asean Agreement On Transboundary Haze Pollution (Persetujuan Asean Tentang Pencemaran Asap Lintas Batas)" (in Harshen Indunusiya). Ministry of Environment, Indonesia. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  27. ↑ "Image of Asia: Wildfire haze shrouds Indonesia's neighbors". The Associated Press. Kxan. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  28. ↑ "What causes South-East Asia's haze?". News. BBC. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Jonathan Cox (6 October 2015). "Indonesian Haze May be Choking Cambodia". Khmer Times. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  30. ↑ Domínguez, Gabriel (15 September 2015). "Why South-east Asia's haze problem persists". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  31. ↑ Meijaard, Erik (14 September 2015). "Getting the facts right on Indonesia's haze problems". The Jakarta Globe. Today Online. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Arkhelaus Wisnu (16 September 2015). "Former Riau Police Chief Reveals Three Motives for Forest Burning". Tempo. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  33. ↑ Kohilah Sekaran; Syafique Shuib (12 September 2015). "Haze: Netizens from four countries share their gripe". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  34. ↑ "Indonesia forest fires to blame for foggy Ho Chi Minh City: expert". Tuổi Trẻ. 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  35. ↑ "2015 Southeast Asian Haze - Singapore Haze Today". Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  36. ↑ "Philippines suspects week-long haze from Indonesia fires". Agence France-Presse. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  37. ↑ "Singapore and Indonesia haze: Interactive before-and-after photos show dramatically reduced visibility". 29 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  38. ↑ "Brunei haze may last for a week". The Brunei Times. Thai PBS. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Wail Wardi Wasil (15 September 2015). "Hazy conditions to persist in Brunei this week". The Brunei Times/Asia News Network. AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  40. ↑ Nazeer, Zubaidah (9 July 2015). "Haze blankets parts of Sumatra". The Straits Times. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Over 30,000 people affected by haze in Riau, Indonesia". Cihan. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  42. ↑ Hendra Gunawan; Agus Triyono; Noverius Laoli (14 September 2015). "Asap bikin ekonomi ikut menguap" (in Harshen Indunusiya). Kontan.co.id. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  43. ↑ Juwita Trisna Rahayu (11 September 2015). "More Indonesia airports affected by haze from land fires". Antara. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  44. ↑ Havid Vebri (4 September 2015). "BMKG: Asap kebakaran menyelimuti seluruh Sumatera". Antara (in Harshen Indunusiya). Kontan.co.id. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  45. ↑ Dofi Iskandar; Yudi Waldi (14 September 2015). "Sekolah Kembali Diliburkan, Sampai Kondisi Membaik" (in Harshen Indunusiya). Riau Pos. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  46. ↑ M Syukur; Yusron Fahmi (14 September 2015). "Kabut asap batalkan 70 penerbangan di Bandara Sultan Syarif Kasim II" (in Harshen Indunusiya). Liputan 6. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  47. ↑ "Seven Hikers Were Burned To Death In Mount Lawu" (in Harshen Indunusiya). Jawa Pos. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  48. ↑ "Rapat Diganggu Asap, Pj Gubernur Kalteng: Parah, Perlu Bantuan Pusat!". Detik.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  49. ↑ "Kalimantan politicians wear facemasks inside parliament as Palangkaraya suffers in silence". Mongabay.com. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  50. ↑ "Help, Thick Smoke Surrounding Pekanbaru" (in Harshen Indunusiya). Detik.com. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  51. ↑ "Foto Bayi Meninggal Akibat Kabut Asap Ramai di Medsos". Okezone. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
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