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Abd el-Krim

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Abd el-Krim
Murya
President of the Republic of the Rif (en) Fassara

18 Satumba 1921 - 17 Mayu 1926
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Ajdir (mul) Fassara, 12 ga Janairu, 1882
ƙasa Alawi Sultanate (en) Fassara
Republic of the Rif (en) Fassara
Harshen uwa Abzinanci
Mutuwa Kairo, 6 ga Faburairu, 1963
Makwanci Kairo
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi
Ahali M'hammad ibn Abd al-Karim (en) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Al-Attarine Madrasa
Jami'ar al-Karaouine
Universidad de Salamanca (mul) Fassara
Harsuna Abzinanci
Larabci
Yaren Sifen
Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a qadi (en) Fassara, marubuci, mai aikin fassara, ɗan siyasa, ɗan jarida, Mai kare Haƙƙin kai, shugaba da soja
Kyaututtuka
Aikin soja
Digiri captain general (en) Fassara
Ya faɗaci Battle of Annual (en) Fassara
Yakin Rif
Imani
Addini Musulunci

Muḥammad bin ‘Abd al-Karīm al-Khaṭṭābī,{{efn|Larabci|محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي; Si Muhammad n-Si ‘Abd al-Krim n-Si Muhammad n-Si 'Abd al-Krim, wanda aka fi sani da Abd el-Krim (Larabci|عبد الكريم; 1882 ko 1883 – 6 Fabrairu 1963), jagora ne na siyasa da soja daga ƙasar Maroko kuma shugaban Jamhuriyar Rif.[1][2] Shi da ɗan’uwansa M'Hammad sun jagoranci juyin juya hali mai girma da haɗin guiwar ƙabilun Riffian da suka yi fada da kariyar da Sifaniyawa da Faransawa suka shimfiɗa a Rif da sauran sassan Maroko. Dabaran yaƙinsa na guerrilla, wanda suka haɗa da amfani da rami a matsayin dabarar yaƙin zamani karo na farko, sun yi tasiri kai tsaye ga Ho Chi Minh, Mao Zedong da Che Guevara.[3][4] Har ila yau, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabanni na ƙungiyar ƙasar Larabawa (Arab nationalism), wanda ya goyi baya sosai.[5]

Rayuwa ta farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim a shekara ta 1882 a cikin ƙauyen Ajdir, Morocco . [6] Shi ɗan Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi ne, qadi (alƙali na Islama kuma babban shugaban yankin) na dangin Ait Youssef ko Ali (ko Aith Yusif w-'Ari) na kabilar Riffian Ait Ouriaghel . Ait Youssef ko Ali yana daga cikin kashi biyu cikin biyar na Ait Khattab saboda haka nisba al-Khattabi.[7][8][9] Hassan I ne ya ba shi suna qadi a cikin shekarun 1880. [10]

A cikin tarihin Abd el-Krim wanda Jacques Roger-Mathieu ya rubuta, Abd el-Crim ya gano kakanninsa ga wani ubanni mai suna Zar'a wanda ya samo asali ne a Yanbu a cikin Hejaz, na kabilar Larabawa da aka sani da Ouled Si Mohammed ben Abd el-Srim, daga inda Abd el- Krim ya samo sunansa. An yi imanin cewa Zar'a ya yi hijira zuwa Rif kuma ya zauna tsakanin Beni Ouriaghel a karni na 10.

Yawancin marubutan Maroko da Larabawa suna ɗaukar iyalin Abd el-Krim Larabawa ne. Duk da wannan, marubutan Turai kamar su masanin tarihi Germain Ayache da masanin ilimin ɗan adam Robert Montagne [fr] sun tabbatar da cewa dangin Abd el-Krim gaba ɗaya daga asalin Berber ne.[11][12] Asalin Abd el-Krim ba a bayyane yake ba, saboda iyalan Riffian ba su da takardun da suka dace game da asalin su.

A wasu lokuta, Abd el-Krim an danganta shi da kakannin Umar ibn al-Khattab da Idris II, wanda ya kafa birnin Fez. Duk da wannan, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun yi iƙirarin cewa Abd el-Krim "ya kirkiro zuriyar Idrissid" don samun halatta saboda al'adar addinin Maroko. A cewar Mohammed Azarqan, ministan harkokin waje na Jamhuriyar Rif, sunansa ya fito ne daga dangin Aït Khattab na Ait Ouriaghel kuma ba shi da alaƙa da Umar ibn al-Khattab . [11] Masanin tarihi María Rosa de Madariaga ya kuma musanta cewa Abd el-Krim ya fito ne daga zuriyar Sharifian.[7]

A wata hira da ta yi da shi a shekara ta 1952 tare da Akher Saa na mako-mako, Abd el-Krim ya bayyana kansa a matsayin dan kabilar Berber kuma ya bayyana cewa kakanninsa Berbers ne; ya kuma nuna mutanen Berber a matsayin "mutane masu ci gaba, waɗanda suka gaji wayewa da yawa" da kuma cewa "muna magana da Larabci, harshen Alkur'ani, kuma muna fahimtar kanmu a cikin Berber, harshen kakanninku".

Abd el-Krim ya sami ilimin al'ada a wata makarantar gida a Ajdir kuma daga baya ya halarci wata cibiyar a Tetouan.[13][6] A lokacin da yake da shekaru 20, ya yi karatu na shekaru biyu a Fez a Madrasas na Al Attarine da Saffarin kuma daga baya ya shiga matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar al-Qarawiyyin, tsohuwar cibiyar ilimi mafi girma a duniya.[13] Dukansu Muhammad da ɗan'uwansa M'Hammad sun sami ilimin Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya yi karatun injiniyan ma'adinai a Málaga da Madrid. [8] Dukansu suna magana da harshen Mutanen Espanya da Riffian.

Abd el-Krim (hagu) ya nuna yayin da yake aiki a Ofishin Harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar

Bayan karatunsa, Abd el-Krim ya yi aiki a Melilla (wani yanki na Mutanen Espanya daga 1494 zuwa yau) a matsayin malami da mai fassara ga OCTAI, ofishin 'harkokin' na Mutanenalansa, kuma a matsayin ɗan jarida ga jaridar Mutanen Espanya Telegrama del Rif (1906-1915). A cikin 1907, an hayar shi don gyarawa da rubuta labarai a cikin Larabci don El Telegrama del Rif, jaridar yau da kullun a Melilla, inda ya kare fa'idodin Turai - musamman Mutanen Espanya - wayewa da fasaha da kuma damar da suke da ita don inganta tattalin arziki da al'adu na yawan mutanen Maroko. A cikin 1910, Abd el-Krim ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin sakatare-mai fassara a Ofishin Harkokin 'Yan asalin ƙasar a Melilla, wanda ya kawo shi cikin kusanci da ma'aikatan soja na Spain da kuma jama'ar gari kuma ya sami suna don leken asiri, inganci da basira.

Yaƙin Duniya na I

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cell a Kasbah na Chefchaouen, inda aka tsare Abdelkrim a 1916

Abd el-Krim ya shiga gwamnatin Mutanen Espanya da farko a matsayin sakatare a Ofishin Harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma daga baya aka nada shi shugaban qadi na Melilla a shekarar 1915. Ya koyar a makarantar Hispano-Arabic kuma ya kasance edita na sashin Larabawa na jaridar, El Telegrama del Rif .

Kafin da kuma bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na I, an lura da Abd el-Krim a matsayin mai son Jamusanci, yana kare shi bisa ga muhawara da aka kawo daga 'yan jaridar Masar da Turkiyya.[14] Abd-el-Krim ya ba da kansa a matsayin dillali ga Jamusawa don samun lasisin hakar ma'adinai a tsaunukan Beni Uriaguel.[14] Mahaifinsa ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ayyukan Jamus da Turkiyya a Rif.[15]

A tsakiyar rikici, an kama shi. Hukumomin Spain sun nemi faranta wa Faransanci rai, wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa jami'an Jamus sun yi yawo a Melilla, don haka suka ci gaba da jin korafe-korafe da yawa game da Abd el-Krim.[14] Ɗaya daga cikin korafe-korafen ya shafi zargin shiga cikin makirci tare da wakilin Jamus Walter Zechlin (1879-1962).  [ana buƙatar hujja]An tsare shi a kurkuku a Chefchaouen daga 1916 zuwa 1918 amma ya tsere. Samfuri:Fix-spanYa sake dawo da aikinsa a matsayin alƙali a Melilla .

A cikin 1920, Abd el-Krim, tare da ɗan'uwansa, sun fara yaƙin tawaye da mamayar Mutanen Espanya. Manufarsa ita ce ta haɗa kabilun Rif cikin Jamhuriyar Rif mai zaman kanta, don rushe dukkan aikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Spain a Maroko da kuma gabatar da sake fasalin siyasa na zamani.[16]

Jagorancin guerrilla

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abd el-Krim yana hira da Luis de Oteyza don jaridar La Libertad.
Abd el-Krim ya bayyana a mujallar Time a shekara ta 1925.

A shekara ta 1921, sakamakon ƙoƙarin kawar da wani ɗan fashi na gida, Ahmed er Raisuni, sojojin Sifaniya suka kusanci yankunan Rif da ba a mamaye ba. Abd-el-Krim ya aika da gargaɗi ga kwamandan su, Janar Manuel Fernández Silvestre, cewa idan sojojin suka ketare Kogin Ameqqran, zai ɗauka hakan a matsayin matakin yaƙi. An ce Silvestre ya yi watsi da gargaɗin, kuma ba da jimawa ba ya ketare kogin da mutane 60,000 ya kafa sansanin soja a ƙasan tsaunukan Abarran. A watan Yunin 1921, wata runduna ta Riffian ta kai farmaki ga wannan sansanin, inda suka kashe 179 daga cikin akalla sojojin Sifaniya 250 da ke wurin. Ba da daɗewa ba, Abd el-Krim ya umarci dakarunsa su kai hari ga sansanin sojojin Sifaniya da ke Anwal, kuma sun yi nasara sosai. A yayin harin, Janar Silvestre, shugaban sojojin Sifaniya, ya kashe kansa da zarar ya ga cewa shan kaye ba zai kau ba. A cikin makonni uku na faɗa mai zafi, sojojin Sifaniya da na mulkin mallaka 13,000 sun mutu. Babban nasarar Riffian ta tabbatar da Abd el-Krim a matsayin ƙwararren jagoran yaƙin guerrilla, kuma shugaban Jamhuriyar Rif. Daga watan Yuli, sauran sojojin Sifaniya 60,000 da ba a kashe ko kama ba sun gudu zuwa gabar teku, cikin Melilla, bayan sun sha kaye daga rundunar Riffian da ke da dakarun 30,000.

Babban kaye da sojojin Sifaniya suka sha a Anwal da kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan Sifaniya a Monte Arruit ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin mayar da Sifaniya kan turbar da ta bi tun da fari, kuma abin da aka kira "kasada ta Afirka" ya koma "rudani" ko "ƙari" na Maroko. Juyin mulki da Miguel Primo de Rivera ya jagoranta ya kafa mulkin kama karya a Sifaniya a watan Satumbar 1923.

Daga shekara ta 1924, sojojin Sifaniya sun ja da baya saboda ci gaba da shan kaye a hannun Abd el-Krim, sun koma garuruwa uku da ke kan gabar Maroko: Tetouan, Ceuta da Melilla (biyu daga cikin su har yanzu ƙarƙashin ikon Sifaniya suke). Bayan Abd el-Krim ya mamaye Maroko da Faransawa suka kafa a watan Afrilun 1925 kuma ya kai har Fez, gwamnatin Faransa ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi don dakile tawayen. A shekara ta 1925, bayan taro da Sifaniya a Madrid, Faransa ta aika da babban rundunar soja ƙarƙashin Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain zuwa Maroko, inda ta haɗu da rundunar sojan Sifaniya, da jimillar dakarun fiye da 250,000, tare da jiragen sama da manyan bindigogi, suka fara ayyukan yaƙi da Jamhuriyar Rif. Daga watan Satumba 1925, rundunar Sojan Afrika na Sifaniya, tare da goyon bayan rundunar haɗin gwiwar Sifaniya da Faransa, suka sauka a gabar Alhucemas, wadda ba ta da nisa da Axdir—tsohuwar garin haihuwa da babban birnin Abd-el-Krim—yayinda wasu rundunoni daga kudu suka nufi tsakiyar yankin da aka yi tawayen Rifian.

Faɗa mai zafi ya ɗauki watanni goma, amma daga ƙarshe rundunar haɗin gwiwar Faransa da Sifaniya, waɗanda suka yi amfani da bom ɗin sinadarai a kan al'umma da kuma sauran makamai, sun kayar da dakarun Abd el-Krim kuma suka haddasa mummunan illa ga al'ummar Berber. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 1926, Abd el-Krim ya miƙa wuya ga Faransawa a hedikwatarsa da ke Targuist (Targist).

Gudun Hijira

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abd el-Krim yana hawa jirgin kasa a Fes cikin hanyarsa ta gudun hijira

Bayan ya mika wuya, Abd el-Krim an yi masa gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin Réunion (wurin mallakar Faransa a Tekun Indiya) daga shekarar 1926 zuwa 1947, inda aka ba shi “fada mai jin dadi da tallafin shekara-shekara mai yawa”, kafin a kai shi Cairo.[17] A lokacin gudun hijira, ya ci gaba da sukar yammacin duniya da kakkausar murya, kuma ya dage wajen hana tasirin yammacin duniya shiga cikin al'adun Maroko.

Abd el-Krim ya goyi bayan manufofin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa ta Larabawa. A lokacin yakin Indochina na Faransa daga 1946 zuwa 1954, ya yi mu'amala da Ho Chi Minh kuma ya roki sojojin Arewacin Afirka da ke bautawa Faransa su sauya gefe zuwa Viet Minh. Ya ƙarfafa 'yan tawayen Algeria na Ƙungiyar ’Yantar da Ƙasa daga 1954 zuwa 1962.[18] Abd el-Krim ya bayyana Maghreb a matsayin "wanda ya kasance saboda Musulunci" kuma ya gan shi a matsayin yanki na Larabawa da Musulmi wanda “ba zai iya rabuwa da kasashen Larabawa ba”.[19]

A shekarar 1947, an ba Abd el-Krim izinin komawa kudu na Faransa bayan an sako shi saboda rashin lafiya; sai dai yayin da ake jigilar sa, 'yan kishin kasa na Maroko suka kubutar da shi daga hannun Faransa suka kuma kai shi Cairo. A can ne ya samu “tarba irin ta gwarzo” a matsayin muhimmin mutum a fafutukar yancin Larabawa daga mulkin mallaka na Turai, kuma aka wallafa labarinsa a jaridun duniya, wanda hakan ya kara jawo hankalin duniya kan fafutukar Maroko don samun 'yanci.[20] An naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin ’Yantar da Maghreb na Larabawa.[21] An kafa wannan kwamiti a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1948 da Abd el-Krim a matsayin shugaba, inda kundinsa ya bayyana cewa “Maghreb ta rayu tare da Musulunci kuma za ta ci gaba da rayuwa da Musulunci, har abada kuma ɓangare ce da ba za a raba ta da Duniya ta Larabawa ba, kuma haɗin kai da ƙungiyar Larabawa abu ne na dabi’a kuma buƙata ce.”[22]

Gudun hijirar Abd el-Krim zuwa Masar ya ja hankalin duniya kan fafutukar samun 'yancin Maroko, inda ya nuna tsananin adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma rawar da birnin Cairo ke takawa a matsayin cibiyar fafutukar kasa da kasa. Wannan kubuta tasa ya nuna yadda ’yan Maroko ke da ƙwazo da jajircewa wajen neman yanci, kuma ya taimaka wajen samun goyon bayan gida da na duniya, wanda hakan ya ƙara haɗa mutane da ƙungiyoyi masu ra’ayoyi iri-iri cikin wannan gagarumar fafutuka. Wannan lamari ya ƙara nuna muhimmancin jarumta da mashahuran shugabanni wajen haɗa jama'a don wani buri na ƙasa da kuma amfani da kafafen duniya wajen isar da sakonsu.[23]

Bayan Maroko ta samu 'yanci a 1956, Mohammed V ya gayyace shi da ya dawo Maroko. Sai dai ya ƙi dawowa matuƙar har sojojin Faransa na nan a ƙasar Afirka ta Arewa.[21] A ranar 20 ga Satumba 2023, Aicha El Khattabi, diyar marigayi Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi, ta rasu tana da shekaru 81 a Casablanca.[24][25] An yi jana'izarta kwana biyu bayan haka a ranar Juma'a, kuma Prince Moulay Rachid ya halarta.[26] An binne gawarta a makabartar Errahma, bayan sallar Jumu'a da sallar jana’iza.[27]

Mutuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya rasu a shekarar 1963, jim kaɗan bayan ya ga burinsa na ganin yankin Maghreb ya samu 'yanci daga Turawan mulkin mallaka ya cika bayan samun 'yancin Algeria.[17]

Iyali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abd el-Krim yana da 'ya'ya maza shida da mata biyar daga mata biyu daban-daban.[28][29]

Girmamawa da Lambar Yabo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  •  Spain:
    • 85px Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain; Gimbiya ta Kross; 1910)
    • 85px Cross of Military Merit (Spain; Babban Kross - Kyautar Ja; 1910)
    • 85px Cross of Military Merit (Spain; Babban Kross - Kyautar Fari; 1910)
    • 85px Medalla de África (Spain; Lambar yabo; 1910)
    • 85px Medalla de la Paz de Marruecos (Spain; Lambar yabo; 1910)
  •  Tunisia:
    • 85px Order of the Republic of Tunisia (Tunisia; Babban Kross; 1960)

Majiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Asprey, R.B. (2002) War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History, iUniverse Publishing. ISBN 0595225942.
  • Boyd, C. (1979) Praetorian Politics in Liberal Spain, University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ISBN 0807813680.
  • Carr, R. (1980) Modern Spain: 1875-1980, Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 0192158287.
  • Castro, F., Ramonet, I. & Hurley, A. (2008) Fidel Castro: My Life: a Spoken Autobiography, Scribner: New York. ISBN 978-1-4165-5328-1.
  • Cowley, R. & Parker, G. (eds.) (1996) The Reader's Companion to Military History, Houghton Mifflin: Boston. ISBN 9780395669693.
  • Er, Mevliyar (2015), "Abd-el-Krim al-Khattabi: The Unknown Mentor of Che Guevara", Terrorism and Political Violence, 27 (5): 137–159, doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.997355, S2CID 145622371ISBN 978-0816504527.
  • Keegan, J. & Wheatcroft, A. (2014) Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day, Routledge Publishing: New York. ISBN 1136414169.
  • Pennell, C.R. (2004). "Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. BRILL. ISBN 9004139745.
  • Pierson, Peter. (1999) The History of Spain, Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut. ISBN 978-0-313-30272-5.
  • Roger-Mathieu, J., ed. (1927), Abdelkrim, Mémoires d'Abd el Krim (in Faransanci), Paris: Librairie des Champs Elysées
  • Ruedy, John (1996), Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-16087-9
  • Tahtah, M (1999), Entre pragmatisme, réformisme et modernisme: Le rôle politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'à 1926 (in Faransanci), Leuven: Peeters
  • Hart, David Montgomery (1976). The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816504527.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Montagne, Robert (1947). "Abd el Krim". Politique étrangère. 12 (3): 301–324. doi:10.3406/polit.1947.5495.
  2. ↑ Pennell 2004, p. 634.
  3. ↑ Castro, Fidel; Ramonet, Ignacio. Fidel Castro: My Life - A Spoken Autobiography. Translated by Hurley, Andrew. p. 680.
  4. ↑ Er 2015, pp. 1-23.
  5. ↑ Heptulla, Najma (1991). Indo-West Asian Relations: The Nehru Era (in Turanci). Allied Publishers. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-7023-340-4.
  6. 1 2 Tahtah 1999.
  7. 1 2 de Madariaga, María Rosa (2021). "La figure d'Abdelkrim Al Khattabi à la hauteur de notre temps". NAQD (in Faransanci). Hors-série 5 (1): 15–24. doi:10.3917/naqd.hs5.0015. ISSN 1111-4371.
  8. 1 2 Hart 1976
  9. ↑ Miège, J.-L. (1984-11-01). "'Abd el-Krim". Encyclopédie berbère (in Faransanci) (1): 73–77. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1231. ISSN 1015-7344.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":1".
  11. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  12. ↑ Montagne, Robert (1947). "Abd el Krim". Politique étrangère. 12 (3): 301–324. doi:10.3406/polit.1947.5495.
  13. 1 2 Roger-Mathieu 1927.
  14. 1 2 3 Sánchez Pérez 1973.
  15. ↑ La Porte 2017.
  16. ↑ Ruedy 1996.
  17. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Pierson".
  18. ↑ Martel, Gordon (2012-01-17). The Encyclopedia of War, 5 Volume Set (in Turanci). John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4051-9037-4.
  19. ↑ Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2021-06-10). The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East (in Turanci). Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-108-95211-8.
  20. ↑ Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-5036-0900-6. OCLC 1082294927.
  21. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "EB".
  22. ↑ بوسيافة, رشيد ولد; السياسات, المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة (2021-01-01). جامعة الدول العربية وحركات التحرر في المغرب العربي: 1962- 1952 (الجزائر أنموذجًا) (in Larabci). المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. p. 51. ISBN 978-614-445-408-4.
  23. ↑ Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 53–84. ISBN 978-1503608115.
  24. ↑ Ntungwabona, Ahmed (23 September 2023). "King Mohammed VI Extends Condolences to Family of Late Aicha El Khattabi". Morocco World News. p. 1. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  25. ↑ "Au Maroc, disparition de Aïcha El Khattabi, fille d'Abdelkrim – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in Faransanci). 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  26. ↑ "Late Aïcha El Khattabi Was a Patriot Viscerally Attached to Constants of the Kingdom (Associative Actors) | MapNews". www.mapnews.ma. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  27. ↑ "Funeral in Casablanca of Late Aïcha El Khattabi, in Presence of Prince Moulay Rachid – The North Africa Post" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  28. ↑ "الاستاذ المحاسب المرحوم حسن وصفي محمد وصفي". Al Ahram. 11 November 2001. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  29. ↑ "الاميرة[[:Samfuri:Rlm]]/[[:Samfuri:Rlm]] مني محمد عبد الكريم الخطابي". Al Ahram. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2017. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  30. "Cien años de 'El desastre de Annual' (VII): Abd el-Krim, de estudiante en Salamanca a caudillo rifeño". El Cierre Digital. 28 July 2021.
  31. "Abd el-Krim: el oscuro pasado de amor a España que avergonzó al diablo del Rif". ABC. 21 May 2020.
Bibliography

Ƙara karatu

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Mahaɗa

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