Abdullahi dan Fodio

Abdullahi dan Fodio
sultan (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Gobir, 1767
ƙasa	Najeriya
Ƙabila	Mutanen Fulani
Mutuwa	1828
Makwanci	Gwandu
Ƴan uwa
Yara	view Muhammad Wani
Ahali	Usman Dan Fodiyo
Karatu
Harsuna	Hausa
Malamai	Usman Dan Fodiyo Jibril ibn Umar (en)
Ɗalibai	view Muhammadu Bello
Sana'a
Sana'a	Ulama'u, maiwaƙe, grammarian (en) da masana
Imani
Addini	Mabiya Sunnah

Abdullahi ɗan Fodio ⓘ ( Arabic  ; kimanin 1766–1828), fitaccen malamin Musulunci ne, masanin shari'a, mawaƙi, masanin nahawu, kuma masanin tauhidi, kuma Amirul Gwandu na farko (r. 1812–1828) kuma Wazirin Sokoto na farko (Babban Vizier na Sokoto). Ɗan'uwansa, Usman ɗan Fodio (1754–1817) shi ne wanda ya kafa Khalifancin Sakkwato . Usman, kasancewarsa malami fiye da ɗan siyasa, ya miƙa mulkin yammacin daularsa ga Abdullahi, sannan yankin gabas ga ɗansa Muhammed Bello, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Sokoto bayan mahaifinsa.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Abdullahi ɗan Fodio a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen Maganimi a shekara ta 1766.  : 5 Mahaifinsa, Muhammad bin Uthman, malamin Islama ne na gida (mallam), marubuci, kuma shugaban addini na al'ummarsa. Kwarewar Muhammadu a fannin Shari'ar Musulunci ya ba shi laƙabi na Fulani Fodiye (Fodio a cikin Hausa), wanda aka samo daga Larabci Faqīh (mai shari'a).  : 3 Mahaifiyarsa Hauwa bint Muhammad ta fito ne daga dangin da aka sani da ilmantarwa. Iyalin Hauwa sun yi iƙirarin zuriya daga Annabi Muhammadu ta hanyar Maulay Idris I na Maroko. : 4 : 4 

Ba kamar ɗan'uwansa da sauran danginsa ba, waɗanda suke da "ƙananan jiki" kuma suna da fata mai haske, an bayyana Abdullahi a al'adance a matsayin "tsawo, mai ƙiba da baƙar fata".: 30 

Ilimi

Malamin farko da aka sani na Abdullahi shine mahaifiyarsa, Hauwa, wanda ya koya masa ka'idodin Islama. Mahaifinsa daga baya ya zama malaminsa na farko. Wataƙila binciken Abdullahi na Islama ya fara ne tun yana ɗan shekara 5, kuma a lokacin da ya kai shekara 13, an ruwaito cewa ya riga ya haddace Alkur'ani. : 37 : 6 : 6 

Daga baya, babban ɗan'uwansa Usman ya ɗauki matsayin malaminsa, yana ba da ƙarin batutuwa masu ci gaba a cikin Islama, kamar Tauhid, Sufism da Mantiq . Usman ya ci gaba da gabatar da shi ga waƙoƙin Islama, gami da ayyukan kamar waƙoƙun Mu'allaqat, waɗanda ke da tasiri sosai a rubuce-rubucen Abdullahi na baya. Usman ya kuma mayar da hankali kan koyar da Shari'a ko dokar Islama, tare da mai da hankali kan Makarantar Maliki. Tare, sun yi nazarin mahimman matani na makarantar kamar Mukhtasar al-Akhdari na al-Aikhdari, da Al-Risalah . Abdullahi ya koyi harshe na Larabci daga ayyukan masanin harshe na Maroko Ibn Ājurrūm, da sauran ayyukan kamar Qatr al-nada da Shudhur al-dhahab dukansu sun rubuta ta masanin ilimin Masar Ibn Hisham. : 6 :: 162  Usman ya kuma gabatar da Abdullahi ga lissafin farko.

Abdullahi na dangin Torodbe Fulani ne, wadanda aka sani da ilimin Islama a Yammacin Afirka. Wasu daga cikin sanannun malamansa sun hada da kawunsa Muhammad ibn Raji da Abdullah ibn Muhammad Thanbu, da kuma wasu malaman kamar Muhammad al-Firabri, Muhammad al-Buttugha, Mahmud Bazanfare, Muhammad al-Maghuri, da kuma mai tasiri amma mai rikitarwa al-Hajj Jibril ibn Umar na Agades . Shi da kansa daga baya ya zama malami kuma wasu daga cikin ɗalibansa sun haɗa da ɗan'uwansa, Muhammad Bello, al-Mustafa b. Muhammad (mahaifin Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa), da Modibbo Raji, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara al'adar malaman Islama ta Adamawa. : 86 : 86 

Tafiya ta wa'azi

A farkon shekarunsa, Abdullahi ya fara tafiya tare da ɗan'uwansa Usman a kan yawon shakatawa a fadin Hausaland. Wa'azin Usman da farko sun yi niyya ne ga ayyukan addini waɗanda ya yi imanin sun karkatar da koyarwar Musulunci mai tsarki. Usman ya gabatar da wa'azinsa a cikin Hausa da Fulfulde, wani lokacin yana haɗa shayari a matsayin hanyar sadarwa. Kwarewar wa'azi ta farko ta Abdullahi ta faru ne a garinsu na Degel . Tafiya ta farko a waje da Gobir ta kasance zuwa Masarautar Kebbi da ke kusa, kuma tare da ɗan'uwansa. Wadannan yawon shakatawa sun kara sunansu a yankin, suna jawo baƙi zuwa Degel waɗanda suke da sha'awar jin wa'azin su. : 40–48 

Wa'azin Usman sau da yawa suna jan hankalin maza da mata, wanda ya haifar da jita-jita cewa tarurrukansa suna ƙarfafa haɗuwa da lalata. A lokacin daya daga cikin yawon shakatawa a shekara ta 1786, a wani yanki da ake kira Daura a gabashin Bakura, wani masanin da ake girmamawa daga Bornu mai suna al-Mustafa Gwani ya rubuta "mafi kaifi" yana zargin su da ba da izinin irin wannan hali.  : 43 Ko da yake zargi yafi mayar da hankali ga Usman, ya umarci Abdullahi, wanda ke da shekaru 20, ya rubuta amsar. A ciki, Abdullahi ya yarda cewa haɗuwa da maza da mata a laccocin Shehu "mugunta ce", amma ya yi jayayya cewa ƙaramin mugunta ne fiye da barin mata marasa ilimi. : 40-43 A cikin kalmominsa:

Mugun barin mata cikin jahilci, ba tare da sanin abin da ke kan su ba, a'a, ba tare tare da sanin Islama ba kwata-kwata, ya fi mugunta na haɗuwa da maza, domin mugunta ta farko tana da alaƙa da addini, wanda shine bangaskiya, Islama da Ayyuka masu kyau, kuma mugunta ta biyu tana da alaƙar asalin asali. : 87–88 : 87–88 

Yaƙin Tabkin Kwotto

Babban yaƙin farko na jihadi shine Yaƙin Tabkin Kwotto na 1804. Kafin wannan yaƙin, akwai rikice-rikice da hare-hare da yawa tsakanin masu jihadi da Gobirawa a kewayen da kewayen kwari. : 24-26 A watan Yunin 1804, Yunfa ya tara sojoji kuma ya yi tafiya a kan Gudu, ya kori ƙauyen. Koyaya, Abdullahi, a matsayin Waziri na Usman, ya umarci sojojin jihadi kuma ya kwashe sansanin kafin harin bayan da masu ficewa daga sojojin Yunfa suka yi gargadi game da kwanton bauna mai zuwa. Sojojin Gobir sun kama 'yan kalilan da suka rage. Abdullahi ya yi wa Gobirawa inuwa, yana ƙoƙari ya ja hankalin su cikin yaƙi a kan ƙasar da ya zaɓa, amma sau da yawa sun guje wa shiga kai tsaye. : 87–88 : 87–88 

A cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta yaƙi da yanke layin janyewar jihadi, Yunfa ya jagoranci sojojinsa a yammacin matsayinsu kuma ya kafa sansani kusa da Tafkin Kwotto (Tabkin Kwotto), kimanin kilomita ashirin daga Gudu. Sojojin sun kafa sansani a kan tuddai tare da itace a gaban su, suna fatan za su ci gaba da kiyaye sojojin jihadi a nesa. Abdullahi ya yi la'akari da wannan shirin, kuma ya yanke shawarar saduwa da su a tafkin. Ya jagoranci sojojin a kan tafiya ta dare zuwa Gurdam, ƙauyen da ke kusa da Tafkin Kwotto .  : 88 : 88 

A safiyar ranar 21 ga Yuni, bayan yin addu'ar asuba, sojojin jihadi sun kafa layin yaƙi. Sojojin Yunfa sun kama su da mamaki lokacin da suka sami sojojin jihadi da ke shirye a gefen tafkin, wanda ya ba wa sojojin Abdullahi karami da marasa kayan aiki damar tunani. : 28-29 Da farko yaƙin ya tafi da kyau ga masu jihadi, waɗanda manyan sojan doki na Gobir suka kewaye su kuma suka tilasta su cikin tsari mai tsayi. Koyaya, filin ya ba masu harbi na jihadi damar haɓaka ikon dogon lokaci da saurin wuta na makaman su. Ba da daɗewa ba yaƙin ya zama gwagwarmayar jini. Bayan sun sha wahala mai yawa, Gobirawa sun karya matsayi kuma sun gudu zuwa cikin daji. : 88–89 : 45–46 : 88 : 88 

Siege na farko na Alkalawa da Yakin Tsuntsua

Bayan nasarar da suka samu a Tabkin Kwotto, masu jihadi sun kama kauyuka da garuruwan Gobir da yawa. Koyaya, ƙiyayya daga yawan jama'ar yankin da ƙarancin kayan aiki sun tilasta musu barin Gobir. Sun ci gaba da kudu zuwa Zamfara, wanda ya raunana kuma ya karye bayan rabin karni na yaki da Gobir. Zamfarawa sun yi maraba da masu jihadi, musamman bayan nasarorin da suka samu kwanan nan a kan Gobir. : 28 : 46–47 : 46–47 

Da tabbaci bayan nasarorin da suka samu, masu jihadi sun kaddamar da wani babban hari a kan Gobir a ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama na 1804. A karkashin umurnin Abdullahi kuma sun haɗa kai da Tuaregs na Adar da Aïr, sun ci gaba a kan babban birnin Gobir na Alkalawa a watan Nuwamba 1804. Bayan sun mamaye garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da su, sai suka fara kewaye. A cewar Bello, masu jihadi sun yi yaƙi da "yaƙin da aka yi da shi sosai", amma ba su iya matsawa ba. Tuaregs da suka haɗa kai sun bar yakin kuma sun mamaye ƙauyukan Fulani a lokacin da suka dawo gida. : 49–50 : 90 : 90 

A mayar da martani, Usman, wanda bai shiga yakin ba har zuwa wannan lokacin, da sauri ya tashi tare da ƙarfafawa. Yayinda Bello ya kasance don ci gaba da kewayewa, Abdullahi ya rabu don fuskantar masu kai hari na Tuareg. Tare da sojojin jihadi yanzu sun warwatse, Gobirawa sun ga damar kai hari. Yaƙin da ya biyo baya ya faru ne a Tsuntsua, ƙauyen da ke da nisan kilomita biyu daga Alkalawa. Gobir ya sami nasara mai mahimmanci, inda ya kashe fiye da 2,000. Tare da ƙarfafawar Usman na baya-bayan nan, masu jihadi sun sami damar tura Gobirawa zuwa babban birnin su kafin su koma kansu. : 50 Rashin nasara a Tsuntsua ya kasance mai banƙyama kamar yadda sanannun malamai da yawa suka kasance daga cikin matattu, gami da dan uwan Abdullahi, Imam Muhammad Sambo, babban alƙali. Fiye da 200 daga cikin wadanda aka kashe an ce sun haddace Alkur'ani. : 90 : 32 : 50 : 50 

Tafiyar Kebbi

Bayan cin nasara a Tsuntsua, al'ummar Usman sun kwashe sauran Ramadan a kwarin yammacin Alkalawa kafin su koma kudu zuwa Zamfara don neman abinci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1805, sun kafa sansani a Sabon Gari a kudu maso yammacin Zamfara. Ba da daɗewa ba, Usman ya ba da umarnin kamfen zuwa Masarautar Kebbi don kama babban birninta, Birnin Kebbi . Waziri Abdullahi da Sarkin Yaki (Kapitan Janar) Ali Jedo ne suka jagoranci rundunar. : 33 : 51 Yaƙin neman zaɓe yana da mahimmanci, yayin da ƙasashen Kebbi masu ni'ima suka ba da yanayi mai kyau don noma, wanda zai samar da wadataccen abinci ga al'umma.  : 131–132 : 131–132 

Sun fara tafiya zuwa kwarin Zamfara, sun kwace garin Gummi, wanda ke da aminci ga Gobir. Bayan kama garin, an tilasta wa shugaban yankin yin zaman lafiya. Daga can, masu jihadi sun ci gaba zuwa Birnin Kebbi, sun ci ƙauyuka da sansani da yawa a hanya. : 33-34 : 51 A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1805, bayan ya kai ganuwar Birnin Kebbi, Abdullahi ya yi ƙoƙari ya tattauna da mai mulkin masarautar, Muhammad Hodi, yana roƙonsa ya bar ayyukan "marasa Musulunci". An yi watsi da tattaunawar a rana ta uku, kuma yaƙi mai tsanani ya ɓarke. :: 133 ">: 132  'Yan jihadi sun karya ganuwar birnin kuma sun kama shi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1805.  : 91 : 52 Sun kwace "fiye da ganimar da aka taɓa kamawa kafin ko bayan" a lokacin jihadi. : 29 Bayan faduwar babban birninsa, Sarkin Kebbi Hodi ya tsere wa kamawa kuma ya gudu zuwa arewa. A madadinsa, Abdullahi ya sanya kawunsa, Usman Massa, wanda ya shiga jihadi kafin balaguron. : 33 : 52 : 133 

A lokaci guda, rundunar jihadi a karkashin Bello ta sami nasarar kewaye muhimmiyar sansanin Kanoma (yanzu a Maru), sansanin Zamfara. Tare da waɗannan kamfen ɗin da suka ci nasara, masu jihadi sun kafa layin da aka yi wa kariya a kwarin Zamfara, tare da sansanonin Birnin Kebbi a yamma da Kanoma a gabas a matsayin masu juyawa da sallyports a kowane gefe. Duk da wadannan nasarorin, an tilasta wa al'ummar jihadi barin Zamfara. Wannan ya faru ne saboda karuwar ƙiyayya da Zamfarawa, wanda ya kasance sakamakon wasu kwamandoji masu zalunci. : 92 : 34 A cikin Infaq al-Maysur, Bello ya koka: "...mutanemu suna zaluntar su. Sun yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar zalunci za su sami ƙarshen su amma Zamfarawa sun ƙi shi kuma dalilinmu ya ji rauni. ": 92 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1805, al'ummar Shehu sun tashi zuwa Gwandu. Da yake a yankin Kebbi da ke cikin kwanciyar hankali yanzu, garin ya ba da filaye da albarkatun da za su iya tallafawa dukan al'umma. Yana yiwuwa cewa zaɓin Gwandu ya rinjayi sanin 'yan uwan da yankin, kamar yadda suka yi tafiya a baya ta hanyarsa yayin yawon shakatawa na wa'azi kafin farawar jihadi. : 131–134 : 33–34 

Kyauta

Za'a iya danganta tasirin Abdullahi dan Fodio a Hausaland da kuma daga baya Arewacin Najeriya ba kawai ga nasarorin da ya samu na soja ba har ma da gudummawar da ya bayar a rubuce-rubuce. Ya rubuta kusan rubuce-rubuce tamanin, wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi da littattafai daban-daban. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun riƙe muhimmancin su a tsawon lokaci, musamman tsakanin Musulmai a Arewacin Najeriya, waɗanda ke ci gaba da yin wahayi da jagora daga koyarwarsa. :: 224  Yawancin waƙoƙinsa da aka rubuta a Fulfulde har yanzu mata da yara ne ke raira waƙa a Adamawa da arewacin Kamaru. :: 271  Atiku Abubakar, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "...babban mai ilimi, janar a cikin yakin jihadi, mai gudanarwa wanda manufarsa ita ce kafa daidaito da adalci na zamantakewa tsakanin mutane, kuma sanannen ɗan siyasa mai misali".

Mabiyan Abdullahi sun kasance da yawa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da jerin mutane 750 da suna a cikin Tartib al-ashab. Wadannan magoya bayan sadaukarwa sun fito ne daga yankuna daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da Zamfara, Gobir, Agades, Adar, Kassala, Zabarma, Songhai, Massina, Guinea, Garoa da Bornu.  : 200 

Kyautar Abdullahi ta ci gaba ta hanyar zuriyarsa, tare da duk Gwandu" id="mwBHU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gwandu">Emirs na Gwandu, suna gano asalin su zuwa gare shi, al'adar da ta ci gaba sama da ƙarni biyu. Taken yana riƙe da muhimmancinsa kuma shine na uku mafi mahimmancin jagoran gargajiya na Musulmi a Najeriya, yana bin Sultan na Sokoto da Shehu na Bornu kawai. Bugu da ƙari, abin da ya bari ya bayyana a cikin yanayin zamani na ilimin Islama na Najeriya. Shahararrun malamai, kamar Shaikh Nasiru Kabara, sun yi iƙirarin alaƙa da Abdullahi ta hanyar malaman su, waɗanda Abdullahi ya koya musu kai tsaye ko kuma ɗaliban almajiransa ne. :: 276  A cewar Shaikh Abubakar Gumi, saboda koyarwar da jagorar Abdullahi, Gwandu ya kasance masarautar Sunnah mafi yawa a Najeriya. :: 223  Kabarinsa a Gwandu yana tsaye a matsayin muhimmin wurin tarihi kuma yana jawo baƙi da yawa. : 81