Abenaki

Abenaki
	;
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
	Tarayyar Amurka da Kanada
Addini
	Tarihin Abenaki da Kiristanci
Kabilu masu alaƙa
	indigenous peoples of North America (en)

Abenaki ( Abenaki : Wαpánahki ) ’yan asalin yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Woodlands ne na Kanada da Amurka. Mutane ne masu magana da Algonquian kuma wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Wabanaki . Yaren Abenaki na Gabas galibi ana magana da shi a Maine, yayin da ake magana da Yaren Abenaki na Yamma a Quebec, Vermont, da New Hampshire .

Yayin da al'ummar Abenaki suka yi tarayya da halayen al'adu, a tarihi ba su da gwamnatin tsakiya. ^[1] Sun taru a matsayin al’umma bayan tuntuɓar juna bayan an lalata musu ƙabilarsu ta asali ta hanyar mulkin mallaka, cututtuka, da yaƙi .

Sunaye

Kalmar Abenaki da syncope, Abnaki, dukansu sun samo asali ne daga Wabanaki, ko Wôbanakiak, ma'ana "Mutanen Ƙasar Dawn" a cikin harshen Abenaki . Yayin da kalmomin biyu sukan rikice sau da yawa, Abenaki na ɗaya daga cikin kabilu da yawa a cikin Ƙungiyar Wabanaki .

Madadin rubutun sun haɗa da : Abnaki , Abinaki, Alnôbak, ] Abanakee , Abanaqui , Abanaqui , Abanaquois Abenaquis, Abeneaguis, Abenequa, Abenkai, Abenquois, Abernaqui, Abnaqui, Abnaquies, Abnaquois, Abnaquotii, Abasque, Abnekais, Abneki, Abonakies, Abonnekee .

An samo Wôbanakiak daga wôban ("alfijir" ko "gabas") da aki ("ƙasa") (kwatanta Proto-Algonquian *wa·pan da *axkyi ) - sunan asalin yankin wanda ya yi daidai da New England da Maritimes . Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don komawa ga dukan al'ummomin yankin Algonquian -Western Abenaki, Gabashin Abenaki, Wolastoqiyik - Passamaquoddy, da Mi'kmaq - a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya.

Mutanen Abenaki kuma suna kiran kansu Alnôbak, ma'ana "Mutane na gaske" (cf, Lenape language : Lenapek ) da kuma Alnanbal mai zaman kansa , ma'ana "maza". ^[1]

A tarihi, masanan ilimin al'adu sun rarraba Abenaki ta ƙungiyoyin yanki: Western Abenaki da Gabashin Abenaki . A cikin waɗannan rukunin akwai ƙungiyoyin Abenaki:

Western Abenaki

Androscoggin (kuma Arsigantegok Arrasaguntacook, Ersegontegog, Assagunticook, Anasaguntacook ), ya zauna tare da St. Francis River a Quebec. Babban ƙauyen: St. Francis ( Odanak ). Ana kiran mutanen a matsayin "St. Francis River Abenakis", kuma a hankali an yi amfani da wannan kalmar ga dukan Yammacin Abenaki.
Cowasuck (kuma Cohass, Cohasiac, Koasek, Koasek, Coos - "Mutanen Pine"), sun rayu a cikin kwarin kogin Connecticut na sama. Babban ƙauyen: Cowass, kusa da Newbury, Vermont .
Missiquoi (kuma Masipskwoik, Mazipskikskoik, Missique, Misiskuoi, Missisco, Missiassik - "Mutanen Flint"), kuma aka sani da Sokoki. Sun zauna a cikin kwarin Missisquoi, daga tafkin Champlain zuwa bakin ruwa . Babban ƙauyen kusa da Swanton, Vermont . ^[2]
- Sokoki (kuma Sokwaki, Squakheag, Socoquis, Sokoquius, Zooquagese, Soquachjck, Onejagese - "Mutanen da Suka Rarraba"), sun zauna a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar da Upper Connecticut Valley Valley. Manyan ƙauyuka: Squakheag, Northfield, Massachusetts, da Fort Hill.
Pennacook (kuma Penacook, Penikoke, Openango ), ya rayu a cikin Merrimack Valley, saboda haka wani lokacin ana kiransa Merrimack . Babban ƙauyen Penacook, New Hampshire . Pennacook sun kasance babban haɗin gwiwa da suka kasance masu ban sha'awa na siyasa da gasa tare da makwabtan Abenaki na arewa.

Indiya Joe ( c. 1739 – 1819), ɗan leƙen asirin Mi'kmaq na ƙarni na 18, wanda Abenaki ya karɓa ^[3]
Joseph Laurent (1839-1917), shugaba, marubuci, mai ba da shawara kan harshe, ɗan kasuwa
Henry Lorne Masta (1853-1943), shugaba, mai ba da shawarar harshe, kuma marubuci
Emma Camp Mead (1866-1934), Oneida herbalist kuma mai kula da otal (mahaifin Abenaki)
Dark Cloud (Elijah Tahamont) (1855–1918), ɗan wasan fim shiru ^[4]

Sanannen mutanen Abenaki na zamani

Jeanne Brink (an haife shi 1944), ɗan wasan kwando ^[5]
Annick Obonsawin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), 'yar wasan Kanada

Duba kuma

Dutsen Pemigewasset

Bayanan kafa

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lee Sultzman (July 21, 1997). "Abenaki History". Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2010. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Sultzman" defined multiple times with different content
↑ "Who We Are". Abenaki Nation. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2010.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
↑ Johnson, Arthur (2007). "Biography of Indian Joe". nedoba.org. Ne-Do-Ba (Friends), A Maine Nonprofit Corporation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
↑ Chamberlain, Alexander F. (April 1903). "Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian". The Journal of American Folklore. American Folklore Society. 16 (61): 128–129. doi:10.2307/533199. JSTOR 533199.
↑ "Miniature Baskets by Jeanne Brink". Dawnland Voices.

[Sultzman-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lee Sultzman (July 21, 1997). "Abenaki History". Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2010. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Sultzman" defined multiple times with different content

[Abenaki_Nation-2] "Who We Are". Abenaki Nation. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2010.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)

[3] Johnson, Arthur (2007). "Biography of Indian Joe". nedoba.org. Ne-Do-Ba (Friends), A Maine Nonprofit Corporation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

[4] Chamberlain, Alexander F. (April 1903). "Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian". The Journal of American Folklore. American Folklore Society. 16 (61): 128–129. doi:10.2307/533199. JSTOR 533199.

[5] "Miniature Baskets by Jeanne Brink". Dawnland Voices.

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