Abigail Fillmore

Abigail Fillmore
Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka 9 ga Yuli, 1850 - 4 ga Maris, 1853 ← Margaret Taylor - Jane Pierce (mul) → Second Lady or Gentleman of the United States (en) 4 ga Maris, 1849 - 9 ga Yuli, 1850 ← Sophia Dallas (en) - Mary Cyrene Breckinridge (en) →
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Abigail Powers
Haihuwa	Saratoga County (en) , 13 ga Maris, 1798
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	Washington, D.C., 30 ga Maris, 1853
Makwanci	Forest Lawn Cemetery (en)
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (Ciwon huhu)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Lemuel Powers Jr.
Mahaifiya	Abigail Newland
Abokiyar zama	Millard Fillmore  (5 ga Faburairu, 1826 -  30 ga Maris, 1853)
Yara	view Mary Abigail Fillmore (en) Millard Powers Fillmore (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	no value
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan siyasa
Tsayi	1.55 m
Wurin aiki	Washington, D.C.

Abigail Fillmore ( née Powers ; Maris 13, 1798 - Maris 30, 1853) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1850 zuwa 1853 a matsayin matar farko ta Shugaba Millard Fillmore . Ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, inda ta ɗauki Millard Fillmore, wanda ke da shekaru biyu a ƙaninta, a matsayin ɗaliba. Fillmore ta ci gaba da aikin koyarwa bayan aurensu a 1826 har zuwa haihuwar ɗansu Millard Powers Fillmore a 1828. Ta zauna a Buffalo, New York, yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da aikinsa na siyasa a Albany, New York, da Washington, DC. Lokaci-lokaci tana tare da shi a waɗannan biranen, tana shiga cikin rayuwar zamantakewa ta gida. Ta zama matar Amurka ta biyu a 1849 bayan an zaɓe mijinta mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a kan tikitin takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Whig, kuma ta zama matar shugaban Amurka a 1850 bayan mijinta ya gaje kujerar shugaban ƙasa.

Nasarar da Fillmore ta samu a matsayinta na matar shugaban ƙasa ita ce kafa ɗakin karatu na farko a Fadar White House . Tana da sha'awar adabi tsawon rayuwa kuma ta ƙi zama a gida ba tare da littattafai ba. Ɗakin karatu ya zama sanannen ɗakin liyafa a Fadar White House kuma yana aiki a matsayin gidan salon adabi. Tana kuma shiga cikin harkokin siyasa na shugabancin ƙasa, kuma mijinta sau da yawa yana neman ra'ayinta kan harkokin gwamnati. Fillmore ba ta nuna sha'awarta ga matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ba, kuma tana fama da cututtuka da suka hana ta gudanar da wasu ayyukanta, ciki har da raunin idon sawunta wanda ya takaita mata motsi. Yawancin nauyinta na zamantakewa an ba wa 'yarta Mary Abigail Fillmore . Fillmore ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu a shekarar 1853, ƙasa da wata guda bayan ƙarshen wa'adinta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa. Ba ta sami kulawa sosai a tarihi ba; ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni mafi duhu, kuma yawancin wasiƙunta sun ɓace.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Abigail Powers a Stillwater, New York, a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1798, a gundumar Saratoga . Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai da Reverend Lemuel Powers da Abigail Newland suka haifa. Mahaifinta shi ne shugaban Cocin Baptist na Farko har sai da ya mutu yana da shekara biyu. Bayan mutuwar Lemuel, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Sempronius, New York .  : 182 Sun ƙaura tare da babban ɗan'uwan Abigail Cyrus Powers saboda halin talauci da suke ciki. Mahaifinta ya bar babban ɗakin karatu na littattafansa na kansa, wanda Abigail ta karanta sosai. Mahaifiyarta malamar makaranta ce wadda ta yi amfani da waɗannan littattafan don koya mata karatu da kuma yaba iliminta.  : 87–88 Ta fara son adabi kuma ta ƙware a wasu fannoni kamar lissafi, gwamnati, tarihi, falsafa, da kuma labarin ƙasa. An kuma san ta da kawar da addini tun tana ƙarama, domin addinin Baptist yana adawa da bauta kuma iyalinta abokai ne da mai goyon bayan kawar da addini na gida George Washington Jonson.  : 184 

Powers ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sanya ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta taɓa yin aiki a baya. A shekara ta 1814, Abigail ta zama malamar makaranta ta ɗan lokaci a makarantar Sempronius Village. A shekara ta 1817, ta zama malamar cikakken lokaci, kuma a shekara ta 1819, ta ɗauki wani aikin koyarwa a Kwalejin New Hope mai zaman kanta. Ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar canza koyarwarta da karatunta a makarantar.  : 182 Ta ci gaba da nazarin ƙarin darussa bayan ta bar makaranta, tana koyon yin Faransanci da kuma buga piano.

Aure da iyali

A lokacin da take koyarwa a Kwalejin New Hope, ta ɗauki Millard Fillmore a matsayin ɗaliba.  : 88 An yi musu alkawari a shekarar 1819, amma ba su yi aure ba tsawon shekaru da yawa.  : 83 Millard ba ta da wadata da za ta iya kula da iyali, kuma iyalan Abigail sun hana ta auren ɗan wani manomi mai gona.  : 84 Sun ci gaba da hulɗa yayin da suke bin ayyukan koyarwa daban-daban a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1824, ta zama malamar makaranta mai zaman kanta a Lisle ga 'yan uwanta uku. Daga nan aka nemi ta buɗe wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a gundumar Broome; ta buɗe makarantar, kuma a shekara ta 1825, ta koma Sempronius don koyarwa a matsayinta na asali, inda za ta sami ɗakin karatu.  : 88 A lokacin da suke rabuwa, sun taɓa yin tsawon shekaru uku ba tare da sun ga juna ba.  : 155–156 

Abigail da Millard sun yi aure a gidan ɗan'uwanta da ke Moravia, New York, a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1826, bayan Millard ya zama lauya,  : 181–182 kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Aurora, New York .  : 84 Duk da cewa ana yawan sa ran mata malamai za su yi murabus bayan aure, Abigail ta ci gaba da koyarwa har sai da ta haifi 'ya'ya. Fillmores suna da 'ya'ya biyu: an haifi ɗansu Millard Powers Fillmore a shekarar 1828, kuma an haifi 'yarsu Mary Abigail "Abbie" Fillmore a shekarar 1832.  : 183 A shekara ta 1830, sun ƙaura zuwa Buffalo, New York, wanda Millard ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a wannan lokacin, kuma Abigail ce ke da alhakin kula da gidan da yara ita kaɗai yayin da yake hutun aiki.  : 183 Sau da yawa tana yin kuka game da rashin zuwansa, tana tsoron zai haɗu da wata sabuwar mace yayin da yake nesa.  : 89 Yayin da suke Buffalo, sun shiga Cocin Unitarian na gida.  : 84 Millard ya kuma fara aikin lauya a birnin, kuma nasarar da ya samu ta kawo wa Fillmores rayuwa mai daɗi tare da tsaron kuɗi.  : 156 Ta yi aikin gina ɗakin karatu na farko na Buffalo, kuma ta haɓaka tarin littattafanta na kanta har sai da ta kai littattafai 4,000. Ita ce kuma ke da alhakin sanya wa garin Newstead, New York suna, a shekara ta 1831, wanda ke nuna sunan da ke nuni da gidan Lord Byron .  : 41 

Washington, DC, da kuma Albany, New York

An zaɓi Millard a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekarar 1832, kuma Abigail ta zauna a Buffalo yayin da yake Washington, DC. Ya sauka daga mulki a shekarar 1834, amma an sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1836, kuma a wannan karon Abigail ta raka shi zuwa Washington, ta bar yaran tare da dangi a New York. A nan za ta cika wajibcin zamantakewa na matar wani ɗan siyasa, kuma ta kuma nemi cibiyoyin al'adu da ilimi a birnin. Za su ci gaba da wannan tsari a duk lokacin da Majalisar ta zauna tsawon shekaru masu zuwa. Tana rubuta wa 'ya'yanta wasiƙa akai-akai yayin da suke waje, sau da yawa tana ƙarfafa musu gwiwa su inganta kansu da kuma tsawatar musu saboda kurakuran rubutu a cikin amsoshinsu.  : 157 

Ana girmama Abigail sosai a rayuwar zamantakewa ta Washington. A shekara ta 1840 aka nemi ta sadaukar da wani gini; abin alfahari ne ga mace a lokacin, kodayake ta ƙi. A lokacin da take Washington, ta zauna a muhawarar Majalisar Dattawa da Henry Clay ya yi a shekarar 1837 kuma ta haɗu da Charles Dickens a shekarar 1842. Sun koma Buffalo bayan Millard ya bar Majalisar Dokoki a 1842, kuma Abigail ta zama mai masaukin baki a birnin. Lokacin da aka zaɓi Millard a matsayin Kwamishina na Jihar New York, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Albany, New York, kuma ta shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa a can. Duk da cewa ta raina al'ummar zamani, tana jin daɗin lura da halayen mutane da kuma halartar liyafa. Fillmores sun sake rabuwa da 'ya'yansu yayin da suke a Albany, a wannan karon sun tura su Massachusetts .

A ranar 'yancin kai ta 1842, ta sami rauni a idon sawunta.  : 183 Yayin da take tafiya a kan hanyar da ba ta daidaita ba, ta zame ta murɗe ƙafarta sosai har ba za ta iya tafiya ba har tsawon makonni biyu. Da ta fara tafiya, sai ta ƙara kumbura ƙafarta. Ta kwanta a kan gado har zuwa lokacin hunturu kuma ta killace kanta a ɗakinta na tsawon watanni da dama bayan haka. Tsawon shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, za a tilasta mata ta yi tafiya da sanduna . Raunin bai taɓa warkewa gaba ɗaya ba, kuma ta sha fama da ciwo mai tsanani har tsawon rayuwarta.  : 159 

Fillmore ta zama fitacciyar jaruma lokacin da aka zaɓi mijinta a matsayin ɗan takarar Whig a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1848, kuma ta shahara ga jama'a ta hanyar bayanin da aka yi mata a cikin The American Review . An zaɓi tikitin Whig, kuma Abigail ta zama matar Amurka ta biyu a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1849.  : 183 Lafiyarta ta sa komawarta Washington ba ta da daɗi, kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Buffalo.  : 85 Abigail ta ga rayuwar zamantakewa a Washington ba ta da daɗi, kuma ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a matsayin uwargida tana kula da 'yar uwarta, wadda ta kamu da bugun jini.  : 188 Ta ziyarci Washington na ɗan lokaci don ganin mijinta a shekarar 1850.  : 160 Kasancewar mace ta biyu tana nufin shiga cikin manyan da'irori na zamantakewa, kuma ta nuna farin cikinta wajen mu'amala da fitattun marubuta na wannan lokacin, kamar Ann S. Stephens, Lydia Sigourney, da Emma Willard .  : 42 

Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka

Shugaba Zachary Taylor ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1850, wanda hakan ya sa Millard ya zama shugaba, Abigail kuma ta zama matar shugabansa .  : 184 Abigail tana hutu a New Jersey tare da 'ya'yanta lokacin da Shugaba Taylor ya mutu. Gano cewa ita ce za ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ya sa ta yi shakkar kanta, tana ganin ba za ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba.  : 91 Fillmore ta fara jin daɗin rayuwar gida, kuma tana cikin fargaba game da tsammanin da aka ɗora mata ba zato ba tsammani.  : 161 Ta isa Fadar White House a watan Oktoba mai zuwa.  : 160 Mutuwar 'yar uwarta a watan Fabrairun 1851 ta haifar mata da baƙin ciki mai yawa.  : 162 

A cikin Fadar White House, Fillmore mace ce mai himma wacce ta dauki nauyin tarurruka da dama na zamantakewa. Ta kasance mai son tattaunawa sosai, duk da cewa ba ta ji daɗin ɓangarorin zamantakewa na wannan rawar ba. Fillmore ta ɗauki yawancin baƙi a matsayin "mazaunin kogo" kuma ta gano cewa ba su da sha'awar iliminta. Sau da yawa tana zuwa hawa keke tare da mijinta a kusa da Washington da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. Fillmore ta kuma yi amfani da al'adun Washington yayin da take aiki a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, tana halartar nune-nunen fasaha da kade-kade akai-akai, wanda hakan ya karya tarihi ta hanyar tafiya ba tare da mijinta ba. A lokacin bazara, za ta koma New York don ziyartar abokai da 'yan uwa.

Fillmores sun fito ne daga talauci, don haka ba su da sha'awar yin ado ko sake gyara kayan gida. Ba kamar sauran matan shugabanni ba, Abigail ba ta yi wa Fadar White House ado sosai ba lokacin da ta shiga. Madadin haka, ta tsara cikin gidan Fadar White House kamar gidan talakawa. Duk da haka, ta jaddada amfani da mahogany da kyawawan kafet.  : 44 Ta kuma kula da faɗaɗa tsarin dumama gidan White House kuma ta sanya murhun kicin don maye gurbin aikin girki da murhu .  : 162 

Abigail da Millard suna yin mu'amala akai-akai lokacin da suke rabuwa. Wasikunsu galibi sun shafi siyasa, kuma tana rubuta masa shawarwari da shawarwari kan harkokin siyasa.  : 86 Ta bi diddigin kudurorin da aka gabatar a Majalisa da sauran labaran siyasa sosai, kuma ta sami damar tattauna su dalla-dalla. Ya daraja ra'ayinta, kuma an ruwaito cewa bai taɓa yanke wata muhimmiyar shawara ba tare da ya fara tuntubar ta ba. Wataƙila Abigail ta shawarci mijinta da kada ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Bautar Gudu ta 1850, kodayake daga ƙarshe ya yi hakan.  : 86 Wataƙila ta ƙarfafa shi ya daina yin bulala a matsayin hukunci a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa .  : 93 Abigail ta kan samu wasiƙu daga 'yan ƙasa akai-akai suna roƙonta ta yi magana da shugaban ƙasa a madadinsu, musamman daga ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke neman gudummawa da kuma mutanen da ke neman tallafin siyasa . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mutanen shi ne ɗan'uwanta David, wanda ya sami mukami a gwamnatin Fillmore.  : 163 

Saboda rashin lafiyarta, Fillmore ta ba wa 'yarta Abbie da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta, wacce ke da alhakin ganawa da masu kira a wajen Fadar White House.  : 187 Raunin da ta samu a idon sawunta ya ƙara rikitar da matsayinta na mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House, kuma sau da yawa tana kwance a kan gado na tsawon kwana ɗaya bayan ta tsaya na tsawon awanni don kula da layin karɓar baƙi mai tsawo. A ƙarshen shugabancin Fillmore, Abbie ta gudanar da mafi yawan fannoni na zamantakewa na rawar.  : 91–92 Wani lamari na musamman da ya hana Fillmore gudanar da ayyukanta shi ne rauni na biyu a idon sawunta a shekarar 1851 wanda ya sa ta rasa nakasa tsawon makonni.  : 186 An kuma sauke ta daga wasu ayyuka saboda yanayin rayuwar zamantakewa da ta fi tauri a Fadar White House sakamakon mutuwar Shugaba Taylor da kuma karuwar rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance .  : 91 

Ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House

Lokacin da Abigail ta fara ƙaura zuwa Fadar White House, rahotanni sun ce ta yi mamakin gaskiyar cewa babu ɗakin karatu a ciki.  : 86  : 92 Shugabannin da suka gabata sun kawo nasu tarin littattafai na sirri zuwa Fadar White House, suna ajiye su bayan ƙarshen shugabancinsu. Fillmores sun yanke shawarar cewa ɗakin karatu ya zama dole a Fadar White House, domin Abigail ta saba da samun littattafai a gidan kuma Millard ya dogara da littattafan bincike a cikin aikinsa na shugaban ƙasa.  : 43 Da $2,000 ( equivalent to $77,400 a shekarar 2025 ) da Majalisar Dokoki ta ba ta izini, ta zaɓi littattafai don ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House a cikin Ɗakin Oval .  : 86  : 92 Abigail ta ɗauki nauyin tsara da kuma ƙawata ɗakin.  : 43 Ta yi wa ɗakin kwalliya bisa ga salon Andrew Jackson Downing, ta amfani da kayan ɗaki na gida masu firam ɗin goro .  : 44 Duk lokacin da sabbin fakitin littattafai suka iso, ita da kanta za ta buɗe su ta ajiye littattafan.

Laburare ya zama cibiyar zamantakewa ta Fadar White House a lokacin gwamnatin Fillmore. Abigail ta karɓi baƙuncin marubuta kamar William Thackeray, Washington Irving,  : 86 da Helen Aldrich De Kroyft da kuma masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Anna Bishop  : 45 da Jenny Lind, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri salon adabi na Fadar White House.  : 86 Wannan ɗakin karatu ya zama babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, inda yake aiki a matsayin ɗakin tarbar baƙi, ɗakin iyali, da kuma wurin hutawa ga mijinta.  : 185 Haka kuma ya zama ɗakin kiɗa, inda Abbie ke amfani da ɗakin don buga piano, garaya, da guitar. Abigail ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa a ɗakin karatunta, kuma Millard sau da yawa tana yin awa ɗaya a ɗakin karatu da daddare bayan ta bar ɗakin zartarwa.  : 44 

Mutuwa

Kabarin Abigail Powers, Makabartar Lawn Forest, Buffalo, New York

Abigail ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta halarci bikin rantsar da magajinta. Bayan barin Fadar White House, ita da mijinta sun fara shirin tafiya. Shirye-shiryensu sun katse lokacin da ta yi rashin lafiya. Abin da ya fara a matsayin mura ya zama mashako sannan kuma ciwon huhu . Lokacin da aka kira likita, ya yi amfani da wata dabarar yin kumfa da kuraje marasa inganci wadda wataƙila ta ƙara ta'azzara lafiyarta. Ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiyarta a Otal ɗin Willard a ranar 30 ga Maris, 1853, tana da shekaru 55. An binne ta a jihar Washington sannan aka binne shi a makabartar Forest Lawn da ke Buffalo, New York.

Washington ta shiga cikin wani yanayi na zaman makoki, kuma yawancin gwamnatin tarayya ta dakatar da ayyukanta na ɗan lokaci dangane da mutuwarta.  : 93 A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Millard ya yaba mata saboda goyon bayan da ta bayar wajen ci gaba da karatunsa.  : 182 A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1858, kusan shekaru biyar bayan haka, mijinta, a lokacin yana da shekaru 58, ya auri Caroline Carmichael McIntosh mai shekaru 44, wata gwauruwa mai arziki a Buffalo . Sun ci gaba da yin aure na tsawon shekaru 16 har zuwa mutuwar Millard sakamakon bugun jini a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1874, yana da shekaru 74.  : 61 

Gado

A shekarun da suka gabaci Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai samu karbuwa sosai daga jama'a ba. Fillmore bai sami wani muhimmin labari na tarihi ba idan aka kwatanta da matan shugaban ƙasa na wasu lokutan, kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa da ba ta da himma sosai.  : 177 Ana tunawa da ita sosai saboda tsarin da ta yi na ɗakin karatu a Fadar White House.  : 184 Marubutan tarihin Millard Fillmore ba sa ba da kulawa sosai ga Abigail, wani ɓangare saboda rashin takardu da suka rage. Yawancin wasiƙunta na sirri sun ɓace kuma ana kyautata zaton ɗanta ne ya lalata su.  : 188 Abin da ya tsira shi ne jerin littattafan da ta nemi mijinta ya saya yayin da yake tafiya. Masana tarihi ba su yarda da yadda rashin lafiyarta da raunin idon sawunta suka hana ta gudanar da ayyukan Fadar White House ba; wasu sun ce ya yi tsanani sosai har ya takaita iyawarta, yayin da wasu kuma suka ce kawai uzuri ne na guje wa nauyin da ke kan matar shugaban ƙasa. Yawanci ana ganinta a matsayin mai ilimi kuma mai tasiri a rayuwar shugaban ƙasa.  : 188 

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Muƙala kan Abigail Fillmore daga Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller
• Abigail Fillmore a C-SPAN 's First Ladies: Tasiri & Hoto

Lakabi na girmamawa
Magabata {{{before}}}	Second Lady of the United States	Vacant
Magabata {{{before}}}	First Lady of the United States	Magaji {{{after}}}