Abrasion (geology)
 Abrasion (geology) | |
|---|---|
geological process (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
abrasion (en) |
| Yana haddasa |
coastal erosion (en) |
Abrasion taro ne na yanayi wanda ke faruwa lokacin da kayan da ake jigilar su ya lalace a farfajiyar lokaci, yawanci yana faruwa tare da kankara da kankara. Babban tsari na abrasion shine yanayin jiki. Yana da tsari na friction wanda ya haifar da murkushewa, gogewa, lalacewa, marring, da shafa kayan. Ƙarfin abrasion ya dogara da ƙarfin, maida hankali, saurin da wuya nauyin barbashi masu motsi. Abrasion gabaɗaya yana faruwa a hanyoyi huɗu: [1] glaciation a hankali yana niƙa duwatsu da kankara ta ɗauka a kan dutsen; [2] abubuwa masu ƙarfi da aka ɗauka a cikin tashoshin kogi suna yin hulɗa da gado tare da ppl a ciki da ganuwar; abubuwa da aka ɗauka cikin raƙuman ruwa suna karya a kan iyakar bakin teku; kuma ta iska tana jigilar yashi ko ƙananan duwatsu a kan duwatsu. Abrasion shine lalacewar halitta ta dutse ta hanyar ci gaba da motsi na dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara. Wannan ya haifar da karfi, friction, vibration, ko lalacewar ciki na kankara, da kuma zamewa a kan duwatsu da datti a tushe (wanda kuma ke haifar da avalanche) wanda ke haifar da kankara ya motsa.
Abrasion, a karkashin mafi tsananin ma'anarsa, yawanci ana rikitar da shi tare da raguwa kuma wani lokacin aikin hydraulic duk da haka, ƙarshen ba ya yawanci. Dukansu abrasion da attrition suna nufin lalacewar wani abu. Abrasion yana faruwa ne sakamakon farfajiyar biyu da ke shafawa da juna, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ɗaya ko duka biyu. Koyaya, raguwa yana nufin fashewar barbashi (rugujewa) wanda ke faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwa da ke bugawa da juna. Abrasion yana haifar da lalacewar matakin ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, yayin da raguwa ke haifar da ƙarin canji da sauri. A yau, al'ummar ilimin ƙasa suna amfani da kalmar "abrasion" a hanyar da ta fi sauƙi, sau da yawa ana iya musayar ta da kalmar "sauki".[3]
A cikin sufuri na tashar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abrasion a cikin rafi ko tashar kogi yana faruwa ne lokacin da turɓaya da kogi ke ɗauka ta mamaye gado da bankunan, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga rushewa. Baya ga yanayin sinadarai da na jiki na aikin hydraulic, zagaye na daskarewa, da ƙari, akwai jerin matakai waɗanda aka daɗe ana la'akari da su don ba da gudummawa sosai ga rushewar tashar dutse sun haɗa da cirewa, abrasion (saboda duka gado da ɗorawa), mafita, da cavitation.[4][5] Dangane da kankara, irin wannan babba ne; motsi na duwatsu a kan farfajiya yana cire shi tare da friction, yana tono tashar da, lokacin da kankara ke motsawa, ana kiranta kwarin U-shaped.
Bedload transport consists of mostly larger clasts, which cannot be picked up by the velocity of the streamflow, rolling, sliding, and/or saltating (bouncing) downstream along the bed. Suspended load typically refers to smaller particles, such as silt, clay, and finer grain sands uplifted by processes of sediment transport. Grains of various sizes and composition are transported differently in terms of the threshold flow velocities required to dislodge and deposit them, as is modeled in the Hjulström curve. These grains polish and scour the bedrock and banks when they make abrasive contact.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]
A cikin rushewar bakin teku
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Abrasion bakin teku yana faruwa ne yayin da raƙuman ruwa na teku da ke dauke da yashi da manyan raguwa ke lalata bakin teku ko tudu. Ayyukan ruwa na raƙuman ruwa suna ba da gudummawa sosai. Wannan yana cire kayan, wanda ke haifar da raguwa da yiwuwar rushewar tsaunuka marasa goyon baya. Wannan rushewa na iya yin barazana ga tsarin ko ababen more rayuwa a kan iyakar tekun, kuma tasirin zai iya ƙaruwa yayin da dumamar duniya ke ƙaruwa da matakin teku.[6] Ana gina ganuwar teku a wasu lokuta don karewa, amma a wurare da yawa, hanyoyin Injiniyan bakin teku na al'ada kamar Ganuwar Ruwa suna ƙalubale sosai kuma kula da su na iya zama marasa dorewa saboda canje-canje a yanayin yanayi, hauhawar matakin teku, raguwar ƙasa, da samar da turɓaya.[7]
Abrasion platforms are shore platforms where wave action abrasion is a prominent process. If it is currently being fashioned, it will be exposed only at low tide, but there is a possibility that the wave-cut platform will be hidden sporadically by a mantle of beach shingle (the abrading agent). If the platform is permanently exposed above the high-water mark, it is probably a raised beach platform, which is not considered a product of abrasion but may be undercut by abrasion as sea level rises.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]
Daga ƙanƙara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abrasion na kankara shine lalacewar da aka samu ta hanyar clasts, ko duwatsu masu girma daban-daban, waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin kankara ko ta hanyar subglacial sediment yayin da kankara ke zamewa a kan dutse.[8] Abrasion na iya murkushe ƙananan hatsi ko barbashi kuma ya cire hatsi ko raguwa na multigrain, amma cire manyan raguwa ana rarraba su azaman cirewa (ko dutse), ɗayan babban tushen rushewa daga kankara. Plucking yana haifar da tarkace a tushe ko bangarorin kankara wanda ke haifar da abrasion. Duk da yake an yi la'akari da cirewa a matsayin babban karfi na canjin yanayin ƙasa, akwai shaidar cewa a cikin duwatsu masu laushi tare da sarari mai faɗi na haɗin gwiwa cewa abrasion na iya zama daidai da inganci.[8] Yankin da ke da santsi, mai laushi yana barin baya ta hanyar abrasion glacial, wani lokacin tare da striations glacial, wanda ke ba da bayani game da injiniyoyin abrasion a ƙarƙashin glaciers masu sanyi.[9]
Daga iska
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ba da la'akari sosai ga rawar da iska ke takawa a matsayin wakili na canjin yanayin ƙasa a Duniya da sauran taurari (Greely & Iversen 1987). Hanyoyin Aeolian sun haɗa da kayan lalata iska, kamar dutse da aka fallasa, da kuma motsi barbashi ta iska don tuntuɓar wasu kayan kuma ajiye su a wasu wurare. Wadannan dakarun suna da kama da samfuran a cikin yanayin kogin. Hanyoyin Aeolian suna nuna tasirin su mafi mahimmanci a yankuna masu bushewa na raguwa da yawa, kamar yashi. Yanzu akwai shaidar cewa canyons na dutse, siffofin ƙasa da aka yi la'akari da su ne kawai daga ikon kogi na ruwa mai gudana, tabbas ƙarfin iska na Aeolian na iya fadada su, watakila ma ƙara yawan ƙarancin ƙarancin dutse ta hanyar tsari na girman sama da ƙarancin kogi.[10] Sake rarraba kayan ta iska yana faruwa a ma'auni na ƙasa da yawa kuma yana iya samun mahimman sakamako ga ilimin muhalli na yanki da juyin halitta.[11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Westgate, Lewis G. (February 1907). "Abrasion by Glaciers, Rivers, and Waves". The Journal of Geology. 15 (2): 113–120. Bibcode:1907JG.....15..113W. doi:10.1086/621381. S2CID 129042164.
- ↑ Monroe, James Stewart, Reed Wicander, & Richard W. Hazlett. (2011) Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth. Cengage Learning ISBN 9781111795658. pg 465,591
- ↑ Chatanantavet, Phairot; Parker, Gary (25 November 2009). "Physically based modeling of bedrock incision by abrasion, plucking, and macroabrasion". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (F4): F04018. Bibcode:2009JGRF..114.4018C. doi:10.1029/2008JF001044.
- ↑ Whipple, Kelin X.; Hancock, Gregory S.; Anderson, Robert S. (1 March 2000). "River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation". GSA Bulletin. 112 (3): 490–503. Bibcode:2000GSAB..112..490W. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<490:RIIBMA>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Allan, J. D. & Castillo, M. M. (2007). Stream ecology: the structure and function of running waters. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-5582-9.[page needed]
- ↑ Zhang, Keqi; Douglas, Bruce C.; Leatherman, Stephen P. (1 May 2004). "Global Warming and Coastal Erosion". Climatic Change. 64 (1): 41. Bibcode:2004ClCh...64...41Z. doi:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000024690.32682.48. S2CID 154185819.
- ↑ Temmerman, Stijn; Meire, Patrick; Bouma, Tjeerd J.; Herman, Peter M. J.; Ysebaert, Tom; De Vriend, Huib J. (December 2013). "Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change". Nature. 504 (7478): 79–83. Bibcode:2013Natur.504...79T. doi:10.1038/nature12859. PMID 24305151. S2CID 4462888.
- 1 2 Krabbendam, Maarten; Glasser, Neil F. (July 2011). "Glacial erosion and bedrock properties in NW Scotland: Abrasion and plucking, hardness and joint spacing" (PDF). Geomorphology. 130 (3–4): 374–383. Bibcode:2011Geomo.130..374K. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.022.
- ↑ Iverson, Neal R. (1 October 1991). "Morphology of glacial striae: Implications for abrasion of glacier beds and fault surfaces". GSA Bulletin. 103 (10): 1308–1316. Bibcode:1991GSAB..103.1308I. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1308:MOGSIF>2.3.CO;2.
- ↑ Perkins, Jonathan P.; Finnegan, Noah J.; de Silva, Shanaka L. (April 2015). "Amplification of bedrock canyon incision by wind". Nature Geoscience. 8 (4): 305–310. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..305P. doi:10.1038/ngeo2381.
- ↑ Okin, G.S.; Gillette, D.A.; Herrick, J.E. (April 2006). "Multi-scale controls on and consequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid and semi-arid environments". Journal of Arid Environments. 65 (2): 253–275. Bibcode:2006JArEn..65..253O. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.029.