Abubuwa masu haɗari
 Abubuwa masu haɗari | |
|---|---|
regulatory class of chemical substances (en)  da class of chemical entities with similar applications or functions (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
dangerous goods and hazardous substances (en) da abubuwan sunadarai |
| Yana haddasa |
hazard (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) | Hanyoyin aiki mai guba |
| Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator (en) |
Target 3.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en) |
Kayayyaki masu haɗari sune abubuwan da ke da haɗari ga lafiya, aminci, dukiya ko muhalli yayin sufuri. Wasu kayayyaki masu haɗari waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari koda kuwa ba a kai su ba an san su da kayan haɗari (an taƙaita su kamar 'hazmat' ko haɗari). Misali na kayayyaki masu haɗari shine sharar gida mai haɗari wanda shine sharar da ke barazana ga lafiyar jama'a ko muhalli.[1]
Abubuwa masu haɗari galibi suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin sunadarai. Kungiyoyin Hazmat ma'aikata ne da aka horar da su musamman don sarrafa kayayyaki masu haɗari, waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan da ke da rediyo, mai cin wuta, mai fashewa, Mai lalatawa, mai ƙamshi, mai haɗari, mai guba, mai gubobi, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, ko mai ƙarancin cuta. Har ila yau an haɗa su da yanayin jiki kamar su gas da ruwa ko kayan zafi, gami da duk kayan da ke dauke da irin waɗannan kayan ko sunadarai, ko kuma suna da wasu halaye waɗanda ke sa su haɗari a takamaiman yanayi.
Sau da yawa ana nuna kayayyaki masu haɗari ta hanyar alamun siffar lu'u-lu'u a kan abu (duba NFPA 704), akwati, ko ginin da aka adana shi. Launi na kowane lu'u-lu'u yana nuna haɗarinsa, misali, ana nuna mai cin wuta tare da ja, saboda wuta da zafi gabaɗaya suna da launin ja, kuma ana nuna fashewa tare da orange, saboda haɗuwa da ja (mai cin wuta) tare da rawaya (mai tsami) yana haifar da orange. An nuna iskar gas da ba ta ƙonewa kuma ba ta guba ba tare da kore ba, saboda duk jiragen iska da aka matse sun kasance wannan launi a Faransa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma Faransa ita ce inda tsarin lu'u-lu'u na ganewar haɗari ya samo asali.
Dokokin Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi shine don jigilar kayayyaki masu haɗari. Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da Shawarwarin Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Sufurin Kayayyaki Masu Hadari, wanda ya zama tushen mafi yawan tsarin mulki na yanki, na ƙasa, da na duniya. Misali, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya ta samar da ka'idojin kaya masu haɗari don jigilar kayan haɗari da ke bisa ga samfurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya amma an gyara su don karɓar fannoni na musamman na jigilar iska. Kamfanin jirgin sama na mutum da bukatun gwamnati an haɗa su tare da wannan ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jirgin Sama ta Duniya don samar da ƙa'idodin IATA Dangerous Goods (DGR) da aka yi amfani da su a ko'ina. [2] Hakazalika, Ƙungiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta Duniya (IMO) ta haɓaka Dokar Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Jirgin Ruwanci ta Duniya ("IMDG Code", wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Tsaro na Rayuwa a Tekun) don jigilar kayayyaki masu haɗari ta teku. Kasashen membobin IMO sun kuma haɓaka Yarjejeniyar HNS don samar da diyya idan akwai haɗari da aka zubar da kaya a cikin teku.
Kungiyar Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail ta haɓaka ƙa'idodi game da Jirgin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta Rail ("RID", wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar game da Jirgi na Duniya ta Rail). Kasashe da yawa sun tsara ƙa'idodin sufuri na kaya masu haɗari don daidaitawa da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin tsari da kuma takamaiman buƙatu.
Tsarin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Labelling na Chemicals (GHS) tsarin da aka amince da shi a duniya ne don maye gurbin ka'idojin rarrabuwa da lakabi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a kasashe daban-daban. GHS tana amfani da ka'idoji masu daidaituwa don rarrabuwa da lakabi a matakin duniya.
Lambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sunayen jigilar kayayyaki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana sanya kayayyaki masu haɗari ga lambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sunayen jigilar kaya masu dacewa bisa ga rarraba haɗarin su da abun da ke ciki. Abubuwan haɗari da ake ɗauka ana jera su a cikin jerin Abubuwan haɗarin.
Misalan lambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sunayen jigilar kayayyaki masu dacewa sune:
- 1202 GAS Mai ko RASHIYAU FURUS ko RASHAU mai zafi, Haske
- 1203 Mataki ko GASOLINE ko PETROL
- 3090 LITHIUM METAL BATTERIES
- 3480 LITHIUM ION BATTERIES ciki har da batirin lithium ion polymer
Rarraba da lakabi taƙaitaccen tebur
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana rarraba kayayyaki masu haɗari zuwa aji tara (ban da ƙananan rukunoni da yawa) bisa ga takamaiman halaye na sunadarai da ke haifar da haɗari.[3]
Lura: Hotuna da rubutu a cikin wannan labarin da ke wakiltar alamun tsaro na kabad haɗari sun samo asali ne daga tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gano kayan haɗari. Ba duk ƙasashe ba ne ke amfani da zane iri ɗaya (lambar, allon ko bayanin rubutu) a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasarsu. Wasu suna amfani da alamomi masu hoto, amma ba tare da kalmomin Ingilishi ba ko kuma tare da irin wannan kalmomi a cikin yarensu na ƙasa. Yi la'akari da ka'idojin jigilar kayayyaki masu haɗari na ƙasar da ake sha'awa.
Misali, duba TDG Bulletin: Dangerous Goods Safety Marks [4] bisa ga Dokokin Sufuri na Kasuwanci Masu Hadari na Kanada.
Sanarwar da ke sama ta shafi dukkan nau'ikan kayan haɗari da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin.
Gudanarwa da sufuri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gudanarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rage haɗarin da ke tattare da kayan haɗari na iya buƙatar aikace-aikacen kariya yayin jigilar su, amfani, adanawa da zubar da shi. Yawancin ƙasashe suna tsara kayan haɗari ta hanyar doka, kuma suna ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa. Duk da haka, kasashe daban-daban na iya amfani da lu'u-lu'u daban-daban don samfurin iri ɗaya. Misali, a Ostiraliya, an rarraba ammoniya UN 1005 a matsayin 2.3 (gas mai guba) tare da haɗari mai haɗari 8 (mai lalata), yayin da a Amurka an rarraba shi ne kawai a matsayin 2.2 (gas mara wuta). [5]
Mutanen da ke kula da kayayyaki masu haɗari galibi suna sa kayan kariya, kuma sassan kashe gobara na birni galibi suna da ƙungiyar mayar da martani da aka horar da su musamman don magance haɗari da zubar da ruwa. Mutanen da za su iya haɗuwa da kayayyaki masu haɗari a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsu galibi suna ƙarƙashin sa ido ko sa ido kan kiwon lafiya don tabbatar da cewa bayyanarsu ba ta wuce iyakokin bayyanar aiki ba.
Dokoki da ka'idoji game da amfani da sarrafa kayan haɗari na iya bambanta dangane da aikin da matsayin kayan. Misali, saiti ɗaya na buƙatu na iya amfani da su a wurin aiki yayin da saiti daban-daban na buƙatu zasu iya amfani da amsawar zubar, siyarwa don amfani da mabukaci, ko sufuri. Yawancin ƙasashe suna tsara wasu fannoni na kayan haɗari.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Resources Conservation and Recovery Act". US EPA. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013.
- ↑ "Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR)". IATA. Archived from the original on 2014-04-23.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ "TDG Bulletin: Dangerous Goods Safety Marks" (PDF). Transport Canada. January 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
- ↑ "Emergency Response Safety and Health Database". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 9 July 2021.