Abubuwa sun rabu

Abubuwa sun rabu
Asali
Mawallafi	Chinua Achebe
Lokacin bugawa	1958
Asalin suna	Things Fall Apart
Ƙasar asali	Birtaniya
Distribution format (en)	printed book (en)
Characteristics
Genre (en)	fiction literature (en)
Harshe	Turanci
Chronology (en)
Abubuwa sun rabu →Ba Sa'a da Sa'a

A book cover with the drawing of a traditional masquerade overlapping a local church building with two standing men at the front, and texts "Chinua Achebe" and "Things Fall Apart" written in all capital letter.

Rubutun farko na Things Fall Apart (1958)

Things Fall Apart labari ne na shekarar 1958 marubuci ɗan Najeriya Chinua Achebe . Littafin novel din Achebe ne na farko kuma an rubuta shi lokacin yana aiki a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya . Heinemann ne ya fara buga littafin a London a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni,shekara ta 1958.

Labarin, wanda aka kafa a Najeriya ta Burtaniya, ya shafi Okonkwo, jagoran gargajiya mai tasiri na dangin Ibo na Umuofia, wanda ke adawa da mulkin mallaka da Kiristanci na farko. An dauki taken littafin ne daga aya ta "The Second Coming", waka ta shekarar 1919 ta mawaki na Irish W. B. Yeats. Abubuwan da suka fadi Apart sun zama ɓangare na farko na "African trilogy" na Achebe tare da litattafansa No Longer at Ease da Arrow of God . Littafin ya binciki jigogi da yawa, musamman al'adu, namiji, da mulkin mallaka.

Abubuwan da suka fadi suna da mahimmanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. Ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci da shahara a Lokaci bugawa, kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna sama da hamsin. An jera shi a cikin Time's "100 Best English-language Novels daga shekara 1923 zuwa shekarar 2005". Littafin ya sami sauye-sauye da yawa, gami da Wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo Okonkwo (a shekarar 1961) na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya, da kuma fim din shekarar 1971 Things Fall Apart, wanda ya fito da Princess Elizabeth na Tooro .

Makirci

Okonkwo sanannen mutum ne a ƙauyen Umuofia . Shi zakara ne na kokawa kuma shugaban dangi. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya zama akasin mahaifinsa Unoka, wanda ya kasance mai bashi mai laushi wanda ba zai iya tallafa wa matarsa ko 'ya'yansa ba, ya fi son yin wasa da sarewa fiye da yin gwagwarmaya don samun nasara. Okonkwo yana aiki tuƙuru tun yana ƙarami don gina daraja da wadata duk da kansa. Da yake ya damu da ƙarfin namiji da horo, sau da yawa yana doke matansa da 'ya'yansa.

Tsofaffi sun zaɓi Okonkwo ya zama mai kula da Ikemefuna, wani yaro wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin zaman lafiya tsakanin Umuofia da wata dangi bayan mahaifin Ikemefuna ya kashe wata mace daga Umuofia. Yaron yana kallon Okonkwo a matsayin mahaifinsa na biyu. Oracle na Umuofia ya bayyana cewa dole ne a kashe yaron. Ezeudu, dattijon ƙauyen, ya gargadi Okonkwo da ya guje wa kisan, amma ya kawar da gargadi kuma ya aiwatar da mummunan aiki. Bayan ya kashe Ikemefuna, Okonkwo yana jin bakin ciki da mafarkai masu ban tsoro. A lokacin gaisuwar bindiga a jana'izar Ezeudu, bindigar Okonkwo ta fashe ba zato ba tsammani kuma ta kashe dan Ezeudu. Shi da iyalinsa an tura su gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru bakwai zuwa ƙasarsa, Mbanta, kamar yadda ake buƙata don kwantar da hankalin alloli.

Yayinda Okonkwo ke Mbanta, ya fahimci cewa fararen maza suna zaune a Umuofia da niyyar gabatar da addininsu, Kiristanci. Yayin da yawan masu tuba ke ƙaruwa, ƙafar fararen mutane ke ƙaruwa kuma an gabatar da sabuwar gwamnati. An tilasta wa ƙauyen karɓar ko adawa da tilasta wa al'ummar fararen fata. Dan Okonkwo Nwoye ya zama mai son sani game da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, kuma bayan mahaifinsa ya buge shi a karo na ƙarshe, sai ya yanke shawarar barin iyalinsa ya zauna da kansa. Wani mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, Mista Brown ne ya gabatar da Nwoye ga sabon addinin. A cikin shekarar karshe ta gudun hijira, Okonkwo ya umarci abokinsa mafi kyau Obierika ya sayar da dukkan yams dinsa kuma ya hayar mutane biyu don gina masa gidaje biyu don ya sami gida don ya koma tare da iyalinsa. Ya kuma gudanar da babban biki ga dangin mahaifiyarsa.

Da yake dawowa daga Mbanta, Okonkwo ya sami ƙauyensa ya canza ta wurin kasancewar fararen maza. Bayan wani mai tuba ya aikata laifin fallasa dattijo yayin da yake nuna ruhun kakanninmu na dangin, ƙauyen ya rama ta hanyar lalata cocin Kirista na yankin. A mayar da martani, Kwamishinan Gundumar da ke wakiltar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ya dauki Okonkwo da wasu shugabannin 'yan asalin da dama a matsayin fursuna yayin da ake jiran biyan tarar jaka ɗari biyu. Duk da umarnin Kwamishinan Gundumar na bi da shugabannin Umuofia da girmamawa, 'yan asalin "manzanni na kotu" sun kunyata su, suna aske kawunansu kuma suna bulala su. Cikin fushi, mutanen Umuofia a ƙarshe sun taru don tayar da kayar baya. Okonkwo, kasancewa jarumi ne ta hanyar halitta kuma yana da ƙarfi game da bin al'adar Umuofian da al'ada, yana raina duk tsoro kuma yana ba da shawarar yaki.

Lokacin da manzanni na fararen gwamnati suka yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da taron, Okonkwo ya fille kan daya daga cikinsu. Saboda taron ya ba da damar sauran manzanni su tsere kuma ba ya ya yaƙi tare da Okonkwo, ya fahimci da fidda rai cewa mutanen Umuofia ba za su yi yaƙi don kare kansu ba. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa lokacin da Kwamishinan Gundumar, Gregory Irwin, ya zo gidan Okonkwo don kai shi kotu, ya gano cewa Okonkwo ya kashe kansa saboda ya ga yana yaƙi shi kaɗai kuma kabilarsa ta daina. Daga cikin mutanensa, ayyukan Okonkwo sun lalata sunansa da matsayinsa, saboda ya saba wa koyarwar Ibo don kashe kansa. Obierika ya yi ƙoƙari kada ya rushe yayin da yake kuka game da mutuwar Okonkwo. Yayin da Irwin da mutanensa ke shirin binne Okonkwo, Irwin ya yi tunanin cewa mutuwar Okonkwo za ta zama babi mai ban sha'awa ga littafinsa, The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger .

Tarihi da tarihin bugawa

Achebe a Legas, 1966; shekaru takwas bayan bugawa na Things Fall ApartAbubuwa sun rabu

Abubuwan da suka fadi sun kasance littafin farko na Chinua Achebe. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Ibadan a shekara ta 1953, ya zama malami a Oba, Jihar Anambra, kafin ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a shekara mai zuwa. A lokacin da yake zaune a NBC, ya fara rubuta rubutun. Ya rubuta a Turanci tun lokacin da ya ɗauki ma'auni na yanzu don rubuce-rubucen Harshen Igbo kamar yadda aka tsara; wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar haɗuwa da yaruka daban-daban, wanda ya bayyana a cikin hira ta shekarar 1994. A shekara ta 1957 ya cire sashi na biyu da na uku na rubutun, ya bar labarin Okonkwo kawai, a ƙarshe babban halin labarin. Ya kuma sake fasalinsa kuma ya kara sabbin sakin layi da surori.

Bayan Achebe ya ga talla a cikin The Spectator, sai ya aika da kwafin rubuce-rubucen da ya rubuta da hannu zuwa wata hukumar buga takardu a London ta hanyar wasika ta yau da kullun. Bayan ya aika da kuɗin da hukumar ta nema na £ 22 ta hanyar umarnin gidan waya na Burtaniya, bai ji komai daga hukumar ba har tsawon watanni da yawa. Zuwa ƙarshen shekara, abokin aikinsa, Angela Beattie, wanda ke gab da barin matsayinta na Shugaban Tattaunawa a NBC, yana zuwa London don hutun shekara-shekara, Achebe ya tambaye ta ta bincika matsayin rubutun sa lokacin da ta isa London. Bayan shigar da Beattie, hukumar ta dawo da rubuce-rubucen da aka riga aka rufe da ƙura daga kusurwar ofishin, kuma ta aika da kwafin guda ɗaya kawai zuwa Achebe a Legas.

An gabatar da Achebe a matsayin Shugaban Tattaunawa a NBC. Ya aika da rubutun sa ga wakilin wallafe-wallafen Gilbert Phelps a shekara ta 1958. Gidajen wallafe-wallafen da yawa sun ki amincewa da rubutun, suna ba da dalilin cewa fiction na marubutan Afirka ba su da damar kudi. Daga bisani aka kai rubutun zuwa ofishin William Heinemann, inda aka gabatar da shi ga James Michie kuma ta hanyarsa, ya zo ga hankalin Alan Hill, mai ba da shawara kan wallafe-wallafen. An buga Things Fall Apart a cikin hardback a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1958 tare da kusan shekarar 2000 kofe bugawa. Kodayake masu bugawa ba su sake gyara ko kwafin rubutun ba, ya sami yabo nan take a cikin jaridar Burtaniya. The Times Literary Supplement ya ce littafin "ya yi nasara sosai wajen gabatar da rayuwar kabilanci daga ciki yayin da alamu na ji da halayen tunani suka bayyana a cikin hotuna na Afirka, ba a rubuta su ba sama ko ƙasa. "

Jigogi

Al'adu

Abubuwan da suka fadi baya suna nuna tushen al'adun Igbos kuma suna nufin su a matsayin ka'idar duniya, wanda ke farfado da darajar da ta ɓace na mutane a lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Najeriya.

Masana tarihi suna mai da hankali kan daular Afirka da ta gabata don inganta matsayin tarihin Afirka, amma Achebe ya karya wannan tsari ta hanyar nuna mutanen Igbo a matsayin masu warewa a cikin al'adun da aka kafa. Alal misali, lokacin da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka shiga Mbanta, suna tsammanin za a sami sarki. Bayan an gaya musu babu wani, sun kafa nasu tsarin mulki. A cikin Things Fall Apart, akwai saɓani tsakanin al'adun al'adu daban-daban; alal misali, Turawa sun ba da izinin mutane su yi yaƙi kan addini amma al'adar Igbo ta hana kashe juna.

Achebe ya gabatar da wasu ma'auni ga al'adun Igbo yayin da ba ya nuna abubuwan da suka gabata - alal misali, ba shi da kyau ga mai karatu na zamani, mai karatu na mulkin mallaka ya yarda da dokar cewa ya kamata a kashe Ikemefuna saboda zunuban danginsa. Kodayake Achebe ya nuna cin amana, jahilci, da rashin haƙuri na Burtaniya, bai wakilce su a matsayin mugayen mutane ba. Maimakon haka yana amfani da al'adu biyu - na Burtaniya da na Igbo - don wakiltar cakuda mutane biyu kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Okonkwo da Mista Smith, waɗanda dukansu biyu suka ƙi yin sulhu lokacin da aka yi wa al'adunsu barazana.

Kyauta

Karɓar baƙi

Abubuwan da suka fadi suna da mahimmanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka na Ingilishi, da kuma fahimtar wallafe-walfen Afirka a Yamma. Ana nazarin shi sosai a Afirka, Turai, da Arewacin Amurka, inda ya kasance batun ayyukan bincike na sakandare da na uku. An fassara shi zuwa harsuna sama da 50. Lokaci ya lissafa littafin a cikin TIME 100 Mafi kyawun Littattafan Turanci daga shekara ta 1923 zuwa shekarar 2005.

Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Wole Soyinka ya bayyana Things Fall Apart a matsayin "littafi na farko a Turanci wanda ya yi magana daga cikin halin Afirka, maimakon nuna Afirka a matsayin mai ban mamaki, kamar yadda fari zai gan shi. "A lokacin bikin cika shekaru 60 na littafin, Femi Elufowoju Jr, Adesua Etomi, Lu Msamati, Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi, Chibundu Onuzo, Ellahama Allfrey, Ben Okri, da Margaret Busby suka karanta shi a Cibiyar Bankin ta Kudu a London a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu.

A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2019 BBC News ta lissafa Things Fall Apart a cikin jerin Littattafai 100 mafi tasiri. Abubuwan da suka fadi sun kasance a cikin Encyclopædia Britannica a matsayin daya daga cikin "Littafi 12 da aka dauka a matsayin 'Littafi Mafi Girma da aka taɓa Rubuta'".

Tasiri

Kafin a buga Things Fall Apart, yawancin litattafai game da Afirka 'yan Turawa ne suka rubuta su kuma sun nuna 'yan Afirka a matsayin masu tayar da hankali da ke buƙatar haskakawa ta Yamma. Abubuwan da suka fadi sun shirya hanya don wakiltar Al'adun Afirka da baƙi ba suka kirkira ba; littafin ya rinjayi wasu marubutan Afirka su rubuta game da al'amuran zamantakewa, tarihi, da al'adu na Afirka ta zamani.

Achebe ya nuna al'ummar Igbo da tausayi, yana bawa mai karatu damar bincika tasirin mulkin mallaka daga hangen nesa daban. Ya tabbatar da cewa za'a iya bayyana shahararren Things Fall Apart a Najeriya kawai cewa "wannan shine karo na farko da muke ganin kanmu, a matsayin mutane masu cin gashin kansu, maimakon rabin mutane, ko kuma kamar yadda Conrad zai ce, 'ruhohi masu mahimmanci'". Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta Najeriya Wole Soyinka ya kira littafin "littafi na farko a Turanci wanda ya yi magana daga cikin halin Afirka, maimakon nuna Afirka a matsayin mai ban mamaki, kamar yadda fari zai gan shi".

Harshen littafin ba wai kawai ya burge masu sukar ba amma kuma ya kasance babban abu a fitowar littafin Afirka na zamani. Saboda Achebe ya rubuta a Turanci, ya nuna rayuwar Igbo daga ra'ayi na mutumin Afirka, kuma ya yi amfani da harshen mutanensa, ya sami damar yin tasiri sosai ga masu rubutun Afirka, waɗanda suka kalli shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara.   Labarin Achebe da zargi sun ci gaba da karfafawa da tasiri ga marubuta a duniya. Hilary Mantel, marubucin littafin Booker Prize a cikin wani labarin 7 ga watan Mayu, shekara ya 2012 a cikin Newsweek, "Hilary Mantel's 5 Favorite Historical Fictions", ya lissafa Things Fall Apart a matsayin daya daga cikin litattafan da ta fi so guda biyar a cikin wannan nau'in. Sabon ƙarni na marubutan Afirka - wadanda suka lashe Kyautar Caine Binyavanga Waina (darakta na yanzu na Cibiyar Chinua Achebe a Kwalejin Bard) da Helon Habila (Waiting for an Angel [2004] da Measuring Time [2007]), da kuma Uzodinma Iweala (Beasts of No Nation [2005]), da Farfesa Okey Ndibe (Arrows of Rain [2000]) sun ƙidaya Chinua Aquebe a matsayin babban tasiri. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, marubucin shahararrun litattafan Purple Hibiscus (shekara ta 2003) da Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), ya yi sharhi a cikin wata hira ta shekarar 2006: "Chinua Achebe koyaushe zai kasance da muhimmanci a gare ni saboda aikinsa bai rinjayi salon na ba kamar yadda falsafar rubuce-rubuce ta: karanta shi ya ƙarfafa ni, ya ba ni izinin rubuta game da abubuwan da na sani sosai. " 

An yi bikin cika shekaru 60 da bugawa ta farko ta Things Fall Apart a Cibiyar Bankin Kudancin a London, Burtaniya, a ranar 15 ga Watan Afrilun shekarar 2018 tare da karatun kai tsaye daga littafin da Femi Elufowoju Jr, Adesua Etomi, Yomi Sode, Lucian Msamati, Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi, Chibundu Onuzo, Ellah Wakatama Allfrey, Ben Okri, da Margaret Busby suka yi.

Daidaitawa

Abubuwan da suka fadi an daidaita su cikin Wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo, Okonkwo, ta Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya a watan Afrilu 1961. Ya ƙunshi marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya kuma mawaki Wole Soyinka a matsayin mai tallafawa.

Cover of Things Fall Apart (1985) Rubuce-rubucen fim na Stephen GoldblattHanyar haɗin fim na Stephen Goldblatt

A shekara ta 1970, an juya littafin zuwa fim din mai suna - wanda aka fi sani da Bullfrog In The Sun - wanda mai shirya fina-finai da kuma furodusa Hansjürgen Pohland ya jagoranta kuma ya fito da Princess Elizabeth of Toro, Johnny Sekka da Orlando Martins . A cikin 1965, mai samar da fim din Najeriya Francis Oladele ya kafa Calpenny Nigeria Limited, kamfanin samar da fim na farko a Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai. Shirin Amurka-Jamusanci-Nijeriya Things Fall Apart shi ne fim dinsa na biyu bayan Kongi's Harvest . Abubuwan da suka fadi an yi la'akari da su sun ɓace shekaru da yawa har sai Stephen Goldblatt ya sami fiye da 2,000 stills, takardun samarwa, wasiƙu, takardon jaridu na zamani bugawa fim da sauransu a cikin ajiyar tauraron dan adam na Deutsche Kinemathek Berlin a cikin shekara ta 2019. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi da aikin digitization kan al'adun fina-finai na Najeriya, tare da nune-nunen da nunawa a Legas, Kampala, Abidjan, Accra da Atlanta, da sauran wurare. A Jamus, fim din ya fara ne a Ranar Afirka a Bonn a karkashin kulawar Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamus na lokacin Walter Scheel . A Amurka, an fara gabatar da shi a Atlanta a shekara ta 1974, tare da magajin garin Atlanta na lokacin, Maynard Jackson, a matsayin mai kula. A cikin rubutunsa Lokacin da Bullfrog Jumps In The Sun - Me ya sa Abubuwa Har yanzu fim ne mai mahimmanci har zuwa yau, mai zane-zane na zamani na Legas Mallam Mudi Yahaya ya bayyana rikitarwa na samarwa.

A shekara ta 1987, darektan, David Orere, ya daidaita littafin a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ta watsa. Ya fito da Pete Edochie a matsayin Okonkwo da Justus Esiri a matsayin Obierika . Sauran sun hada da Nkem Owoh da Sam Loco Efe a matsayin tallafi.

A cikin shekara ta 1999, ƙungiyar hip-hop ta Amurka Roots ta fitar da kundi na huɗu na studio Things Fall Apart dangane da littafin Achebe. Har ila yau, an yi wasan kwaikwayo na Things Fall Apart wanda Biyi Bandele ya daidaita a Cibiyar Kennedy. A watan Satumbar shekarar 2024, an sanar da karɓar talabijin don ci gaba a A24 tare da Idris Elba da David Oyelowo a matsayin masu samarwa.