Jump to content

Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics
academic discipline (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Injinia.
Fuskar human–computer interaction (en) Fassara da human-machine relationship (en) Fassara
Gudanarwan ergonomist (en) Fassara
ICPC 2 ID (en) Fassara Z05
Bayyanawa mai amfani na ka'idodin ergonomic

Ergonomics, wanda aka fi sani da Abubuwan ɗan adam ko abubuwan injiniya na ɗan adam (HFE), aikace-aikacen ka'idodin ilimin halayyar mutum da na ilimin lissafi ne ga aikin injiniya da ƙirar samfuran, matakai, da tsarin. Babban burin injiniyan abubuwan ɗan adam shine rage Kuskuren ɗan adam, haɓaka yawan aiki da wadatar tsarin, da haɓaka aminci, lafiya da ta'aziyya tare da takamaiman mai da hankali kan hulɗar tsakanin ɗan adam da kayan aiki.

Filin ya haɗu da fannoni da yawa, kamar ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilimin zamantakewa, injiniya, ƙirar masana'antu, ilimin lissafi, ƙirar ɗan adam, ƙirar hulɗa, ƙirar gani, kwarewar mai amfani, da ƙirar mai amfani. Binciken abubuwan ɗan adam yana amfani da hanyoyin da hanyoyin daga waɗannan da sauran ilimin ilimin don nazarin halayyar ɗan adam da samar da bayanan da suka dace da manufofin da aka bayyana a baya. A cikin karatu da raba ilmantarwa game da ƙirar kayan aiki, na'urori, da matakai waɗanda suka dace da jikin mutum da ƙwarewarsa, kalmomin biyu, "abubuwan ɗan adam" da "ergonomics", suna da ma'ana game da abin da suka shafi su da ma'anar su a cikin wallafe-wallafen yanzu.[1][2]

Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya ta bayyana ergonomics ko abubuwan ɗan adam kamar haka:

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

 

Injiniyanci na abubuwan ɗan adam ya dace a cikin ƙirar irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar kayan aiki masu aminci da sauƙin amfani da injuna da kayan aiki. Tsarin ergonomic mai kyau ya zama dole don hana Raunin maimaitawa da sauran cututtukan tsoka da ƙashi, wanda zai iya bunkasa cikin lokaci kuma zai iya haifar da nakasa na dogon lokaci. Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics suna damuwa da "daidaitawa" tsakanin mai amfani, kayan aiki, da muhalli ko "daidaidaita aiki ga mutum" [3] ko "daita aikin ga mutum". Yana lissafin iyawar mai amfani da iyakoki a neman tabbatar da cewa ayyuka, ayyuka, bayanai, da muhalli sun dace da wannan mai amfani.

Don tantance dacewa tsakanin mutum da fasahar da ake amfani da ita, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane ko ergonomists suna la'akari da aikin (aiki) da ake yi da buƙatun mai amfani; kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su (girmansa, siffar, da yadda ya dace da aikin); da kuma bayanin da aka yi da shi (yadda aka gabatar da shi, samun dama, da kuma gyara). Ergonomics ya samo asali ne daga fannoni da yawa a cikin nazarin mutane da mahallinsu, gami da anthropometry, biomechanics, injiniyan injiniya, Injiniyan masana'antu, ƙirar masana'antu، ƙirar bayanai, kinesiology, ilimin lissafi, ilimin halayyar mutum, ilimin halayen masana'antu da na ƙungiya, da ilimin halayin sararin samaniya.

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar ergonomics (daga Girkanci, ma'ana "aiki", da νόμος, ma'anar "dokar halitta") ta fara shiga ƙamus na zamani lokacin da masanin kimiyya na Poland Wojciech Jastrzębowski ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin labarinsa na 1857 Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o__hau____hau____hau__, opartej na prawdach poczerpnię z Nauki Przyrody (The Outline of Ergonomics; watau Kimiyya na Aiki, Bisa ga Gaskiya da aka karɓa daga Kimiyya ta Halitta). [4] Masanin Faransanci Jean-Gustave Courcelle-Seneuil, a bayyane yake ba tare da sanin labarin Jastrzębowski ba, ya yi amfani da kalmar tare da ma'ana daban-daban a 1858. Gabatar da kalmar ga ƙamus na Turanci an danganta shi da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Burtaniya Hywel Murrell, a taron 1949 a Admiralty na Burtaniya, wanda ya haifar da kafa The Ergonomics Society. Ya yi amfani da shi don ya ƙunshi karatun da ya yi a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II.

Maganar Abubuwan ɗan adam shine mafi yawan Arewacin Amurka [5] wanda aka karɓa don jaddada aikace-aikacen hanyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da aiki. "Matsayin ɗan adam" dukiya ce ta jiki ko fahimta ta mutum ko halayyar zamantakewa ta musamman ga mutane wanda zai iya rinjayar aikin tsarin fasaha. Kalmomin "halayen ɗan adam" da "ergonomics" suna da ma'ana.

Yankunan ƙwarewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya, a cikin horo na ergonomics akwai yankuna na ƙwarewa. Wadannan sun hada da manyan fannoni uku na bincike: jiki, fahimta, da ergonomics na ƙungiya.

Akwai ƙwarewa da yawa a cikin waɗannan manyan rukunoni. Kwarewa a fagen ergonomics na zahiri na iya haɗawa da ergonomics ta gani. Kwarewa a cikin fagen ergonomics na fahimta na iya haɗawa da amfani, hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta, da ƙwarewar injiniya.

Wasu ƙwarewa na iya yankewa a cikin waɗannan yankuna: Ergonomics na muhalli yana damuwa da hulɗar ɗan adam tare da muhalli kamar yadda yanayin yanayi, zafin jiki, matsin lamba, girgizar ƙasa, haske ke nunawa.[6] Yankin da ke fitowa na Abubuwan ɗan adam a cikin tsaron hanya yana amfani da ka'idodin ɗan adam don fahimtar ayyukan da damar masu amfani da hanya - direbobi na mota da manyan motoci, masu tafiya, masu keke, da sauransu - kuma amfani da wannan ilimin don tsara hanyoyi da tituna don rage haɗarin zirga-zirga. An lissafa kuskuren direba a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa a cikin kashi 44% na haɗari mai haɗari a Amurka, don haka batun da ke da ban sha'awa shine yadda masu amfani da hanya ke tattara da aiwatar da bayanai game da hanya da mahallinta, da kuma yadda za a taimaka musu su yanke shawara mai dacewa.[7]

Ana samar da sabbin kalmomi a kowane lokaci. Misali, "masanin gwajin mai amfani" na iya nufin ƙwararren injiniyan ɗan adam wanda ya ƙware a gwajin mai amfani.[8] Kodayake sunayen sun canza, ƙwararrun abubuwan ɗan adam suna amfani da fahimtar abubuwan ɗan adam ga ƙirar kayan aiki, tsarin da hanyoyin aiki don inganta ta'aziyya, lafiya, aminci, da yawan aiki.

Ayyukan jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Physical ergonomics: kimiyya na tsara hulɗar mai amfani tare da kayan aiki da wuraren aiki don dacewa da mai amfani.
Yawanci ma'auni da matsayi yayin sarrafa nauyin hannuGudanar da kaya da hannu

ergonomics na jiki yana damuwa da ilimin jikin ɗan adam, da kuma wasu daga cikin halayen ɗan adam, physiological, da biomechanical kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da aikin jiki.[1] An yi amfani da ka'idodin ergonomic na jiki sosai a cikin ƙira na mabukaci da samfuran masana'antu don haɓaka aiki da hanawa / magance rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa da aiki ta hanyar rage hanyoyin da ke haifar da mummunan rauni da cuta na musculoskeletal.[2] Abubuwan haɗari kamar matsi na inji, ƙarfi da matsayi a cikin wurin zama na ofis suna haifar da raunin da aka danganta ga yanayin aiki.[3] Ergonomics na jiki yana da mahimmanci ga waɗanda aka bincikar su da cututtukan physiological ko cuta irin su amosanin gabbai (duka na yau da kullun da na wucin gadi) ko ciwo na rami na carpal. Matsin da ba shi da mahimmanci ko rashin fahimta ga waɗanda waɗannan cututtuka ba su shafa ba na iya zama mai zafi sosai, ko kuma ya sa na'urar ba ta da amfani, ga waɗanda suke. Hakanan ana amfani da samfuran ergonomics da yawa waɗanda aka kera su ko kuma ana ba da shawarar don magance ko hana irin wannan cuta, da kuma magance ciwo mai raɗaɗi na matsa lamba.[4]R

Daga cikin nau'ikan raunin da ya shafi aiki shine rikicewar tsoka da ƙashi. Cututtukan tsoka da ke da alaƙa da aiki (WRMDs) suna haifar da ciwo mai ɗorewa, asarar ikon aiki da nakasa ta aiki, amma ganewar asali na farko yana da wahala saboda galibi sun dogara ne akan korafe-korafe na ciwo da sauran alamun.[9] Kowace shekara, ma'aikatan Amurka miliyan 1.8 suna fuskantar WRMDs kuma kusan 600,000 daga cikin raunin suna da tsanani sosai don sa ma'aikata su rasa aiki. Wasu ayyuka ko yanayin aiki suna haifar da yawan korafe-korafe na ma'aikata game da damuwa mara kyau, gajiya, rashin jin daɗi, ko ciwo wanda ba ya tafiya bayan hutawa na dare. Wadannan nau'ikan ayyuka galibi sune wadanda suka shafi ayyukan kamar maimaitawa da karfi; sau da yawa, nauyi, ko ɗagawa a sama; matsayi na aiki mara kyau; ko amfani da kayan aiki masu girgiza.[10] Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Aiki (OSHA) ta sami shaidar da ta dace cewa shirye-shiryen ergonomics na iya rage farashin biyan diyya na ma'aikata, kara yawan aiki da rage yawan ma'aikata. Maganin ragewa na iya haɗawa da mafita na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. Maganin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci sun haɗa da horar da wayar da kan jama'a, matsayi na jiki, kayan aiki da kuma motsa jiki na ergonomic. Ana ba da shawarar tashoshin zama da kayan haɗi na kwamfuta waɗanda ke ba da shimfidar wuri don hutawa da dabino da kuma raba maɓallan. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya rarraba albarkatu a cikin sashen HR don samar da kimantawa ga ma'aikata don tabbatar da cewa an cika ka'idodin da ke sama.[11] Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tattara bayanai don gano ayyukan ko yanayin aiki waɗanda suka fi matsala, ta amfani da tushe kamar raunin rauni da rashin lafiya, bayanan likita, da nazarin aiki.[10] 

Maɓallin da aka tsara ta hanyar ergonomic

Sabbin tashoshin aiki da ake gwadawa sun haɗa da teburin zama, teburin da za'a iya daidaitawa, tebur masu motsa jiki, na'urorin pedal da ergometers na sake zagayowar.[12] A cikin karatu da yawa waɗannan sabbin wuraren aiki sun haifar da raguwar kewayon kugu da inganta lafiyar hankali. Koyaya adadi mai yawa na ƙarin karatu ba su ga wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a sakamakon kiwon lafiya ba.[13]

Tare da fitowar robot na hadin gwiwa da tsarin basira a cikin masana'antu, ana iya amfani da wakilai na wucin gadi don inganta ergonomics na jiki na abokan aiki na ɗan adam. Misali, a lokacin hadin gwiwar mutum-robot robot na iya amfani da samfuran biomechanical na abokin aiki na mutum don daidaita tsarin aiki da lissafin ma'auni daban-daban na ergonomic, kamar matsayi na mutum, jujjuyawar haɗin gwiwa, sarrafa hannu da Gajiyawar tsoka.[14][15] Hakanan ana iya nuna dacewa da ergonomic na sararin aiki da aka raba dangane da waɗannan ma'auni ga ɗan adam tare da taswirar sararin aiki ta hanyar hanyoyin gani.[16]

Ilimin motsa jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:EmploymentCognitive ergonomics ya damu da matakai na tunani, kamar fahimta, motsin rai, ƙwaƙwalwa, tunani, da amsawar motsi, yayin da suke shafar hulɗar tsakanin mutane da sauran abubuwa na tsarin. Batutuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da aikin tunani, yanke shawara, ƙwarewar aiki, amincin ɗan adam, damuwa da horo kamar yadda waɗannan zasu iya danganta da tsarin ɗan adam da ƙirar hulɗar ɗan adam da kwamfuta.[13]

Ayyukan aiki na ƙungiyoyi da al'adun tsaro

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan ergonomics na ƙungiya sun damu da inganta tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha, gami da tsarin ƙungiyo, manufofi, da matakai. Batutuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da nasarorin sadarwa na ɗan adam ko gazawar daidaitawa da wasu abubuwa na tsarin, gudanar da albarkatun ma'aikata, ƙirar aiki, tsarin aiki, ƙirar lokutan aiki, aiki tare, ergonomics na shiga, ergonomic na al'umma, aikin hadin gwiwa, sabbin shirye-shiryen aiki, ƙungiyoyi masu kama-da-aikace, aiki mai nisa, da gudanar da inganci. Al'adun tsaro a cikin ƙungiyar injiniyoyi da masu fasaha an haɗa su da aminci na injiniya tare da girman al'adu ciki har da nisan wutar lantarki da haƙuri. An nuna ƙananan nisan wutar lantarki don zama mafi dacewa ga al'adun tsaro. Kungiyoyin da ke da al'adun ɓoyewa ko rashin tausayi an nuna suna da al'adar tsaro mara kyau.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Al'ummomin d ̄ a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu sun bayyana cewa ergonomics na ɗan adam ya fara ne da Australopithecus prometheus (wanda aka fi sani da "Little Foot"), wani dabba wanda ya kirkiro kayan aiki na hannu daga nau'ikan dutse daban-daban, a bayyane ya bambanta tsakanin kayan aiki bisa ga ikon su na yin ayyukan da aka tsara.[17] Tushen kimiyya na ergonomics ya bayyana cewa an kafa shi ne a cikin al'adun Girka ta dā. Shaidu masu yawa sun nuna cewa wayewar Girka a karni na 5 BC ta yi amfani da ka'idodin ergonomic a cikin ƙirar kayan aikin su, ayyuka, da wuraren aiki. Ana iya samun misali mai kyau na wannan a cikin bayanin da Hippocrates ya ba da yadda ya kamata a tsara wurin aiki na likitan tiyata da kuma yadda ya kamata aka shirya kayan aikin da yake amfani da su.[18] Tarihin archaeological ya kuma nuna cewa farkon daular Masar sun yi kayan aiki da kayan gida waɗanda suka kwatanta ka'idodin ergonomic.

Al'ummomin masana'antu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bernardino Ramazzini na ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka yi nazarin cutar da ta haifar da aiki, wanda ya sami kansa laƙabi "mahaifin likitanci na sana'a". A ƙarshen 1600s da farkon 1700s Ramazzini ya ziyarci wuraren aiki da yawa inda ya rubuta ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata kuma ya yi magana da su game da cututtukansu. Daga nan sai ya buga De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Latin don "Cutar Ma'aikata") wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sana'o'i, cututtuka na yau da kullun, da magunguna.[19] A cikin karni na 19, Frederick Winslow Taylor ya fara amfani da hanyar "tsarin kimiyya", wanda ya ba da shawarar hanyar samun hanyar da ta fi dacewa don aiwatar da aikin da aka ba shi. Taylor ya gano cewa zai iya, alal misali, ninka adadin kwal wanda ma'aikata ke shoving ta hanyar rage girman da nauyin kwal har sai an kai ga saurin shoving. Frank da Lillian Gilbreth sun fadada hanyoyin Taylor a farkon shekarun 1900 don bunkasa "bincike na lokaci da motsi". Sun yi niyyar inganta inganci ta hanyar kawar da matakai da ayyukan da ba su da mahimmanci. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan hanyar, Gilbreths sun rage yawan motsi a cikin tubali daga 18 zuwa 4.5, [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] yana bawa masu tubali damar kara yawan amfanin su daga tubali 120 zuwa 350 a kowace awa.[20] 

Koyaya, masu binciken Rasha sun ƙi wannan hanyar waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan jin daɗin ma'aikacin. A Taron Farko kan Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Kwadago (1921) Vladimir Bekhterev da Vladimir Nikolayevich Myasishchev sun soki Taylorism. Bekhterev ya yi jayayya cewa "Mafi kyawun matsalar ma'aikata ba a ciki ba [Taylorism], amma yana cikin irin wannan tsari na tsarin ma'aikata wanda zai samar da matsakaicin inganci tare da mafi ƙarancin haɗarin kiwon lafiya, rashin gajiya da tabbacin lafiya mai kyau da duk ci gaban mutum na masu aiki". [21] Myasishchev ya ki amincewa da shawarar Frederick Taylor don juya mutum cikin na'ura. Ayyukan aiki guda ɗaya ya kasance wajibi ne na wucin gadi har sai an iya haɓaka na'ura mai dacewa. Ya kuma ci gaba da ba da shawarar sabon horo na "ergology" don nazarin aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake tsara aiki. Mai ba da shawara ga Myasishchev, Bekhterev, ya ɗauki ra'ayin a cikin rahotonsa na ƙarshe game da taron, kawai canza sunan zuwa "ergonology" [21]

Jirgin sama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na I, mayar da hankali ga ilimin halayyar jirgin sama ya kasance a kan mai jirgin sama da kansa, amma yaƙin ya canza mayar da hankali kan jirgin sama, musamman, ƙirar sarrafawa da nuni, da tasirin tsawo da abubuwan muhalli akan matukin jirgi. Yaƙin ya ga fitowar binciken likitanci da kuma buƙatar hanyoyin gwaji da auna. Nazarin halayyar direba ya fara samun ƙarfi a wannan lokacin, yayin da Henry Ford ya fara samar da miliyoyin Amurkawa da motoci. Wani babban ci gaba a wannan lokacin shine aikin binciken kiwon lafiya. A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I, an kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu, ɗaya a Brooks Air Force Base, Texas ɗayan kuma a Wright-Patterson Air Force Base a wajen Dayton, Ohio. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da yawa don sanin wane halayyar ta bambanta matukan jirgi masu nasara daga wadanda ba su yi nasara ba. A farkon shekarun 1930, Edwin Link ya kirkiro na'urar kwaikwayo ta jirgin sama ta farko. Halin ya ci gaba kuma an haɓaka ƙarin simulators da kayan gwaji. Wani muhimmin ci gaba ya kasance a bangaren farar hula, inda aka bincika tasirin haskakawa akan yawan ma'aikata. Wannan ya haifar da gano Tasirin Hawthorne, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan motsawa na iya rinjayar aikin ɗan adam sosai. 

Yaƙin Duniya na II ya nuna ci gaban sababbin injuna da makamai masu rikitarwa, kuma waɗannan sun sanya sabbin buƙatu akan fahimta masu aiki. Ba zai yiwu a karɓi ƙa'idar Tayloristic na daidaita mutane zuwa ayyukan da suka riga sun kasance ba. Yanzu ƙirar kayan aiki dole ne ta yi la'akari da iyakokin ɗan adam kuma ta yi amfani da ikon ɗan adam. Yin yanke shawara, kulawa, wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da daidaitawar hannu da ido na mai aiki na'ura ya zama mabuɗin nasarar ko gazawar aiki. An gudanar da bincike mai yawa don tantance iyawar ɗan adam da iyakokin da dole ne a cim ma. Yawancin wannan binciken sun tashi inda binciken kiwon lafiya tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe ya ƙare. Misali na wannan shine binciken da Fitts da Jones suka yi (1947), wadanda suka yi nazarin ingantaccen tsari na maɓallin sarrafawa da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama.

Yawancin wannan binciken ya wuce cikin wasu kayan aiki tare da manufar sauƙaƙa sarrafawa da nuni ga masu aiki don amfani. Shigar da kalmomin "halayen ɗan adam" da "ergonomics" a cikin ƙamus na zamani ya fito ne daga wannan lokacin. An lura cewa jirgin sama mai cikakken aiki wanda matukan jirgi mafi kyau suka tashi, har yanzu ya fadi. A cikin 1943 Alphonse Chapanis, wani hafsan soji a cikin Sojojin Amurka, ya nuna cewa wannan abin da ake kira "Kuskuren matukin jirgi" za a iya rage shi sosai lokacin da ƙarin ma'ana da rarrabewa suka maye gurbin ƙirar rikice-rikice a cikin jirgin sama. Bayan yakin, Sojojin Sama sun buga kundin 19 da ke taƙaita abin da aka kafa daga bincike a lokacin yakin.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, abubuwan ɗan adam sun ci gaba da bunƙasa da rarrabuwa. Ayyukan Elias Porter da sauransu a cikin Kamfanin RAND bayan WWII sun fadada tunanin abubuwan ɗan adam. "Yayin da tunanin ya ci gaba, sabon ra'ayi ya ci gaba - cewa yana yiwuwa a kalli wata kungiya kamar kare iska, tsarin mutum-na'ura a matsayin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya kuma yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin halayyar irin wannan kwayar halitta. Yanayi ne don ci gaba. " A cikin shekaru 20 na farko bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, yawancin ayyukan sun kasance ne ta hanyar "mahaifin da suka kafa": Alphonse Chapanis, Paul Fitts, da Small. [22] 

Yaƙin Cold

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Farawar Yaƙin Cold ya haifar da babban fadada dakunan bincike na Tsaro. Yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da aka kafa a lokacin WWII sun fara fadadawa. Yawancin binciken da aka yi bayan yakin sun kasance masu tallafawa soja. An ba da kuɗi mai yawa ga jami'o'i don gudanar da bincike. Har ila yau, girman binciken ya fadada daga ƙananan kayan aiki zuwa dukkan tashoshin aiki da tsarin. A lokaci guda, dama da yawa sun fara buɗewa a masana'antar farar hula. An mayar da hankali daga bincike zuwa shiga ta hanyar shawara ga injiniyoyi a cikin ƙirar kayan aiki. Bayan 1965, lokacin ya ga balaga na horo. Yankin ya fadada tare da ci gaban kwamfuta da aikace-aikacen kwamfuta.

Space Age ya haifar da sabbin batutuwan ɗan adam kamar rashin nauyi da matsanancin g-forces. An yi nazarin haƙuri da mummunan yanayi na sararin samaniya da tasirinsa akan tunani da jiki sosai.[23]

Shekarar Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alfijir na Zamanin Bayanai ya haifar da alaƙar alaƙar ɗan adam-kwamfuta (HCI). Hakanan, karuwar buƙatu da gasa tsakanin kayan masarufi da na'urorin lantarki ya haifar da ƙarin kamfanoni da masana'antu gami da abubuwan ɗan adam a cikin ƙirar samfuran su. Yin amfani da fasahohi na ci gaba a cikin motsin ɗan adam, taswirar jiki, tsarin motsi da wuraren zafi, kamfanoni suna iya kera takamaiman riguna, gami da cikakkun suturar jiki, riguna, guntun wando, takalma, har ma da tufafi.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Ƙungiyoyin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa shi a 1946 a Burtaniya, tsohuwar ƙungiyar ƙwararru don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane da masu ilimin ergonomics shine Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Ergonomics da Human Factors kuma kafin hakan, The Ergonomics Society.

An kafa Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) a cikin shekara ta 1957. Manufar Kungiyar ita ce inganta ganowa da musayar ilimi game da halaye na 'yan adam waɗanda suka dace da ƙirar tsarin da na'urori na kowane nau'i.

An kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan motsa jiki ta Kanada - Association canadienne d'ergonomie (ACE) a shekarar 1968.[24] Da farko an kira shi Human Factors Association of Canada (HFAC), tare da ACE (a Faransanci) da aka kara a cikin 1984, da kuma daidaitattun, taken harsuna biyu da aka karɓa a cikin 1999. Dangane da sanarwar manufofinta ta 2017, ACE ta haɗa kai da haɓaka ilimi da ƙwarewar ergonomics da masu aikin ɗan adam don inganta lafiyar ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyi.[25]

Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya (IEA) ƙungiya ce ta ergonomics da al'ummomin abubuwan ɗan adam daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Manufar IEA ita ce fadadawa da ci gaba da ilimin ergonomics da aiki, da kuma inganta ingancin rayuwa ta hanyar fadada iyakar aikace-aikacen da gudummawa ga al'umma. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2008, Ƙungiyar Ergonomics ta Duniya tana da ƙungiyoyi 46 da ƙungiyoyi 2 masu alaƙa.

Human Factors Transforming Healthcare (HFTH) cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kasa da kasa ta masu aikin HF waɗanda aka saka a cikin asibitoci da tsarin kiwon lafiya. Manufar cibiyar sadarwa ita ce samar da albarkatu ga masu aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi mutane da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ke neman samun nasarar amfani da ka'idodin HF don inganta kula da haƙuri da aikin mai ba da sabis. Har ila yau, cibiyar sadarwa tana aiki ne a matsayin dandamali na hadin gwiwa ga masu aiki da abubuwan ɗan adam, ɗalibai, malamai, abokan masana'antu, da waɗanda ke son sani game da abubuwan ɗan Adam a cikin kiwon lafiya.[26]

Ƙungiyoyin da suka danganci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna (IOM) an kafa ta ne ta masana'antar kwal a shekarar 1969. Tun daga farko IOM ta yi amfani da ma'aikatan ergonomics don amfani da ka'idodin ergonomics ga ƙirar injunan hakar ma'adinai da mahalli. Har zuwa yau, IOM ta ci gaba da ayyukan ergonomics, musamman a fannonin cututtukan tsoka, damuwa ta zafi, da ergonomics na kayan kariya na mutum (PPE). Kamar mutane da yawa a cikin ergonomics na sana'a, buƙatu da buƙatu na tsofaffin ma'aikatan Burtaniya suna da damuwa da sha'awa ga masu ilimin ergonomists na IOM.

The International Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) kungiya ce ta kwararru don ƙwararrun injiniyoyin motsi a cikin sararin samaniya, mota, da masana'antun motoci na kasuwanci. Kungiyar kungiya ce ta ci gaba da inganci don injiniyan motoci masu amfani da kowane irin, gami da motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen ruwa, jirgin sama, da sauransu. Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Motar ta kafa ka'idoji da yawa da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antar kera motoci da sauran wurare. Yana ƙarfafa ƙirar motoci daidai da ka'idodin ɗan adam da aka kafa. Yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi masu tasiri dangane da aikin ergonomics a cikin ƙirar mota. Wannan al'umma a kai a kai tana gudanar da tarurruka waɗanda ke magance batutuwa da suka shafi dukkan fannoni na abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics.[27]

Masu aiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu aiki da abubuwan ɗan adam sun fito ne daga bangarori daban-daban, kodayake galibi su masu ilimin halayyar dan adam ne (daga fannoni daban-daban na ilimin halayya na masana'antu da na ƙungiyoyi, ilimin halayyi na injiniya, ilimin halayen halayyar mutum, ilimin haɗi na fahimta, ilimin halayyar mutum, da ilimin halayyu na gwaji) da masu ilimin halayen jiki. Masu zanen kaya (masana'antu, hulɗa, da zane-zane), masana kimiyyar ɗan adam, masana sadarwa na fasaha da masana kimiyyyar kwamfuta suma suna ba da gudummawa. Yawanci, masanin ilimin lissafi zai sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, injiniya, zane ko kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, kuma yawanci digiri na biyu ko digiri na digiri a cikin wani nau'i mai alaƙa. Kodayake wasu masu aiki sun shiga fagen abubuwan ɗan adam daga wasu fannoni, duka digiri na MS da PhD a cikin Injiniyan Factors na ɗan adam suna samuwa daga jami'o'i da yawa a duk duniya.

Wurin aiki mai zaman kansa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ofisoshin zamani ba su wanzu ba har zuwa shekarun 1830, tare da littafin Wojciech Jastrzębowski na asali akan MSDergonomics wanda ya biyo baya a 1857 da kuma binciken farko da aka buga game da matsayi wanda ya bayyana a 1955.[28]

Yayin da ma'aikatan Amurka suka fara canzawa zuwa aikin zama, yaduwar cututtukan tsoka da ke da alaƙa da aiki, batutuwan fahimta, da sauransu sun fara tashi. A cikin 1900, 41% na ma'aikatan Amurka sun yi aiki a aikin gona amma a shekara ta 2000 ya sauka zuwa 1.9% . Wannan ya yi daidai da karuwar ci gaba a cikin aikin tebur (25% na duk aikin a cikin 2000) da kuma sa ido kan raunin da ba na mutuwa ba daga OSHA da Ofishin Labaran Ayyuka a cikin 1971. [29] Halin zama yana buƙatar ƙimar metabolism na 1.0-1.5 kuma yana faruwa a zaune ko kuma a kwance. Manya da suka wuce shekaru 50 sun ba da rahoton ciyar da karin lokaci a zaune kuma ga manya da suka wuce shekara 65 wannan sau da yawa 80% ne na lokacin farkawa. Nazarin da yawa ya nuna alaƙar amsawa tsakanin lokacin zama da mutuwa ta hanyar mutuwa tare da karuwar mace-mace 3% a kowace ƙarin sa'a a kowace rana.[30] Yawancin lokaci na zama ba tare da hutu ba yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ba su da tsanani, kiba, cututtuken zuciya, nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 da ciwon daji.[13]

A halin yanzu, akwai babban rabo na ma'aikata gabaɗaya waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ƙananan ayyukan motsa jiki.[31] Halin zama mai zaman kansa, kamar ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo a cikin matsayi mai zama yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga raunin da ƙarin haɗarin lafiya. Abin takaici, kodayake wasu wuraren aiki suna ƙoƙari su samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ma'aikatan zama, duk wani ma'aikaci wanda ke yin zama mai yawa zai iya fuskantar rashin jin daɗi.[32] Akwai yanayin da ke akwai wanda zai sa mutane da yawan jama'a su kara yawan salon rayuwa, gami da: abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, matakan ilimi, aiki, yanayin rayuwa, shekaru (kamar yadda aka ambata a sama) da sauransu.[33] Wani binciken da Jaridar Lafiya ta Iran ta buga ya bincika abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da tasirin salon rayuwa ga mutane a cikin al'umma mai aiki. Binciken ya kammala cewa mutanen da suka bayar da rahoton rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi sun fi son rayuwa a matsayin zama idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka ba da rahoton kasancewa da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[33] Mutanen da suka sami karancin ilimi ana daukar su a matsayin rukuni mai haɗari don shiga cikin salon rayuwa, duk da haka, kowace al'umma ta bambanta kuma tana da albarkatu daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya bambanta wannan haɗari.[33] Sau da yawa, manyan wuraren aiki suna da alaƙa da karuwar zama na aiki. Wadanda ke aiki a cikin mahalli da aka rarraba a matsayin kasuwanci da ayyukan ofis yawanci suna fuskantar zama da halayyar zama yayin da suke wurin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan da ke da cikakken lokaci, suna da sassauci na jadawalin, ana haɗa su a cikin wannan yawan jama'a, kuma suna iya zama sau da yawa a duk lokacin aikinsu.[34]

Aiwatar da manufofi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsalolin da ke kewaye da siffofi mafi kyau ga ma'aikatan da ke zaune sun haɗa da farashi, lokaci, ƙoƙari da kuma kamfanoni da ma'aikata. Shaidar da ke sama tana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da muhimmancin ergonomics a wurin aiki mai zaman kansa, duk da haka bayanan da suka ɓace daga wannan matsala shine tilasta da aiwatar da manufofi. Yayin da wurin aiki na zamani ya zama mafi tushen fasaha, ƙarin ayyuka suna zama da farko, wanda ke haifar da buƙatar hana raunin da ciwo. Wannan yana zama mai sauƙi tare da adadin bincike game da kayan aikin ergonomic wanda ke adana kamfanoni kuɗi ta hanyar iyakance yawan kwanakin da suka ɓace daga aiki da shari'ar biyan diyya ta ma'aikata.[35] Hanyar tabbatar da cewa kamfanoni suna ba da fifiko ga waɗannan sakamakon kiwon lafiya ga ma'aikatansu ta hanyar manufofi da aiwatarwa.[35]

A Amurka, babu manufofi na kasa da ke cikin yanzu; duk da haka, wasu manyan kamfanoni da jihohi sun dauki manufofin al'adu don tabbatar da amincin dukkan ma'aikata. Misali, sashen kula da haɗari na jihar Nevada ya kafa ka'idojin ƙasa don nauyin hukumomi da nauyin ma'aikata.[36] Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da kimanta wuraren aiki, ta amfani da albarkatun kula da haɗari lokacin da ya cancanta da kuma adana bayanan OSHA.[36]

Hanyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Har zuwa kwanan nan, hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics sun kasance daga tambayoyin da suka fi rikitarwa da tsada. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi sani da su na ɗan adam an jera su a ƙasa:

  • Binciken ƙabilanci: Yin amfani da hanyoyin da aka samo daga ilimin ɗabi'a, wannan tsari yana mai da hankali kan lura da amfani da fasaha a cikin yanayi mai amfani. Hanya ce ta inganci da lura wacce ke mai da hankali kan gogewa da matsi na "ainihin duniya", da kuma amfani da fasaha ko muhalli a wurin aiki. An fi amfani da tsarin da wuri a cikin tsarin ƙira.[1] Ƙungiyoyin mai da hankali wani nau'i ne na bincike mai ƙima wanda mutum ɗaya zai sauƙaƙe tattaunawa kuma ya ba da ra'ayi game da fasaha ko tsarin da ake bincike. Wannan na iya zama ta hanyar hira ɗaya-ɗaya, ko kuma a cikin zaman rukuni. Ana iya amfani da shi don samun babban adadin bayanai masu zurfi masu zurfi,[2] ko da yake saboda ƙananan samfurin, yana iya zama ƙarƙashin babban matsayi na son rai.[3] Ana iya amfani da shi a kowane lokaci a cikin tsarin ƙira, saboda ya dogara da ainihin tambayoyin da za a bi, da tsarin ƙungiyar. Zai iya zama mai tsada sosai.
  • Ƙirar ƙira: Har ila yau, an san shi da ƙira, tsarin ƙirar ƙira yana neman haɗa masu amfani a matakai da yawa na ƙira, don gyara matsalolin yayin da suke fitowa. Kamar yadda samfurori ke fitowa daga tsarin ƙira, waɗannan suna ƙarƙashin wasu nau'ikan bincike kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin wannan labarin, sannan ana ɗaukar sakamakon kuma shigar da su cikin sabon ƙirar. Ana nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa tsakanin masu amfani, kuma an sake tsara samfuran. Wannan na iya zama tsari mai tsada, kuma yana buƙatar yin shi da wuri-wuri a cikin tsarin ƙira kafin ƙira ta zama siminti.[1] Meta-bincike: Ƙararren dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita don bincika ɗimbin bayanan da aka riga aka rigaya ko wallafe-wallafe don samo abubuwan da ke faruwa ko samar da hasashe don taimakawa yanke shawara. A matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken wallafe-wallafe, za a iya yin nazarin meta-bincike don gane yanayin gama-gari daga masu canjin ɗaiɗai.[2]
  • Maudu'i-in-tandem: Ana buƙatar batutuwa biyu su yi aiki a lokaci ɗaya kan jerin ayyuka yayin da suke bayyana abubuwan da suka gani na nazari. Hakanan ana kiran wannan dabarar da "Co-Discovery" yayin da mahalarta sukan ciyar da ra'ayoyin juna don samar da ingantaccen tsarin lura fiye da sau da yawa tare da mahalarta daban. Wannan mai binciken ya lura da shi, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don gano matsalolin amfani. Ana yin rikodin wannan tsari yawanci.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Tambayoyi da Tambayoyi: Dabarar da aka saba amfani da ita a waje da abubuwan ɗan adam haka nan, bincike da tambayoyin suna da fa'ida ta yadda za a iya gudanar da su ga ɗimbin gungun mutane akan farashi mai rahusa, yana ba mai binciken damar samun adadi mai yawa na bayanai. Ingancin bayanan da aka samu, duk da haka, koyaushe yana cikin tambaya, kamar yadda tambayoyin dole ne a rubuta su kuma a fassara su daidai, kuma sun kasance, ta ma'ana, na zahiri. Wadanda suka amsa a zahiri suna zabar kansu kuma, suna kara fadada tazara tsakanin samfurin da yawan jama'a.[1]
  • Binciken ɗawainiya: Tsari mai tushe a cikin ka'idar aiki, nazarin ɗawainiya hanya ce ta tsari da ke bayyana hulɗar ɗan adam tare da tsari ko tsari don fahimtar yadda za a dace da buƙatun tsarin ko aiwatar da damar ɗan adam. Rikicin wannan tsari gabaɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan aikin da ake nazarinsa, don haka na iya bambanta a cikin farashi da shigar lokaci. Yana da tsari mai inganci da lura. Mafi amfani da wuri a cikin tsarin ƙira.[1] Tsarin aikin ɗan adam: Hanya na ƙididdige halayen ɗan adam, fahimta, da matakai; kayan aiki da masu bincike da masu aikin ɗan adam ke amfani da su don nazarin aikin ɗan adam da haɓaka tsarin da aka tsara don mafi kyawun mai amfani. [37]Yi la'akari da babbar murya: Hakanan aka sani da "ka'idar magana guda ɗaya", wannan shine tsarin tambayar mai amfani don aiwatar da jerin ayyuka ko amfani da fasaha, yayin da suke ci gaba da faɗin tunaninsu ta yadda mai bincike zai iya samun haske game da tsarin tantance masu amfani. Zai iya zama da amfani don nemo kurakuran ƙira waɗanda ba su shafar aikin ɗawainiya, amma suna iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mai amfani. Hakanan yana da amfani don amfani da masana don ƙarin fahimtar ilimin tsari na aikin da ake tambaya. Kasa da tsada fiye da kungiyoyin mayar da hankali, amma yana da fifikon zama na musamman kuma na zahiri.[1]
  • Binciken mai amfani: Wannan tsari yana dogara ne akan ƙira don halayen mai amfani ko ma'aikacin da aka yi niyya, da kafa halayen da ke ayyana su, ƙirƙirar mutum ga mai amfani[1]. Mafi kyaun da aka yi a farkon tsarin ƙira, binciken mai amfani zai yi ƙoƙarin yin hasashen mafi yawan masu amfani, da halayen da za a ɗauka suna da alaƙa. Wannan na iya zama matsala idan ra'ayin ƙira bai dace da ainihin mai amfani ba, ko kuma idan waɗanda aka gano ba su da fa'ida don yanke shawarar ƙira daga. Wannan tsari, ko da yake, yawanci ba shi da tsada, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai.[2] "Wizard of Oz": Wannan dabara ce da ba a saba ganin irinta ba amma an ga an yi amfani da ita a cikin na'urorin hannu. Dangane da gwajin Wizard of Oz, wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi ma'aikaci wanda ke sarrafa aikin na'ura daga nesa don yin koyi da martanin ainihin shirin kwamfuta. Yana da fa'idar samar da saitin halayen da ake iya canzawa sosai, amma yana iya zama mai tsada da wahala a ɗauka.
  • Binciken hanyoyi shine tsarin nazarin ayyukan da ma'aikaci ya kammala ta amfani da bincike-bi-bi-bincike. Kowane ɗawainiya a cikin rarrabuwa zuwa ƙananan matakai har sai an kwatanta kowane motsi da ma'aikaci ya yi. Yin haka yana ba ku damar ganin ainihin inda ayyuka masu maimaitawa ko masu takura suke faruwa. Nazarin lokaci yana ƙayyade lokacin da ake buƙata don ma'aikaci don kammala kowane aiki. Ana amfani da nazarin lokaci sau da yawa don nazarin ayyukan cyclical. Ana ɗaukar su binciken “matsalar aukuwa” saboda ma’aunin lokaci yana haifar da faruwar abubuwan da aka ƙaddara.[1]
  • Samfuran aiki hanya ce da ake ƙididdige aikin a cikin tsaka-tsaki bazuwar don sanin adadin lokacin da aka kashe akan wani aiki na musamman.[1] Yana ba da haske kan sau nawa ma'aikata ke yin ayyuka waɗanda ka iya haifar da damuwa a jikinsu. Tsare-tsaren lokaci da aka kayyade hanyoyi ne don nazarin lokacin da ma'aikata ke kashewa akan wani aiki na musamman. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da tsarin ƙayyadaddun lokaci shine ake kira Hanyoyin-Time-Aunawa. Sauran tsarin auna aikin gama gari sun haɗa da MODAPTS da MAFI YAWA.[bayani da ake buƙata] takamaiman aikace-aikacen masana'antu dangane da PTS sune Seweasy, MODAPTS da GSD.[2] Tafiya mai fahimi: Wannan hanyar ita ce hanyar duba yiwuwar amfani wanda masu aunawa za su iya amfani da hangen nesa mai amfani zuwa yanayin aiki don gano matsalolin ƙira. Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da macroergonomics, masu kimantawa suna iya nazarin amfani da tsarin tsarin aiki don gano yadda aka tsara tsarin aiki da kuma yadda aka haɗa aikin aiki.[3]
  • Hanyar Kansei: Wannan hanya ce da ke canza martanin mabukaci ga sabbin samfura zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙira. Kamar yadda ake amfani da macroergonomics, wannan hanyar na iya fassara martanin ma'aikaci ga canje-canje ga tsarin aiki zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙira.[1] Babban Haɗin Fasaha, Ƙungiya, da Mutane: Wannan hanya ce ta hannu da aka yi mataki-mataki don amfani da canjin fasaha a wurin aiki. Yana ba wa masu gudanarwa damar sanin al'amuran ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyi na tsare-tsaren fasahar su, yana ba su damar haɗa fasahar yadda yakamata a cikin waɗannan mahallin.[1] Babban samfuri: Wannan ƙirar tana taimaka wa kamfanonin kera su gano canje-canjen ƙungiyar da ake buƙata lokacin da ake la'akari da sabbin fasahohi don aiwatar da su.[1]
  • Ƙirƙirar Ƙirar Kwamfuta, Ƙungiya, da Tsarin Tsarin Jama'a: Wannan samfurin yana ba da damar yin la'akari da tsarin masana'antu, tsari, da tsarin tsarin mutane bisa ilimin tsarin.[1] Anthropotechnology: Wannan hanya tana la'akari da bincike da gyare-gyaren tsarin tsarin don ingantaccen canja wurin fasaha daga wannan al'ada zuwa wata.[1]. Kayan aikin nazarin tsarin: Wannan wata hanya ce don gudanar da kimar ciniki mai tsauri na hanyoyin shiga tsakani-tsarin aiki.
  • Binciken macroergonomic na tsari: Wannan hanya tana nazarin tsarin tsarin aiki bisa ga dacewarsu tare da abubuwan fasaha na zamantakewa na musamman.[1] Binciken macroergonomic da ƙira: Wannan hanyar tana kimanta tsarin tsarin aiki ta hanyar amfani da matakai goma.[1] Ƙirƙirar ƙira ta zahiri da hanyar mayar da martani: Wannan hanyar tana amfani da kayan aikin kwamfuta da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don ƙirar wurin aiki.[2] Ergonomics na taimakon kwamfuta: Wannan hanyar tana amfani da kwamfutoci don warware matsalolin ergonomic masu rikitarwa

Rashin ƙarfi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsalolin da suka shafi matakan amfani sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa matakan ilmantarwa da riƙe yadda za a yi amfani da dubawa ba a amfani da su ba kuma wasu karatu suna kula da matakan yadda masu amfani ke hulɗa tare da hanyoyin sadarwa a matsayin daidai da inganci-a-amfani, duk da alaƙar da ba a bayyane ba.[38]

Kodayake hanyoyin filin na iya zama da amfani sosai saboda ana gudanar da su a cikin yanayin halitta na masu amfani, suna da wasu manyan iyakoki da za a yi la'akari da su. Ƙuntatawa sun haɗa da:

  1. Yawancin lokaci yana ɗaukar lokaci da albarkatu fiye da sauran hanyoyin
  2. Ƙoƙari mai yawa a cikin tsarawa, ɗaukar ma'aikata, da aiwatarwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin
  3. Lokaci mai tsawo na karatu sabili da haka yana buƙatar kyakkyawar niyya tsakanin mahalarta
  4. Nazarin yana da tsayi a cikin yanayi, sabili da haka, raguwa na iya zama matsala.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Public health

  • Kungiyar Kanada don Biomechanics
  • ISO 9241
  • Jaridar Kwarewar Lafiya ta Aiki
  • Hakkin zama
  • Hakkin zama a Amurka
  • Wojciech Jastrzębowski (1799-1882), ɗan ƙasar Poland ne na farko a fannin ergonomics

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Software engineeringSamfuri:Occupational safety and health

Jaridu da aka sake dubawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

(Lambobin da ke tsakanin ƙuƙwalwa sune tasirin ISI, wanda kwanan wata ya biyo baya)

  • Halin & Fasahar Bayanai (0.915, 2008)
  • Ergonomics (0.747, 2001-2003)
  • Ergonomics a cikin Zane (-)
  • Ayyukan Ergonomics (1.713, 2015)
  • Abubuwan da suka shafi Dan Adam (1.37, 2015)
  • Jaridar Masana'antu ta Duniya (0.395, 2001-2003)
  • Abubuwan Mutum da Ergonomics a cikin Masana'antu (0.311, 2001-2003)
  • Ayyukan Dan Adam (0.260, 2001-2003)
  • Batutuwan Ka'idoji a Kimiyya ta Ergonomics (-)
  • Jaridar Duniya ta Factors na Dan Adam da Ergonomics (-)
  • Jaridar Kasa da Kasa ta Tsaro da Ergonomics (-)

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Evolutionary psychology

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "What is ergonomics?". Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021. Essentially yes, they are different terms with the same meaning but one term may be more in favour in one country or in one industry than another. They can be used interchangeably.
  2. ↑ "CRIOP" (PDF). SINTEF. Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that applies systematic methods and knowledge about people to evaluate and approve the interaction between individuals, technology and organisation. The aim is to create a working environment and the tools in them for maximum work efficiency and maximum worker health and safety ... Human factors is a scientific discipline that applies systematic methods and knowledge about people to evaluate and improve the interaction between individuals, technology and organisations. The aim is to create a working environment (that to the largest extent possible) contributes to achieving healthy, effective and safe operations.
  3. ↑ "Safety and Health Topics | Ergonomics | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  4. ↑ "Wojciech Jastrzębowski". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  5. ↑ Swain, A.D.; Guttmann, H.E. (1983). "Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications. NUREG/CR-1278" (PDF). USNRC. Human Factors Engineering, Human Engineering, Human Factors, and Ergonomics ... describe a discipline concerned with designing machines, operations, and work environments so that they match human capacities and limitations ... The first three terms are used most widely in the United States ... The last term, ergonomics, is used most frequently in other countries but is now becoming popular in the United States as well.
  6. ↑ "Home Page of Environmental Ergonomics Society". Environmental-ergonomics.org. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ "Human Factors Engineering Professional Education University of Michigan". nexus.engin.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  9. ↑ Walsh, Isabel A P.; Oishi, Jorge; Coury, Helenice J C Gil (2008). "Clinical and functional aspects of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among active workers". Revista de Saúde Pública. 42 (1): 108–116. doi:10.1590/s0034-89102008000100014. PMID 18200347.
  10. 1 2 "Workplace Ergonomics: NIOSH Provides Steps to Minimize Musculoskeletal Disorders". 2003. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  11. ↑ "Ergonomic Guidelines for Common Job Functions Within The Telecommunication Industry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2025-08-10.
  12. ↑ "What Is Ergonomics and Its Application in The Real World". spassway (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  13. 1 2 3 Neuhaus, M.; Eakin, E. G.; Straker, L.; Owen, N.; Dunstan, D. W.; Reid, N.; Healy, G. N. (October 2014). "Reducing occupational sedentary time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence on activity-permissive workstations" (PDF). Obesity Reviews. 15 (10): 822–838. doi:10.1111/obr.12201. ISSN 1467-789X. PMID 25040784. S2CID 9092084.[permanent dead link]
  14. ↑ Peternel, Luka; Fang, Cheng; Tsagarakis, Nikos; Ajoudani, Arash (2019). "A selective muscle fatigue management approach to ergonomic human–robot co-manipulation". Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. Elsevier. 58: 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2019.01.013.
  15. ↑ Kim, Wansoo; Peternel, Luka; Lorenzini, Marta; Babič, Jan; Ajoudani, Arash (2021). "A Human–Robot Collaboration Framework for Improving Ergonomics During Dexterous Operation of Power Tools". Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. Elsevier. 68: 102084. doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2020.102084. ISSN 0736-5845.
  16. ↑ Peternel, Luka; Schøn, Daniel Tofte; Fang, Cheng (2021). "Binary and Hybrid Work-Condition Maps for Interactive Exploration of Ergonomic Human Arm Postures". Frontiers in Neurorobotics. Frontiers. 14: 114. doi:10.3389/fnbot.2020.590241. PMC 7819876. PMID 33488376.
  17. ↑ Dart, R. A. (1960). "The Bone Tool-Manufacturing Ability of Australopithecus Prometheus". American Anthropologist. 62 (1): 134–138. doi:10.1525/aa.1960.62.1.02a00080.
  18. ↑ Marmaras, N.; Poulakakis, G.; Papakostopoulos, V. (August 1999). "Ergonomic design in ancient Greece". Applied Ergonomics. 30 (4): 361–368. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(98)00050-7. PMID 10416849.
  19. ↑ Franco, Giuliano; Franco, Francesca (2001). "Bernardino Ramazzini: The Father of Occupational Medicine". American Journal of Public Health. 91 (9): 1382. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1382. PMC 1446786. PMID 11527763.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Meister
  21. 1 2 Empty citation (help)
  22. ↑ "WHAT DOES HUMAN FACTORS MEAN?". www.linkedin.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  23. ↑ "NASA-STD-3000". Archived from the original on 2025-03-04. Retrieved 2025-08-10. 1.2 OVERVIEW.
  24. ↑ "Association of Canadian Ergonomists - about us". Association of Canadian Ergonomists. 2017. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  25. ↑ "Mission". Association of Canadian Ergonomists. 2017. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  26. ↑ "About HFTH | About Human Factors Transforming Healthcare".
  27. ↑ "Learning Center - Human Factors and Ergonomics - SAE MOBILUS". saemobilus.sae.org. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  28. ↑ Hewes, G (1955). "World Distribution of Certain Postural Habits". American Anthropologist. 57 (2): 231–244. doi:10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00040. JSTOR 666393.
  29. ↑ Wyatt, I. D. (2006). "Occupational changes during the 20th century". Monthly Lab. Rev. 129: 35.
  30. ↑ de Rezende, Leandro Fornias Machado; Rey-López, Juan Pablo; Matsudo, Victor Keihan Rodrigues; do Carmo Luiz, Olinda (2014-04-09). "Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review". BMC Public Health. 14: 333. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-333. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 4021060. PMID 24712381.
  31. ↑ Parry, Sharon; Straker, Leon (2013). "The contribution of office work to sedentary behaviour associated risk". BMC Public Health. 13: 296. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-296. PMC 3651291. PMID 23557495.
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ccohs.ca
  33. 1 2 3 Konevic, S.; Martinovic, J.; Djonovic, N. (2015). "Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Sedentary Lifestyle in Belgrade's Suburb, Working Class Community". Iranian Journal of Public Health. 44 (8): 1053–60. PMC 4645725. PMID 26587469.
  34. ↑ Yang, Lin; Hipp, J. Aaron; Lee, Jung Ae; Tabak, Rachel G.; Dodson, Elizabeth A.; Marx, Christine M.; Brownson, Ross C. (2017). "Work-related correlates of occupational sitting in a diverse sample of employees in Midwest metropolitan cities". Preventive Medicine Reports. 6: 197–202. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.008. PMC 5374873. PMID 28373929.
  35. 1 2 Polanyi, M. F.; Cole, D. C.; Ferrier, S. E.; Facey, M.; Worksite Upper Extremity Research Group (March 2005). "Paddling upstream: A contextual analysis of implementation of a workplace ergonomic policy at a large newspaper". Applied Ergonomics. 36 (2): 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.10.011. PMID 15694078.
  36. 1 2 "Ergonomics Policy". risk.nv.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  37. ↑ Bruno, Fabio; Barbieri, Loris; Muzzupappa, Maurizio (2020). "A Mixed Reality system for the ergonomic assessment of industrial workstations". International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing. 14 (3): 805–812. doi:10.1007/s12008-020-00664-x. S2CID 225517293.
  38. ↑ Hornbaek, K (2006). "Current Practice in Measuring Usability: Challenges to Usability Studies and Research". International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 64 (2): 79–102. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.06.002. S2CID 2615818.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abubuwan_ɗan_adam_da_ergonomics&oldid=788550"