Jump to content

Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku (OHC) suna ƙaruwa tsawon shekaru da yawa yayin da teku ke shan mafi yawan zafi da ke haifar da hayakin gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam.[1] Hoton ya nuna OHC da aka lissafa zuwa zurfin ruwa na mita 700 da 2000.

Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na Tekuna (OHC) ko ɗaukar zafi na teku, OHU shine makamashi da teku ke sha kuma adanawa.[2] Yana da muhimmiyar alama ce ta dumamar duniya.[3] Ana lissafin abun cikin zafi na teku ta hanyar auna zafin teku a wurare da zurfi daban-daban, da kuma haɗa yawan yanki na canji a cikin makamashi na enthalpic a kan tafkin teku ko duk teku.

Tsakanin shekara ta 1971 da shekarar 2018, yanayin tashi tsaye a cikin yanayin zafi na teku ya kai sama da 90% na yawan makamashi na Duniya daga dumamar duniya. Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta yanayin zafi na shekarar 1961-2022 na 0.43 ± 0.08 W / m2, yana hanzarta a kusan 0.15 ± 0.04 W / m2 a kowace shekara goma.[4] Ya zuwa 2020, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarin makamashi ya bazu zuwa zurfin ƙasa da mita 700. [5][6] Binciken zafi na teku guda biyar zuwa zurfin mita a shekarar 2000 duk sun faru ne a cikin shekarun 2020 da 2024.[7] Babban direba na wannan karuwar shine hayakin gas mai guba wanda ya haifar da mutum. :1228

Ruwa na teku na iya shan ƙarfin Hasken rana mai yawa saboda ruwa yana da ƙarfin zafi fiye da iskar gas.[5] A sakamakon haka, saman 'yan mita na teku suna dauke da makamashi fiye da duk yanayi duniya.[8] Tun kafin Shekarar 1960, jiragen bincike da tashoshin sun samo yanayin zafi da yanayin zafi a zurfi zurfin duniya. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, cibiyar sadarwa mai fadada kusan 4000 Argo robotic floats ya auna anomalies na zafin jiki, ko canji a cikin Yanayin zafi na teku. Tare da inganta lura a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an bincika abubuwan zafi na teku na sama don ya karu da sauri. Matsakaicin canji a saman mita 2000 daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekarar 2018 ya kasance +0.58±0.08 W / m2 (ko matsakaicin ƙarfin shekara-shekara na 9.3 zettajoules). [3]  

Canje-canje a cikin zafin teku suna shafar yanayin halittu a cikin teku da ƙasa. Misali, akwai tasiri da yawa a kan yanayin halittu na bakin teku da al'ummomin da ke dogaro da Ayyukan yanayin halittu. Sakamakon kai tsaye sun haɗa da bambance-bambance a matakin teku da kankara ta teku, canje-canje ga tsananin sake zagayowar ruwa, da ƙaura rayuwar ruwa.[9]

Ƙididdiga

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilimin teku na zahiri don bayyana nau'in ƙarfin thermodynamic wanda aka adana a cikin teku. An bayyana shi cikin daidaituwa tare da daidaitattun yanayin ruwan teku. TEOS-10 misali ne na kasa da kasa da aka amince da shi a cikin shekarata 2010 ta Hukumar Kula da Tekun Gwamnati.[10]

Lissafin abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku ya biyo bayan na enthalpy da aka ambata a saman teku, wanda kuma ake kira enthalpy mai yuwuwa. Canje-canje na OHC suna da sauƙin kwatanta da musayar zafi na ruwan teku tare da kankara, ruwa mai laushi, da iska mai laushi.[11][12] OHC koyaushe ana bayar da rahoton a matsayin canji ko kuma a matsayin "rashin daidaituwa" dangane da tushe. Daraja masu kyau sa'an nan kuma suna ƙididdige yawan zafin teku (OHU) kuma suna da amfani don gano inda yawancin ƙarfin ƙarfin duniya daga dumama duniya ke tafiya.

Don lissafin abun cikin zafi na teku, ana buƙatar ma'auni na zafin teku daga samfurori na ruwan teku da aka tattara a wurare daban-daban da zurfi.[13] Haɗakar da yawan Yanayin zafi na teku a kan tafkin teku, ko duk teku, yana ba da jimlar yanayin zafi na Tekun. Don haka, jimlar abun cikin zafi na teku shine ƙarar ƙarar samfurin zafin jiki, yawa, da ƙarfin zafi a kan yankin uku na teku wanda ke da bayanai.[14] Yawancin ma'auni an yi su ne a zurfin da ya fi kimanin 2000 m (1.25 miles).   

Yawan yanki na yanayin zafi na teku tsakanin zurfi biyu ana lissafa shi azaman ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun: [15]

inda



c

p



{\displaystyle c_{p}}

shine takamaiman ƙarfin zafi na ruwan teku,



h

2



{\displaystyle h_{2}}

shine zurfin zurfi,



h

1



{\displaystyle h_{1}}

shine zurfin sama,


ρ (z)


{\displaystyle \rho (z) }

shine bayanin martaba na ruwa mai zurfi, kuma


Θ (z)


{\displaystyle \Theta (z) }

shine bayanin zafin jiki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.



c

p



{\displaystyle c_{p}}

an bayyana shi a zurfin h0 guda ɗaya wanda aka zaba a matsayin saman teku. A cikin raka'a na SI,


H


{\displaystyle H}

yana da raka'a na Joules a kowace murabba'in mita (J·m−2).

A aikace, ana iya kimanta jimlar ta hanyar tarawa ta amfani da tsari mai santsi kuma in ba haka ba jerin abubuwan da ke cikin wuri; gami da zafin jiki (t), matsin lamba (p), salinity (s) da kuma daidaitattun su (ρ). Yanayin zafin jiki


Θ (z)


{\displaystyle \Theta (z) }

sune dabi'un fassara dangane da matsin lamba (p0) a h0. An yi amfani da maye gurbin da aka sani da yiwuwar zafin jiki a cikin lissafin da suka gabata.

Ma'aunin zafin jiki da zurfin teku gabaɗaya suna nuna saman cakuda (0-200 m), thermocline (200-1500 m), da zurfin zurfin teku (> 1500 m). Wadannan zurfin iyaka kawai kusanci ne. Hasken rana yana shiga cikin zurfin kusan 200 m; saman 80 m wanda shine yankin zama don rayuwar ruwa ta photosynthetic wanda ke rufe sama da 70% na farfajiyar Duniya.[16] Ayyukan raƙuman ruwa da sauran turbulence na ƙasa suna taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi a duk faɗin saman.     

Ba kamar Yanayin zafi na sama da ke raguwa tare da latitude ba, yanayin zafi mai zurfi na teku yana da sanyi kuma daidai a yawancin yankuna na duniya.[17] Kimanin kashi 50% na duk girman teku yana da zurfin ƙasa da 3000 m (1.85 mil), tare da Tekun Pacific shine mafi girma kuma mafi zurfi daga cikin ƙungiyoyin teku guda biyar. Thermocline shine canji tsakanin sassan sama da zurfi dangane da zafin jiki, kwararar abinci mai gina jiki, yalwar rayuwa, da sauran kaddarorin. Yana da rabin dindindin a cikin wurare masu zafi, mai canzawa a yankuna masu matsakaici (sau da yawa mafi zurfi a lokacin rani), kuma ba shi da zurfi zuwa babu shi a yankuna.[18]  

Ma'auni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rarrabawar duniya na jiragen ruwa masu aiki a cikin jerin Argo [19]

Ma'aunin abun ciki na zafi na teku ya zo da matsaloli, musamman kafin turawar Argo profile floats. Saboda rashin yanayin sararin samaniya da rashin ingancin bayanai, ba koyaushe yake da sauƙin rarrabe tsakanin yanayin dumama na duniya na dogon lokaci da Canjin yanayi ba. Misalan waɗannan abubuwan masu rikitarwa sune bambance-bambance da El Niño-Southern Oscillation ya haifar ko canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na teku wanda ya haifar da manyan fashewar dutse.[3]

Argo wani shiri ne na kasa da kasa na robotic profile floats da aka tura a duniya tun farkon karni na 21. [20] Shirin na farko na 3000 raka'a ya fadada zuwa kusan 4000 raka'a a shekara ta 2020. A farkon kowane zagaye na ma'auni na kwanaki 10, jirgin ruwa ya sauka zuwa zurfin mita 1000 kuma ya yi tafiya tare da halin yanzu a can na kwanaki tara. Daga nan sai ya sauka zuwa mita 2000 kuma ya auna zafin jiki, salinity (conductivity), da zurfin (matsi) a ranar ƙarshe ta hawa zuwa farfajiya. A farfajiyar jirgin yana watsa bayanan zurfi da bayanan matsayi na kwance ta hanyar sake zagayowar.[21]  

Farawa a shekara ta 1992, TOPEX / Poseidon da Jason na gaba da jerin altimeters sun lura da OHC da aka haɗa kai tsaye, wanda shine babban bangare na hauhawar matakin teku.[22] Tun daga shekara ta 2002, GRACE da GRACE-FO sun sa ido kan canje-canjen teku ta hanyar amfani da gravimetry.[23] Haɗin gwiwar tsakanin Argo da ma'aunin tauraron dan adam ya samar da ci gaba da ci gaba ga kimantawa na OHC da sauran kadarorin teku na duniya.[19]

Oceanographer Josh Willis ya tattauna ƙarfin zafi na ruwa, ya yi gwaji don nuna ƙarfin zafi ta amfani da balloon ruwa kuma ya bayyana yadda ikon ruwa na adana zafi ke shafar yanayin duniya.

Rashin zafi na teku yana da asusun sama da 90% na jimlar zafi na duniya, galibi sakamakon canje-canjen da mutum ya haifar da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin duniya.[8][24] Wannan babban kashi ne saboda ruwa a da ƙasa da teku - musamman ma turbulent upper mixed layer - nuna zafi inertia da ya fi girma fiye da duniya da aka fallasa, yankuna masu rufe kankara, ko abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi da kansu. Jiki tare da babban inertiya mai zafi yana adana babban adadin makamashi saboda ƙarfin zafi, kuma yana watsa makamashi yadda ya kamata bisa ga ma'aunin canja wurin zafi. Yawancin karin makamashi da ke shiga duniyar ta hanyar yanayi ana ɗaukar su kuma ana riƙe su ta teku.[25][26][27]

Planetary heat uptake or heat content accounts for the entire energy added to or removed from the climate system.[28] It can be computed as an accumulation over time of the observed differences (or imbalances) between total incoming and outgoing radiation. Changes to the imbalance have been estimated from Earth orbit by CERES and other remote instruments, and compared against in-situ surveys of heat inventory changes in oceans, land, ice and the atmosphere.[29][30] Achieving complete and accurate results from either accounting method is challenging, but in different ways that are viewed by researchers as being mostly independent of each other.[29] Increases in planetary heat content for the well-observed 2005–2019 period are thought to exceed measurement uncertainties.[24]

Daga hangen nesa na teku, yawan hasken rana na equatorial yana shawo kan ruwa mai zafi na duniya kai tsaye kuma yana fitar da yaduwar zafi gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, farfajiyar tana musayar makamashi wanda ƙananan troposphere suka sha ta hanyar iska da aikin raƙuman ruwa. A tsawon lokaci, rashin daidaituwa a cikin Kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya yana ba da damar kwararar zafi ko dai a cikin ko daga zurfin teku ta hanyar Gudanar da zafi, downwelling, da upwelling.[31][32] Sakin OHC zuwa yanayi yana faruwa da farko ta hanyar evaporation kuma yana ba da damar sake zagayowar ruwa na duniya.[33] Sakamakon da aka ƙaddamar da shi tare da Yanayin zafi na teku yana taimakawa wajen fitar da Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, koguna na yanayi, raƙuman zafi na yanayi da sauran Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi masu tsanani waɗanda zasu iya shiga cikin ƙasa.[34] Gabaɗaya waɗannan matakai suna ba da damar teku ta zama mafi girman tafkin zafi na Duniya wanda ke aiki don daidaita yanayin duniya; yana aiki a matsayin sink da kuma tushen makamashi.[25]

 

Daga hangen nesa na yankuna da aka rufe da kankara, an rage rabon su na ɗaukar zafi kuma an jinkiri shi ta hanyar ƙarfin zafi na teku. Kodayake matsakaicin hauhawar zafin jiki na ƙasa ya wuce saman teku saboda ƙananan inertia (ƙananan canjin zafi) na ƙasa mai ƙarfi da kankara, yanayin zafi zai tashi da sauri kuma da yawa ba tare da cikakken teku ba.[25] Ana kuma gudanar da ma'auni game da yadda saurin zafi ke haɗuwa da zurfin teku don rufe teku da kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya.[35]

Bincike da canje-canje na baya-bayan nan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nazarin masu zaman kansu da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun sami hauhawar shekaru da yawa a OHC na yankunan teku na sama wanda ya fara shiga cikin yankuna masu zurfi. Tekun sama (0-700 m) ya yi dumi tun Shekarar 1971, yayin da mai yiwuwa ne cewa dumi ya faru a zurfin matsakaici (700-2000 m) kuma mai yiwuwa cewa zurfin teku (kasa da 2000 m) yanayin zafi ya karu. ::1228 Rashin zafi yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na dumama a cikin Kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya wanda ya fi haifar da karuwar mutum a cikin iskar gas mai tsabta. : 41 Akwai babban amincewa cewa karuwar yanayin zafi na teku don mayar da martani ga hayakin carbon dioxide na mutum ba zai iya juyawa ba a kan ma'aunin lokacin ɗan adam. :1233   

Taswirar yanayin zafi na teku a saman mita 700 na shekara ta 2020 da matsakaicin 1993-2020.[36] Wasu yankuna sun tara makamashi fiye da wasu saboda direbobi na sufuri kamar su iska da raƙuman ruwa. 

Nazarin da ya danganci ma'aunin Argo ya nuna cewa iskar teku, musamman iskar kasuwanci ta subtropical a cikin Tekun Pacific, suna canza rarraba zafi a tsaye. Wannan yana haifar da canje-canje tsakanin raƙuman teku, da karuwar juyawa na subtropical, wanda kuma yana da alaƙa da abin da ya faru na El Niño da La Niña. Dangane da sauye-sauyen bambancin yanayi, a cikin shekarun La Niña kusan kashi 30% na zafi daga saman teku ana jigilar shi cikin zurfin teku. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yanayin zafi da aka lura a cikin teku yana faruwa a cikin layin teku na mita 700-2000.[37]

Nazarin samfurin ya nuna cewa raƙuman teku suna ɗaukar ƙarin zafi a cikin zurfin yadudduka a cikin shekarun La Niña, biyo bayan canje-canje a cikin iska.[38][39] Shekaru tare da karuwar zafi na teku an haɗa su da matakai marasa kyau na oscillation na Pacific (IPO). [40] Wannan yana da ban sha'awa ga masana kimiyya na yanayi waɗanda ke amfani da bayanan don kimanta yawan zafin teku.

Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku a mafi yawan yankunan Arewacin Atlantic sun mamaye haɗuwa da jigilar zafi (wurin da ruwan teku ke haɗuwa), ba tare da manyan canje-canje ga yanayin zafi da alaƙar salinity ba.[41] Bugu da ƙari, wani binciken daga Shekara ta 2022 game da dumama ɗan adam a cikin teku ya nuna cewa kashi 62% na dumama daga shekarun tsakanin shekara ta 1850 da shekarar 2018 a Arewacin Atlantic tare da 25 ° N ana kiyaye shi a cikin ruwa a ƙasa da 700 m, inda ake adana babban kashi na yawan zafin teku.[42]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya kammala cewa karuwar yanayin zafi na teku ta Tekun Pacific an biya shi ta hanyar rarraba OHC cikin Tekun Indiya.[43]

Kodayake saman shekarar 2000 m na tekuna sun sami zafi a matsakaita tun daga shekarun 1970s, yawan dumama teku ya bambanta a yanki tare da dumama ta Arewacin Atlantic da sannu a hankali kuma Kudancin Tekun yana ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na zafi saboda hayakin gas mai ɗorewa. :1230 

Rashin zafi mai zurfi a ƙasa a shekarar 2000 m ya kasance mafi girma a cikin Kudancin Tekun idan aka kwatanta da sauran wuraren teku. : 1230 :1230

Wani babban sake nazarin dumamar teku da aka buga a cikin shekarata 2024 ya kiyasta yanayin dumamar yanayi na shekarun 1961zuwa shekara ta 2022 na 0.43 ± 0.08 W / m2, tare da ƙimar hanzari mai mahimmanci na 0.15 ± 0.04 W / m2 a kowace shekara goma.[4]       

Tasirin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tekun zafi shine daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa murjani murjani kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙaurawar nau'in ruwa. Raƙuman zafi na ruwa yankuna ne masu barazana ga rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da hauhawar yanayin zafi na ruwa.[44] Sake rarraba makamashi na ciki na duniya ta hanyar yaduwar yanayi da kuma ruwan teku yana samar da Canjin yanayi na ciki, sau da yawa a cikin nau'ikan oscillations ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma yana taimakawa wajen ci gaba da yaduwar thermohaline na duniya.[45]

Karin OHC yana da asusun 30-40% na hauhawar matakin teku na duniya daga shekara ta 1900 zuwa shekarar 2020 saboda fadadawa zafi.[46] Har ila yau, mai hanzarta kankara ne na teku, kankara, da narkewar ruwan da ke narkewa. Rashin kankara yana rage albedo na polar, yana kara yawan rashin daidaituwa na yanki da na duniya.[47] Sakamakon koma baya na kankara ya kasance da sauri kuma ya yadu ga kankara ta teku na Arctic, da kuma cikin koguna na arewa kamar na Greenland da Kanada.[48][49] Tasirin kankara na teku na Antarctic da manyan kankara na kankara na Antarctic wanda ya ƙare cikin Kudancin Tekun sun bambanta da yanki kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda ruwan zafi.[50] Rushewar Thwaites Ice Shelf da maƙwabtanta na Yammacin Antarctica sun ba da gudummawa kusan 10% na hauhawar matakin teku a cikin shekarata 2020. [51][52]

Tekun kuma yana aiki a matsayin sink da kuma tushen carbon, tare da rawar da za a iya kwatanta da na yankunan ƙasa a cikin sake zagayowar carbon na Duniya.[53] Dangane da yanayin zafin jiki na Dokar Henry, ruwan zafi ba shi da ikon shan iskar gas ciki har da iskar oxygen da karuwar hayaki na carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam.[54] Duk da haka, adadin da teku ke shan carbon dioxide na mutum ya kusan ninka sau uku daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2010; ƙaruwa daidai da karuwar carbon dioxide na yanayi.[55] Karin matakan CO2 yana haifar da acidisation na teku, wanda shine inda pH na teku ke raguwa saboda ɗaukar CO2. Wannan yana tasiri ga nau'o'in halittu daban-daban ciki har da rage girma da ƙimar calcification ga calcifiers, rage ƙarfin tsarin acid a cikin bivalves, da kuma kasancewa mai cutarwa ga hanyoyin metabolism na kwayoyin halitta wanda zai iya rage adadin makamashi waɗannan kwayoyin zasu iya samarwa. [56]

Warming na zurfin teku yana da ƙarin damar narkewa da saki wasu daga cikin manyan ajiyar ajiyar methane hydrate da aka tara a can.[57]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ocean acidification - Rage matakan pH a cikin teku
  • Ocean stratification - Laying na ruwan teku saboda bambance-bambance na yawa
  • Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate - Rahoton IPCC na shekarar 2019
  • Tropical cyclones and climate change - Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan guguwa na wurare masu zafi

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:EarthSamfuri:Climate change

  1. ↑ Top 700 meters: Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023). "Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content". climate.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. ● Top 2000 meters: "Ocean Warming / Latest Measurement: December 2022 / 345 (± 2) zettajoules since 1955". NASA.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023.
  2. ↑ US EPA (2016-06-27). "Climate Change Indicators: Ocean Heat". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-06-22.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cheng, Lijing; Foster, Grant; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Abraham, John (2022). "Improved Quantification of the Rate of Ocean Warming". Journal of Climate. 35 (14): 4827–4840. Bibcode:2022JCli...35.4827C. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0895.1. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Storto, Andrea; Yang, Chunxue (16 January 2024). "Acceleration of the ocean warming from 1961 to 2022 unveiled by large-ensemble reanalyses". Nature Communications. 15: 545. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44749-7. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NatureComms_20240124" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 LuAnn Dahlman and Rebecca Lindsey (2020-08-17). "Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "OHC2020" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ "Study: Deep Ocean Waters Trapping Vast Store of Heat". Climate Central. 2016.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ncei
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Vital Signs of the Plant: Ocean Heat Content". NASA. Retrieved 2021-11-15. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nvsohc" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ "Ocean warming : causes, scale, effects and consequences. And why it should matter to everyone. Executive summary" (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2016.
  10. ↑ "TEOS-10: Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010". Joint Committee on the Properties of Seawater. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  11. ↑ McDougall, Trevor J. (2003). "Potential Enthalpy: A Conservative Oceanic Variable for Evaluating Heat Content and Heat Fluxes". Journal of Physical Oceanography. 33 (5): 945–963. Bibcode:2003JPO....33..945M. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0945:PEACOV>2.0.CO;2.
  12. ↑ Graham, Felicity S.; McDougall, Trevor J. (2013-05-01). "Quantifying the Nonconservative Production of Conservative Temperature, Potential Temperature, and Entropy". Journal of Physical Oceanography (in Turanci). 43 (5): 838–862. Bibcode:2013JPO....43..838G. doi:10.1175/jpo-d-11-0188.1. ISSN 0022-3670.
  13. ↑ US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). "Climate Change Indicators: Ocean Heat". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  14. ↑ McDougall, Trevor J.; Barker, Paul M.; Holmes, Ryan M.; Pawlowicz, Rich; Griffies, Stephen M.; Durack, Paul J. (2021-01-19). "The interpretation of temperature and salinity variables in numerical ocean model output, and the calculation of heat fluxes and heat content". Geoscientific Model Development Discussions (in English). 14 (10): 6445–6466. doi:10.5194/gmd-2020-426. ISSN 1991-959X. S2CID 234212726 Check |s2cid= value (help).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ↑ McDougall, Trevor J.; Barker, Paul M.; Holmes, Ryan M.; Pawlowicz, Rich; Griffies, Stephen M.; Durack, Paul J. (2021-01-19). "The interpretation of temperature and salinity variables in numerical ocean model output, and the calculation of heat fluxes and heat content". Geoscientific Model Development Discussions (in English). 14 (10): 6445–6466. doi:10.5194/gmd-2020-426. ISSN 1991-959X. S2CID 234212726 Check |s2cid= value (help).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ↑ "photic zone (oceanography)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  17. ↑ MarineBio (2018-06-17). "The Deep Sea". MarineBio Conservation Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  18. ↑ "What is a thermocline?" (in Turanci). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "About Argo". Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UC San Diego. Retrieved 27 January 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "argosd" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ Toni Feder (2000). "Argo Begins Systematic Global Probing of the Upper Oceans". Physics Today. 53 (7): 50. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..50F. doi:10.1063/1.1292477.
  21. ↑ Dale C.S. Destin (5 December 2014). "The Argo revolution". climate.gov. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Ocean Surface Topography from Space: Ocean warming estimates from Jason". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 29 January 2020.
  23. ↑ Marti, Florence; Blazquez, Alejandro; Meyssignac, Benoit; Ablain, Michaël; Barnoud, Anne; et al. (2021). "Monitoring the ocean heat content change and the Earth energy imbalance from space altimetry and space gravimetry". Earth System Science Data. doi:10.5194/essd-2021-220.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Trenberth, Kevin E; Cheng, Lijing (2022-09-01). "A perspective on climate change from Earth's energy imbalance". Environmental Research: Climate. 1 (1): 013001. doi:10.1088/2752-5295/ac6f74. ISSN 2752-5295. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Trenberth2022" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Michon Scott (24 April 2006). "Earth's Big Heat Bucket". NASA Earth Observatory. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Scott06" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ "Transfer and Storage of Heat in the Oceans". UCAR Center for Science Education. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  27. ↑ Hansen, J.; Russell, G.; Lacis, A.; Fung, I.; Rind, D.; Stone, P. (1985). "Climate response times: Dependence on climate sensitivity and ocean mixing" (PDF). Science. 229 (4716): 857–850. Bibcode:1985Sci...229..857H. doi:10.1126/science.229.4716.857. PMID 17777925.
  28. ↑ "CERES Science". NASA. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Loeb, Norman G.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Thorsen, Tyler J.; Lyman, John M.; et al. (15 June 2021). "Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth's Heating Rate". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (13). Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4893047L. doi:10.1029/2021GL093047.
  30. ↑ Hakuba, M.Z.; Frederikse, T.; Landerer, F.W. (28 August 2021). "Earth's Energy Imbalance From the Ocean Perspective (2005–2019)". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (16). Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4893624H. doi:10.1029/2021GL093624.
  31. ↑ "Air-Sea interaction: Teacher's guide". American Meteorological Society. 2012. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  32. ↑ "Ocean Motion : Definition : Wind Driven Surface Currents - Upwelling and Downwelling". Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  33. ↑ "NASA Earth Science: Water Cycle". NASA. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  34. ↑ Laura Snider (2021-01-13). "2020 was a record-breaking year for ocean heat - Warmer ocean waters contribute to sea level rise and strengthen storms". National Center for Atmospheric Research.
  35. ↑ "Deep Argo Mission". Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  36. ↑ Jessica Blunden (25 August 2021). "Reporting on the State of the Climate in 2020". Climate.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021.
  37. ↑ Levitus, Sydney (17 May 2012). "World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (10): 1–3. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3910603L. doi:10.1029/2012GL051106. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 55809622.
  38. ↑ Meehl; et al. (2011). "Model-based evidence of deep-ocean heat uptake during surface-temperature hiatus periods". Nature Climate Change. 1 (7): 360–364. Bibcode:2011NatCC...1..360M. doi:10.1038/nclimate1229.
  39. ↑ Rob Painting (2 October 2011). "The Deep Ocean Warms When Global Surface Temperatures Stall". SkepticalScience.com. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  40. ↑ Rob Painting (24 June 2013). "A Looming Climate Shift: Will Ocean Heat Come Back to Haunt us?". Retrieved 15 July 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ↑ Sirpa Häkkinen; Peter B Rhines; Denise L Worthen (2015). "Heat content variability in the North Atlantic Ocean in ocean reanalyses". Geophys Res Lett. 42 (8): 2901–2909. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.2901H. doi:10.1002/2015GL063299. PMC 4681455. PMID 26709321.
  42. ↑ Messias, Marie-José; Mercier, Herlé (17 May 2022). "The redistribution of anthropogenic excess heat is a key driver of warming in the North Atlantic". Communications Earth & Environment (in Turanci). 3 (1): 118. Bibcode:2022ComEE...3..118M. doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00443-4. ISSN 2662-4435. S2CID 248816280 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  43. ↑ Lee, Sang-Ki; Park, Wonsun; Baringer, Molly O.; Gordon, Arnold L.; Huber, Bruce; Liu, Yanyun (June 2015). "Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content during the warming hiatus" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 8 (6): 445–449. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..445L. doi:10.1038/ngeo2438. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  44. ↑ "So what are marine heat waves? - A NOAA scientist explains". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2019-10-08. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
  45. ↑ "El Niño & Other Oscillations". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  46. ↑ "NASA-led study reveals the causes of sea level rise since 1900". NASA. 2020-08-21.
  47. ↑ Garcia-Soto, Carlos (2022-10-20). "An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.642372. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  48. ↑ Rebecca Lindsey and Michon Scott (2021-09-21). "Climate Change: Arctic sea ice". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 15, 2013.
  49. ↑ Maria-Jose Viñas and Carol Rasmussen (2015-08-05). "Warming seas and melting ice sheets". NASA.
  50. ↑ Michon Scott (2021-03-26). "Understanding climate: Antarctic sea ice extent". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019.
  51. ↑ Carly Cassella (2021-04-11). "Warm Water Under The 'Doomsday Glacier' Threatens to Melt It Faster Than We Predicted". sciencealert.com.
  52. ↑ British Antarctic Survey (2021-12-15). "The threat from Thwaites: The retreat of Antarctica's riskiest glacier". phys.org.
  53. ↑ Riebeek, Holli (16 June 2011). "The Carbon Cycle". Earth Observatory. NASA. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  54. ↑ Riebeek, Holli (1 July 2008). "The Ocean's Carbon Cycle". Earth Observatory. NASA. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  55. ↑ Bock, C., Götze, S., Pörtner, H. O., & Lannig, G. (8 April 2024). "Exploring the mechanisms behind swimming performance limits to ocean warming and acidification in the Atlantic king scallop, Pecten maximus". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 12. Bibcode:2024FrEEv..1247160B. doi:10.3389/fevo.2024.1347160.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ↑ Adam Voiland and Joshua Stevens (8 March 2016). "Methane Matters". NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abubuwan_da_ke_cikin_zafi_na_teku&oldid=686517"