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Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene

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Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene
extinction event (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Suna saboda Cretaceous (en) Fassara da Paleogene (en) Fassara
Kwanan wata 66 million years BCE
Has cause (en) Fassara Chicxulub impactor (en) Fassara
Immediate cause of (en) Fassara starvation (en) Fassara, Tasirin hunturu da Paleogene (en) Fassara

Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) bacewar taron, wanda aka fi sani da Cretaceus-Tertiary (K-T) bacewar, shine bacewar kashi uku cikin hudu na shuka da nau'in dabbobi a Duniya [1] kimanin shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata.Wannan taron ya haifar da halakawar dukkan dinosaur da ba tsuntsaye ba. Yawancin sauran tetrapods da ke da nau'o'in fiye da 25 kg (55 lb) suma sun ƙare, ban da wasu nau'in ectothermic kamar turtles na teku da crocodilians. Ya nuna ƙarshen zamanin Cretaceous, kuma tare da shi zamanin Mesozoic, yayin da yake sanar da farkon zamanin geological na yanzu, Zamanin Cenozoic. A cikin rikodin ilimin ƙasa, taron K-Pg yana da alama ta wani nau'i mai laushi da ake kira iyakar K-PG ko iyakar K'T, wanda za'a iya samunsa a duk faɗin duniya a cikin duwatsu na ruwa da na ƙasa. Yumbu na iyaka yana nuna matakan iridium na ƙarfe, wanda ya fi yawa a cikin Asteroids fiye da a cikin ɓawon burodi na Duniya.[2][3][4][5] 

Kamar yadda aka gabatar da shi a shekarar 1980 [6] ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyya karkashin jagorancin Luis Alvarez da ɗansa Walter, yanzu ana tunanin cewa lalacewar K-Pg ta haifar da tasirin Babban asteroid 10 zuwa 15 mai faɗi, 180 kilometres (112 mi) shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da tasirin tasirin Chicxulub, wanda ya lalata yanayin duniya, galibi ta hanyar Tasirin hunturu wanda ya dakatar da photosynthesis a cikin shuke-shuke da plankton.[7][8] Tunanin tasirin, wanda aka fi sani da Ra'ayin Alvarez, an ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar gano 180 Chicxulub crater a cikin Gulf of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula a farkon shekarun 1990, wanda ya ba da tabbacin cewa yumbu na iyakar K-Pg yana wakiltar tarkace daga Tasirin asteroid. [9][10] Gaskiyar cewa lalacewar ta faru a lokaci guda tana ba da tabbaci mai ƙarfi cewa asteroid ne ya haifar da su.[10] Wani aikin hakowa na 2016 a cikin zobe na Chicxulub ya tabbatar da cewa zobe na saman ya ƙunshi dutse da aka fitar a cikin minti kaɗan daga zurfin ƙasa, amma yana ƙunshe da kusan wani gypsum, dutsen da ke dauke da sulfate na yau da kullun a yankin: gypsum zai narke kuma ya warwatse a matsayin aerosol a cikin yanayi, yana haifar da tasirin lokaci mai tsawo akan yanayi da jerin abinci. A watan Oktoba na 2019, masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa taron ya hanzarta ya yi wa teku ƙanƙara kuma ya haifar da sakamako mai tsawo a kan yanayi, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyoyin halakawar jama'a.[11]

Sauran abubuwan da suka haifar ko abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga halaka na iya zama Deccan Traps da sauran fashewar dutsen wuta, [12] Canjin yanayi, da canjin matakin teku. Koyaya, a cikin Janairu 2020, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa samfurin yanayi na taron halaka ya fi son tasirin asteroid ba dutsen wuta ba.[13][14]

Yawancin nau'in nau'in nau'in ƙasa sun lalace a cikin halakar K-Pg, wanda aka fi sani da shi shine dinosaur wadanda ba na ruwa ba, tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, [15] kadangaru, [16] kwari, [17] tsire-tsire, da duk pterosaurs . A cikin tekunan duniya, K-Pg taro kashe kashe plesiosaurs da mosasaurs da lalata teleost kifi, [18] sharks, mollusks (musamman ammonites da rudists, wanda ya zama bace), da kuma yawancin nau'in plankton. An kiyasta cewa kashi 75% ko fiye na dukkan nau'in dabbobi da na ruwa a Duniya sun bace. [19] Duk da haka, ɓarna kuma ya ba da damar juyin halitta : a cikin farkawa, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun sami raɗaɗi mai dacewa - kwatsam da rarrabuwar kawuna zuwa sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu a cikin rugujewa da ɓarna abubuwan muhalli. Dabbobi masu shayarwa musamman sun bambanta a cikin waɗannan Zamanin Paleogene, [20] suna haɓaka sabbin sifofi kamar dawakai, whales, jemagu, da primates . Rukunin dinosaur da suka tsira sun kasance avians, wasu ƴan nau'in tsuntsayen ƙasa da na ruwa, waɗanda suka mamaye duk nau'ikan tsuntsayen zamani. [21] Daga cikin sauran kungiyoyi, kifin teleost [22] da watakila kadangaru [16] suma sun haskaka cikin nau'ikan su na zamani.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2015. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  2. ↑ Jones, Heather L.; Westerhold, Thomas; Birch, Heather; et al. (18 January 2023). "Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary at the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) in El Kef, Tunisia: New insights from the El Kef Coring Project". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 135 (9–10): 2451. Bibcode:2023GSAB..135.2451J. doi:10.1130/B36487.1. S2CID 256021543 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Irizarry, Kayla M.; Witts, James T.; Garb, Matthew P.; et al. (15 January 2023). "Faunal and stratigraphic analysis of the basal Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary event deposits, Brazos River, Texas, USA". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 610. Bibcode:2023PPP...61011334I. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111334. S2CID 254345541 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Ferreira da Silva, Luiza Carine; Santos, Alessandra; Fauth, Gerson; et al. (April 2023). "High-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene transition: New paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic insights from Seymour Island, Antarctica". Marine Micropaleontology. 180. Bibcode:2023MarMP.180j2214F. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2023.102214. S2CID 256834649 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Schulte, Peter; Alegret, L.; Arenillas, I.; et al. (5 March 2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 327 (5970): 1214–1218. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1214S. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. PMID 20203042. S2CID 2659741.
  6. ↑ Alvarez, Luis (10 March 1981). "The Asteroid and the Dinosaur (Nova S08E08, 1981)". IMDB. PBS-WGBH/Nova. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  7. ↑ Alvarez, Luis W.; Alvarez, Walter; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. V. (1980). "Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction" (PDF). Science. 208 (4448): 1095–1108. Bibcode:1980Sci...208.1095A. doi:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095. PMID 17783054. S2CID 16017767. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-24.
  8. ↑ Vellekoop, J.; Sluijs, A.; Smit, J.; et al. (May 2014). "Rapid short-term cooling following the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (21): 7537–7541. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.7537V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319253111. PMC 4040585. PMID 24821785.
  9. ↑ Hildebrand, A. R.; Penfield, G. T.; Kring, David A.; et al. (1991). "Chicxulub crater: a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico". Geology. 19 (9): 867–871. Bibcode:1991Geo....19..867H. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:ccapct>2.3.co;2.
  10. 1 2 Schulte, Peter; Alegret, L.; Arenillas, I.; et al. (5 March 2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" (PDF). Science. 327 (5970): 1214–1218. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1214S. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. PMID 20203042. S2CID 2659741.
  11. ↑ Henehan, Michael J. (21 October 2019). "Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (45): 22500–22504. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11622500H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1905989116. PMC 6842625. PMID 31636204.
  12. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  13. ↑ Hull, Pincelli M.; Bornemann, André; Penman, Donald E. (17 January 2020). "On impact and volcanism across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary". Science. 367 (6475): 266–272. Bibcode:2020Sci...367..266H. doi:10.1126/science.aay5055. PMID 31949074. S2CID 210698721. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  14. ↑ Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro; Farnsworth, Alexander; Mannion, Philip D.; et al. (2020-07-21). "Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (29): 17084–17093. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11717084C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006087117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7382232. PMID 32601204.
  15. ↑ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Tokaryk, Tim; Field, Daniel J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (37): 15253–15257. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815253L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108. PMC 3174646. PMID 21914849.
  16. 1 2 Longrich, N. R.; Bhullar, B.-A. S.; Gauthier, J. A. (December 2012). "Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (52): 21396–401. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10921396L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110. PMC 3535637. PMID 23236177.
  17. ↑ Rehan, Sandra M.; Leys, Remko; Schwarz, Michael P. (2013). "First evidence for a massive extinction event affecting bees close to the K-T boundary". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e76683. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876683R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076683. PMC 3806776. PMID 24194843.
  18. ↑ Friedman, M. (2009). "Ecomorphological selectivity among marine teleost fishes during the end-Cretaceous extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC. 106 (13): 5218–5223. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5218F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808468106. PMC 2664034. PMID 19276106.
  19. ↑ Jablonski, D.; Chaloner, W. G. (1994). "Extinctions in the fossil record (and discussion)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 344 (1307): 11–17. doi:10.1098/rstb.1994.0045.
  20. ↑ Alroy, John (1999). "The fossil record of North American Mammals: evidence for a Palaeocene evolutionary radiation". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1080/106351599260472. PMID 12078635.
  21. ↑ Feduccia, Alan (1995). "Explosive evolution in Tertiary birds and mammals". Science. 267 (5198): 637–638. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..637F. doi:10.1126/science.267.5198.637. PMID 17745839. S2CID 42829066.
  22. ↑ Friedman, M. (2010). "Explosive morphological diversification of spiny-finned teleost fishes in the aftermath of the end-Cretaceous extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1688): 1675–1683. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2177. PMC 2871855. PMID 20133356.
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