Adabin Philippine

Adabi na Philippine adabi ne da ke da alaƙa da Philippines tun kafin tarihi, ta hanyar gadon mulkin mallaka, har zuwa yau.

Halaye

Salo da jigogin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin adabin Philippine an haife su ne daga haɗakar tarihin ƙasar, tatsuniyoyi, al'adu, da tasirin ƙasashen waje, waɗanda ke tasowa cikin lokuta daban-daban yayin da suke ɗaukar falsafar rubuce-rubuce na gama gari da ƙungiyoyi na lokacin. Adabin Philippine ya ƙunshi kafofin watsa labarai na adabi waɗanda aka rubuta cikin harsunan gida daban-daban da kuma cikin Mutanen Espanya da kuma Ingilishi.

A cewar 'yar jarida Nena Jimenez, abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da daidaito na wallafe-wallafen Philippine shine gajere da sauri - amma suna da alaƙa da juna - jimloli, tare da jigogi na iyali, soyayyar akida, da dagewa. Amfani da waƙafi, haɗin kai, da bambancin Ingilishi da aka sani da Filipino-Ingilishi ko Taglish suma sun fi kasancewa a cikin adabin Philippine. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da marubutan Philippines suka yi amfani da su sun yi tasiri a cikin tarihin adabi gaba ɗaya.

Adabin Gargajiya a Cikin Mutanen Espanya a lokacin karni na 19

A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1846, an buga jaridar La Esperanza ta farko a kowace rana a ƙasar. Sauran jaridu na farko sune La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) da Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). Jaridar lardi ta farko ita ce El Eco de Vigan (1884), wacce aka buga a Ilocos. A cikin Birnin Cebu, an buga El Boleaetín de Cebú (Bulletin of Cebu) a cikin 1890.

A shekara ta 1863, gwamnatin Sipaniya ta gabatar da tsarin ilimin jama'a kyauta wanda ya kara yawan ikon karanta Mutanen Espanya kuma ta haka ya kara haɓakar masu ilimi da ake kira Ilustrado (ma'ana, mai kyau). Mutanen Espanya ya zama yaren zamantakewa na wuraren birane da kuma ainihin yare na tsibirai. An buga yawancin jaridun Mutanen Espanya har zuwa ƙarshen 1940s, mafi tasiri daga cikinsu shine El Renacimiento, wanda dangin Guerrero de Ermita suka buga a Manila.

Wasu mambobin kungiyar ilustrado, yayin da suke a Sifaniya, sun yanke shawarar fara buga littafin Mutanen Espanya da nufin inganta ayyukan cin gashin kai da 'yancin kai. Membobin wannan rukunin sun haɗa da Pedro Alejandro Paterno, wanda ya rubuta labari Nínay (labari na farko da ɗan Filipino ya rubuta)[abubuwan da ake buƙata] da kuma gwarzon ƙasar Philippine, José Rizal, wanda ya rubuta waƙa mai kyau da shahararrun litattafansa guda biyu a cikin Mutanen Espanya: Noli Me Tángere. (Kada Ni), da El Filibusterismo.

Musamman mai ƙarfi shine La Solidaridad, wanda membobin ƙungiyar farfaganda suka fi kiransa La Sol, wanda aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 1885.[Takardar da ake buƙata] Tare da taimakon wannan takarda, jaruman ƙasar Filipino kamar José Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, da Marcelo H del Pilar sun iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu.

Waka da ma'auni na soyayya

• Tanaga- Gajerun waqoqin da suka qunshi layi huxu masu xabi’u bakwai kowannensu wanda ke xaukar waqa a qarshen kowane layi.
• Waƙoƙin Ladino – ƴan asalin ƙasar Tagalog ne na farko waɗanda suka ga bugu: ƙwararrun ilimi a cikin Mutanen Espanya da na yare.
• Corridos - An karanta ko'ina a lokacin Mutanen Espanya wanda ya cika bukatun jama'a don nishaɗi tare da haɓaka al'amuran karatu a lokacin hutun su.
• Awit - kamar corridos, waɗannan kuma ana karanta su sosai a lokacin Mutanen Espanya azaman nishadantarwa, haɓakawa, tsarin karatu a lokacin hutun su. Haka nan ƙirƙira ce ta hasashe na marubuta duk da cewa haruffa da yanayin na iya zama Turawa. An sanya tsarin dodecasyllabic quatrains.

Addini

• Moriones - Yana nufin kwalkwali na mahalarta sanye da kayan aikin sojan Romawa, asalinsu a ɓoye a bayan launuka masu ban sha'awa, wani lokacin babban abin rufe fuska na katako. An samo shi ne kawai a tsibirin Marinduque, yana ƙasa a lokacin Makon Mai Tsarki, yana ƙarewa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Passion wanda ya kara da wurin tuba da shahada na Saint Longinus.
• Panunuluyan- sigar Tagalog na Las Posadas na Mexican, kuma a zahiri yana nufin "neman hanya". An gudanar da shi a lokacin Kirsimeti amma musamman a ranar Kirsimeti, yana kwatanta binciken Yusufu da Maryamu a masauki a Baitalami. ’Yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke wasa da Ma’auratan suna rera roƙon su na masauki a hankali a cikin sautin baƙin ciki, yayin da masu masaukin gida da masu gida za su kore su da baituka masu girman kai da mitoci na rawa.
• Pangangaluwa – Al’ada da ta yaɗu a lokacin Dukan Waliyai wanda a zahiri yana nufin ruhi, yana kwatankwacin al’adar Turanci da ba ta da tushe a yanzu na Souling.
• Salubong - Wani al'ada da aka yi da sanyin safiyar Lahadi na Ista 'yan sa'o'i bayan Vigil na Ista da kuma kafin Mass na Ista, yana nuna taron tsakanin Yesu da aka ta da daga matattu da mahaifiyarsa. A cikin tsarinsa na asali, bikin yana farawa da jerin gwano guda biyu - ɗaya ya ƙunshi maza da ke rakiyar mutum-mutumi na Almasihu daga matattu, ɗayan kuma mata masu siffar Budurwa Maryamu sanye da baki. Dukkan jerin gwanon biyu suna haduwa a farfajiyar coci, filin gari, ko kuma wani wuri da ya dace, inda wata yarinya, sanye da kayan mala'ika, ta tsaya daga kan tudu ko kuma ta sauko a kan igiya tana rera Regina Caeli. Sai Mala'ikan ya cire baƙar mayafin zuwa sautin ƙararrawa da ƙararrawa, yana kawo ƙarshen tuba da makoki na Azumi.
• Senákulo – Mahimmanci wasan sha’awa, wanda ke nuna sha’awa da mutuwar Yesu Kiristi. An saba yin sa a lokacin Makon Mai Tsarki, kuma yana da kamanceceniya da wasan kwaikwayo na Mystery shahararru a Turai ta tsakiyar zamani.
• Santacruzan - An yi shi a cikin watan Mayu, wanda ya sake nuna Saint Helena ta Neman Gicciyen Gaskiya kuma ya zama nuni na sadaukarwa ga Budurwa Maryamu. Matasan mata na gari, Ikklesiya, ko ƙauye suna sanye da riguna na yau da kullun kuma suna ɗauke da halayen da suka danganci jigogi na addini, kamar lakabin Maryamu, tare da mace ta ƙarshe (mafi kyawun gani) "Rayna Elena" tana wakiltar sarki, kuma tana riƙe da gicciye. , wakiltar Gicciyen Gaskiya. Bikinta na Mayu ya kasance saboda ranar kafin 1962 don idin Roodmas.

Zaman duniya

• Wasan barkwanci - Yana magana ne game da soyayyar kotu tsakanin, basarake da gimbiya na addinai daban-daban, kuma yana ba da haske game da halayen mulkin mallaka ga dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi.
• Duplo - Mafarin balagtasan. Wasannin sun kunshi kungiyoyi biyu; Daya hada da samari mata da ake kira Dupleras ko Belyakas; da ɗayan kuma, na samari da ake kira Dupleros ko Belyakos.
• Karagatan – ya fito ne daga al’adar almara na gwada bajintar samari masu fafutukar neman hannun budurwa. Za a jefa zoben budurwar a cikin teku kuma duk wanda ya dawo da shi zai sami hannun yarinyar.

Tarihi

Lokacin mulkin mallaka

A cewar masanin tarihi na Philippines Teodoro Agoncillo, ƙabilar da suka fi kowa tarihi ta fuskar ba da labari su ne mutanen Ilocano, waɗanda salon rayuwarsu na makiyaya a tsaunuka ke haifar da labarun kasada fiye da sauran ƴan ƙasar Filifin da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa. Ilocano ya yi amfani da wata ingantacciya, versified, kuma a wasu lokuta ba zato ba tsammani, dogayen waƙar almara da ake kira dallot, wanda aka gabatar kuma aka ba da labari ta hanyar waƙa. Shahararriyar waɗannan almara ita ce Biag ni Lamang.

Sauran nau'o'in wallafe-wallafen da Ilocano kafin mulkin mallaka ya rubuta su ne waƙoƙi (kankanta), raye-raye (salsala), wakoki (dandaniw), kacici-ka-cici (burburtia), karin magana (pagsasao), da makoki (dung-aw). Sauran al'adun gargajiya na Filipino na wasu ƙabilun sun haɗa da Hudhud ni Aliguyon na Ifugao, Hinilawod na Panay, Ibalon daga Bicol, da Darangen na Maranao. A wannan lokacin, an samar da tatsuniyoyi na baka daban-daban da tatsuniyoyi na al'ada, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga daure su da kuma sanya su daga baya, kamar Ibong Adarna, Bernardo Carpio, Maria Makiling, da tatsuniyoyi da dama na halitta.

Lokacin Mutanen Espanya

Turawan mulkin mallaka na Sipaniya na tsibiran Philippines ya haifar da gabatar da al'adun adabi na Turai. Yawancin waɗannan sun sami tasiri sosai daga harshen Sipaniya da bangaskiyar Katolika. Wadannan hadisai sun hada da wakoki irinsu tanaga, ladino, corridos, da awit; wasan kwaikwayo na addini kamar su moriones, santacruzan, panuluyan da senakulo; da wasan kwaikwayo na duniya kamar wasan barkwanci, duplo, da karagatan. Yawancin marubutan Filipino sun yi fice a wannan lokacin, irin su Francisco Balagtas, marubucin Florante a Laura (1838); da Huseng Sisiw, marubucin Singsing ng Pagibig. Taken Balagtas, wanda ya haɗa tarihi, soyayya, da addini, ya zama babban labarin Filipina wanda aka koyar a makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar.

A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1846, an buga jaridar farko ta yau da kullun, La Esperanza, a cikin ƙasar.Sauran jaridu na farko sune La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) da Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). Jaridar lardi ta farko ita ce El Eco de Vigan (1884), wacce aka buga a Ilocos. A cikin birnin Cebu, an buga El Boleaetín de Cebú (Bulletin of Cebu) a shekara ta 1890. Ɗaya daga cikin jaridun Filipino mafi tasiri a harshen Sipaniya kuma sun haɗa da El Renacimiento (1901), waɗanda dangin Guerrero de Ermita suka buga a Manila har zuwa lokacin 1940s.

Juyin juya halin Philippine ya kawo ɗimbin ayyukan adabi na ƙasa. Yawancin marubuta sun kasance masu yada farfaganda da juyin juya hali; ainihin ƴan kishin ƙasa na Filipina waɗanda ke son sauye-sauye don ci gaban al'ummar Filifin, ko cikakken 'yancin kai daga ikon Spain. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ayyukan Ilustrados kamar Pedro Alejandro Paterno, wanda ya rubuta littafi na farko da ɗan ƙasar Filifin ya rubuta, Nínay (1885); Graciano López Jaena kuma daga baya na Marcelo H. del Pilar, wanda ya gyara kuma ya buga pro-Filipino. jaridar La Solidaridad (1889);da kuma Jarumin kasar Philippine, José Rizal, wanda ya rubuta shahararrun litattafai guda biyu a cikin Mutanen Espanya, Noli Me Tángere (1887) da El Filibusterismo (1891).

Zaman Amurka

Mamaya na Amurka da mulkin mallaka na Philippines na ƙarshe sun share hanya don sababbin salo da nau'o'i. Idan aka kwatanta da mafi ƙaƙƙarfan wallafe-wallafe na zamanin Mutanen Espanya, lokacin Amurka ya ga shaharar “aya ta ’yanci” a cikin Filifin, yana ba da damar yin waƙa, larura, da sauran kalmomi. Shima shigar da harshen Ingilishi yana da mahimmanci daidai, domin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarukan da marubutan Filifin ke amfani da su a wancan lokacin har zuwa yau.

Littafin littafin Turanci na farko da ɗan ƙasar Filifin ya rubuta shi ne Ɗan baƙin ciki (1921) wanda Zoilo Galang ya rubuta.Rubuce-rubucen farko a cikin Ingilishi suna da alaƙa da melodrama, yaren da ba na gaske ba, da kuma ba da mahimmanci ga launi na gida. Gajerun labarai kuma sun sami karɓuwa a wannan lokacin tare da jerin shirye-shiryen da labarai da yawa waɗanda aka buga kansu ko ta jaridu. Shahararren sanannen shi ne Manuel Arguilla da tarihin tarihinsa Yadda Ɗan’uwana Leon Ya Kawo Gida da Mata da Sauran Gajerun Labarai (1940), wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a gasar adabi ta Commonwealth.

A wannan lokacin, an kuma sami sake dawowar sha'awar tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi na Filipino, kuma za a buga ayyuka da yawa game da su, tare da sanannun sanannun labarai da yawa waɗanda ba a san su ba game da halayen jama'a Juan Tamad (1919). Matsayin waƙa a Philippines shima ya tashi, inda mawaki Jose Garcia Villa ya yi tasiri a cikin tarihin waƙa don gabatar da salon waƙafi da kuma "tsarin waƙa da aka juyar da shi".

Marigayi karni na 20

Yayin da Philippines ta sami ikon mallakarta daga Amurka, kishin ƙasa ya sake zama jigo a cikin adabin Filipino. Bayan labarun tatsuniyoyi da tarihi na Filipino, an kuma sami bunƙasa a cikin tatsuniyoyi da ke nuna sauƙaƙan rayuwar ƴan ƙasar Filifin.Waɗannan labarun galibi suna faruwa ne a cikin karkara, kuma suna nuna ayyukan Filipina a kowace rana kamar zuwa coci, noma, zawarcin aure, da yaƙin zakara.

Misalin da aka fi sani shi ne ɗan gajeren labari na Peculiar Chicken na ɗan’uwana na Alejandro Roces.[16] Sauran fitattun marubuta a tsakiyar karni na 20 sune Carlos Bulosan, Nick Joaquin, Bienvenido Santos, Lualhati Bautista, da Rolando S. Rinio. Carlos Bulosan, musamman, ya buga labari mai suna America Is In The Heart (1946), wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin farkon hasashe da wakilcin rayuwar baƙi na Asiya-Amurka a yamma. F. Sionel Jose shima marubuci ne makamancinsa wanda ya magance rashin adalci da rashin sanin yakamata a cikin Rosales Saga (1973-1984).

A kusa da wannan lokacin ne kuma lokacin zinare na wasan kwaikwayo na Filipino da zane-zane ya fito. Yawancin littattafan ban dariya na Filipino, tsiri, da litattafai masu hoto sun yi fice cikin shahara, suna yin sunayen masu fasaha kamar Mars Ravelo, Francisco V. Coching, Carlo J. Caparas da Gilda Olvidado. Daga baya, wallafe-wallafen siyasa da na zanga-zangar sun zama baƙar fata, musamman a lokacin zamanin Martial Law. A wannan lokacin, an mayar da hankali kan suka da kuma satar halin da ake ciki a Philippines maimakon bikin nati kawai. a kan kamar waɗanda suke a gabãninsa. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da Mga Ibong Mandaragit mai ƙarfi (1969) na Amado V. Hernandez da Dictatorship Conjugal (1976) na Primitivo Mijares.

Karni na 21

Haɓaka bugu na jama'a da fasaha na dijital ya haifar da ingantacciyar dama ga marubutan Filipina waɗanda ke son buga ayyukansu. Intanit ya zama kayan aiki na juyin juya hali ga marubutan Filipina don isa ga masu karatu a wajen Philippines. Buga gidaje kamar PSICOM ya bunƙasa, kuma an sami karuwar shaharar masu wallafa kansu da gidajen yanar gizo kamar Wattpad. Taken farko da ya cimma wannan shine Danny R.'s webnovel Diary ng Pangit (2013).

A wannan lokacin, ƴan ƙasar Filifin da dama sun fara shiga cikin yanayin adabi na yanzu, suna magance lamuran zamani na bambance-bambancen da lafiyar kwakwalwa, tare da gabatar da masu karatu na duniya zuwa al'adun Filipina. Biyu daga cikin mashahuran marubutan Filipino na farkon karni na 21 sun hada da Rin Chupeco, wacce ta yi suna ga kanta wajen buga almara na Matasa Manya, wadanda yawancin su aka yi wahayi daga tatsuniyar Filipino daga Maria Makiling zuwa Mangkukulam; da Louis Bulaong, wanda mutum ne mai mahimmanci a cikin nau'in al'adun pop, kuma wanda ya shahara da amfani da kalmomin Filipino na duniya kamar "kilig" a cikin labarunsa.

Karni na 21 kuma ya ga karuwar shaharar marubutan Filipinawa da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shine Ivy Alvarez, ɗan ƙasar Filifin-Australiyya wanda ya sami yabo ga tarin mawaƙanta mai suna Disturbance (2013), wanda ya ƙunshi jigogi na cin zarafi a cikin gida. Wani marubuci Yvette Fernandez, marubucin littafin yara daga Summit Media wanda littattafansa suka yi maganin tarihi da ɗabi'a. Sauran marubutan Filipina na zamani sun haɗa da Marites Vitug da Merlie M. Alunan.

Mawakan Ƙasa don Adabi

Ana ba da odar mawakan ƙasar Philippines ga Filipinos tare da "kyawawan gudumawa ga fasahar Philippine". Hukumar al'adu da fasaha ta ƙasa (Philippines) da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Philippines ne ke zaɓar masu fasaha. Shugaban Philippines ne ya ba da odar.

Wadanda aka ba da lambar yabo na Mawaƙin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Tsarin Mulki na Philippines, don wallafe-wallafe, sun haɗa da:

• 1973 – Amado V. Hernandez, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 1973 – Jose Garcia Villa, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 1976 – Nick Joaquin, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 1982 – Carlos P. Romulo, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 1990 – Francisco Arcellana, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 1997 – Rolando S. Tinio, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da adabi
• 1997 - Levi Celerio, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Kiɗa da Adabi
• 1997 - N.V.M. Gonzales, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 1997 – Carlos Quirino, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabin Tarihi
• 1999 - Edith L. Tiempo, Mawallafin Adabi na Ƙasa
• 2001 – F. Sionil Jose, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2003 – Virgilio S. Almario, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2003 – Alejandro Roces, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2006 – Bienvenido Lumbera, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2009 – Lazaro A. Francisco, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2014 – Cirilo F. Bautista, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2018 - Ramón Larupay Muzones, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2018 - Resil Buagas Mojares, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi
• 2022 - Gémino Henson Abad, Mawaƙin Ƙasa don Adabi