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Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka

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Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka
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Imani da ayyukan mutanen Afirka sun bambanta sosai, kuma sun haɗa da addinai daban-daban . Gabaɗaya, waɗannan hadisai na baka ne maimakon na Nassi kuma ana yada su daga tsara zuwa tsara ta hanyar labarai, waƙoƙi, da bukukuwa . [1] Sun haɗa da imani ga ruhohi da alloli na sama da na ƙasa, wani lokaci har da maɗaukakiyar halitta, da kuma girmama matattu, yin amfani da sihiri, da magungunan gargajiya na Afirka . Yawancin addinai ana iya siffanta su a matsayin masu rai [2] tare da bangarori daban-daban na shirka da pantheistic . [3] Matsayin ɗan adam gabaɗaya ana kallonsa azaman ɗayan daidaita yanayi tare da allahntaka. [3]

Yaɗa

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Wani dan kabilar Igbo a farkon karni na 20 a Najeriya, Afirka ta Yamma

An rarraba mabiya addinan gargajiya a Afirka tsakanin kasashe 43 kuma an kiyasta sun haura miliyan 100. [4]

Musulunci da Kiristanci, kasancewar yawancin addinan Afirka na asali sun yi gudun hijira, galibi suna dacewa da yanayin al'adun Afirka da tsarin imani. Mutanen Afirka sukan haɗa ayyukan aƙidarsu ta al'ada da ayyukan addinan Ibrahim . [5] Waɗannan addinai guda biyu na Ibrahim sun yaɗu a faɗin Afirka, kodayake galibi sun fi mayar da hankali a yankuna daban-daban. Imani na addini na Ibrahim, musamman abubuwan tauhidi, kamar imani ga mahalicci guda ɗaya, an shigar da su cikin addinan Afirka na al'adar shirka da wuri. Addinai na Afirka ta Yamma suna neman fahimtar gaskiya, kuma, ba kamar addinan Ibrahim ba, ba ra'ayi ba ne. Gabaɗaya suna neman bayyana gaskiyar gogewar sirri ta rundunonin ruhi waɗanda ke ƙarfafa rayuwar rukuni cikin tsari, waɗanda ke yin barazana da ita.

Ana kuma samun mabiya addinan gargajiya na Afirka a duniya. A cikin 'yan lokutan nan, addinai, irin su addinin Yarbawa da addinin Odinala (addinin Igbo na gargajiya), Gaboism, suna karuwa. Addinan Igbo da Yarbawa sun shahara a yankin Caribbean da wasu sassan Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu. A cikin Amurka, Voodoo ya fi rinjaye a cikin jihohin da ke kusa da Gulf of Mexico.

Abubuwan asali

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Bikin gida a Benin tare da zangbeto

Maɗaukakiyar rikitattun imani na raye -raye suna gina ainihin manufar addinan Afirka na gargajiya. Wannan ya haɗa da bautar gumaka na koyarwa, bautar yanayi, bautar kakanni da imani da lahira, kwatankwacin sauran addinan gargajiya a duniya. Yayin da wasu addinai suna da ra'ayi na duniya tare da babban mahalicci kusa da sauran alloli da ruhohi, wasu kuma suna bin tsarin shirka kawai tare da alloli daban-daban, ruhohi da sauran halittun allahntaka . [2] Har ila yau, addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna da abubuwa na totemism, shamanism da kuma girmama kayan tarihi . [6]

Mawaƙin Vodun na gargajiya yana ƙazanta alloli da ruhohi, a Ganvie, Benin

Addinin gargajiya na Afirka, kamar sauran tsoffin al'adun gargajiya a duniya, sun dogara ne akan al'adun baka . Wadannan al'adu ba ka'idojin addini ba ne, amma asalin al'adu ne da ake yadawa ta hanyar labarai, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Al'umma, dangin mutum, da muhalli, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar mutum. Mabiya sun yi imani da ja-gorar ruhohin kakanninsu. A cikin yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, akwai shugabanni na ruhaniya da nau'ikan firistoci . Waɗannan mutane suna da mahimmanci a cikin rayuwar ruhaniya da ta addini na al'umma. Akwai sufaye da ke da alhakin warkarwa da 'duba' - wani nau'i na sa'a da nasiha, irin na shamans . Wadannan masu maganin gargajiya dole ne kakanni ko alloli su kira su. Suna samun horo mai tsauri kuma suna koyon ƙwarewa da yawa masu mahimmanci, gami da yadda ake amfani da ganyen halitta don warkarwa da sauran, ƙarin ƙwarewar sufa, kamar gano wani abu mai ɓoye ba tare da sanin inda yake ba. Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka sun yi imanin cewa kakanni suna kiyaye alaƙar ruhaniya da danginsu masu rai. Yawancin ruhohin kakanni gabaɗaya suna da kyau kuma suna da kirki. Mummunan ayyuka da ruhohin kakanni ke yi shine su sa ƙananan cututtuka su gargaɗi mutane cewa sun hau kan hanya mara kyau.

Addinai na asali na Afirka sun ta'allaka ne akan bautar kakanni, imani da duniyar ruhi, halittun allahntaka da 'yancin zaɓe (ba kamar yadda aka haɓaka ra'ayi na bangaskiya ba). Matattu (da dabbobi ko abubuwa masu mahimmanci) har yanzu suna wanzu a duniyar ruhu kuma suna iya yin tasiri ko mu'amala da duniyar zahiri. Siffofin shirka sun yadu a galibin tsoffin yankuna na Afirka da sauran yankuna na duniya, kafin bayyanar Musulunci, Kiristanci, da Yahudanci . Banda shi ne addinin tauhidi na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda Fir'auna Akhenaton ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya wajabta yin addu'a ga gunkinsa Aten (duba Atenism ). [7] Wannan gagarumin sauyi ga addinin Masar na gargajiya duk da haka ƙaramin ɗansa, Tutankhamun ya mayar da shi. [8] [9] [10] Manyan alloli, tare da wasu ƙwararrun alloli, ruhohin kakanni, ruhohin yanki, da kuma halittu, jigo ne na gama gari a tsakanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, suna nuna sarƙaƙƙiya da ci gaban al'adun Afirka ta dā. [10] [11] Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa wasu ra'ayoyi na tauhidi, kamar imani da wani babban allah ko karfi (kusa da sauran alloli, alloli da ruhohi, wani lokaci ana ganin su a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin mutane da mahalicci) sun kasance a cikin Afirka, kafin gabatar da addinan Ibrahim. Waɗannan ra'ayoyi na asali sun bambanta da tauhidi da aka samu a cikin addinan Ibrahim. [10] [12]

Dan wasan Koku na gargajiya

Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka kuma suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da addinan Afirka na gargajiya. A cewar Clemmont E. Vontress, al'adun addinai daban-daban na Afirka sun haɗu ta hanyar Animism na asali. A cewarsa, imani da ruhohi da kakanni shi ne muhimmin bangare na addinan Afirka. Allolin ko dai an halicce su ne ko kuma sun samo asali ne daga ruhohi ko kakanni waɗanda mutane suke bautawa. Ya kuma lura cewa galibin addinan Afirka na zamani suna da tasiri sosai daga addinan da ba na Afirka ba, galibi Kiristanci da Musulunci don haka yana iya bambanta da tsoffin nau'ikan.

Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya suna riƙe da imani na rayuwa bayan mutuwa (duniya ta ruhu ko duniyar, wacce ruhohi, amma kuma alloli suke zaune), tare da wasu kuma suna da ra'ayi na sake reincarnation, wanda mutanen da suka mutu za su iya komawa cikin zuriyarsu ta danginsu (jinin jini), idan suna so, ko kuma suna da wani abu don cikawa. [13] Ma'anar Serer na reincarnation ya ƙi ra'ayi na zama jiki ko reincarnation na Babban Allah da Mahalicci Roog . Koyaya, sake reincarnation na Pangool ko rayuka shine ingantaccen imani ga ruhaniyar Serer.

Sau da yawa ana samun kamanceceniya tsakanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda ke cikin yanki ɗaya . Afirka ta tsakiya, alal misali, tana da irin wannan al'adun addini a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Burundi, Zambia, da Malawi . Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suke bin al'adun addini na gargajiya galibi suna girmama kakanni ta hanyar al'adu da bautar ƙasa ko kuma " allahntaka " ta hanyar " ƙungiyoyin yanki " ko " ƙungiyoyin ibada ", bi da bi. [14]

Jacob Olupona, Farfesa Ba’amurke ɗan Najeriya farfesa a addinan ƴan asalin Afirka a Jami’ar Harvard, ya taƙaita yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka a matsayin hadaddun al’adun addinan raye-raye da imani na mutanen Afirka kafin “mallakar Kirista da Musulunci” na Afirka. Girmama magabata ya kasance yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin tsakiyar ra'ayin duniya na Afirka. Magabata (fatalwa/ruhohin kakanni) wani bangare ne na gaskiya. An yi imani da kakanni na zama a cikin duniyar kakanni (duniya ta ruhu), yayin da wasu suka gaskata cewa kakanni sun kasance daidai da iko da alloli. [15]

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Olupona ya yi watsi da ma'anar tauhidi ta yamma/Musulunci kuma ya ce irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba za su iya nuna rikitattun al'adun Afirka ba kuma suna da sauƙi. Yayin da wasu hadisai suke da fiyayyen halitta (kusa da sauran alloli), wasu kuma ba su yi ba. Tauhidi baya nuna yawan hanyoyin da ruhin Afirka na al'ada ya ɗauka na alloli, alloli, da ruhohi. Ya taƙaita cewa addinan gargajiya na Afirka ba addini kaɗai ba ne, amma ra'ayin duniya, hanyar rayuwa. [15]

Bikin addini

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Wurin ibada na addini a kudancin Ghana

A al'adance, addinan Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka suna bayyana kansu a cikin bukukuwan al'umma ko kuma bukukuwan bincike inda membobin al'umma, da suke cike da ƙarfi (ko ashe, nyama, da sauransu), suke jin daɗi har su kai ga shiga yanayin tunani mai zurfi saboda bugun ganga ko rera waƙa. Daya daga cikin bukukuwan addini da ake yi a Gabon da Kamaru shi ne Okuyi, wanda kabilun Bantu da yawa ke yi. A cikin wannan yanayin, dangane da yankin, bugun ganga ko kaɗe-kaɗe da mawakan da ake girmamawa ke yi (kowanne daga cikinsu na musamman ne ga wani abin bautawa ko kaka), mahalarta suna ɗaukar siffar wani abin bautawa ko kaka, ko kuzari ko yanayin tunani ta hanyar yin motsin al'ada daban-daban ko rawa waɗanda ke ƙara haɓaka fahimtar su.

Lokacin da aka shaida kuma aka fahimci wannan yanayin na shiga wani tunani, masu bin addinin suna samun hanyar nazarin tsarki ko alamar wani tunani ko tsarin tunani. Wannan yana gina basirar raba abubuwan da aka haifar da wannan tunanin daga bayyanar su a rayuwar yau da kullum. Irin wannan rabuwa da kuma nazarin yanayi da tushen tsarkakakkiyar kuzari ko jin daɗi yana taimaka wa mahalarta su sarrafa da karɓar su lokacin da suka taso a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa ingantaccen iko da canza waɗannan kuzari zuwa halayyar kirki, tunani, da magana da suka dace da al'adu. Har ila yau, wannan aiki na iya haifar da waɗanda ke cikin waɗannan tunani su furta kalmomi waɗanda, idan wani mai ilimin al'adu ko mai bincike ya fassara su, zai iya ba da haske game da hanyoyin da suka dace da al'umma (ko mutum) za su iya ɗauka don cimma burin su.

Ruhohi

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Nkisi nkondi na Bakongo.

Su ne wani ɓangare na nkisi, abubuwan da aka yi imanin cewa ruhohi suna zaune a cikinsu, waɗanda aka saba samu a cikin Kwango Basin.

Mabiyan addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna yin addu'a ga ruhohi daban-daban da kuma kakanninsu.[16] Wannan ya haɗa da ruhohin yanayi, na asali, da na dabbobi. Bambanci tsakanin ruhohi masu ƙarfi da alloli sau da yawa kaɗan ne. Yawancin al'ummomin Afirka suna gaskanta da "manyan alloli" da yawa da kuma adadi mai yawa na ƙananan alloli da ruhohi. Akwai kuma wasu addinai masu allahn koli guda ɗaya (Chukwu, Nyame, Olodumare, Ngai, Roog, da sauransu).[17] Wasu kuma sun yarda da allahiya biyu kamar Mawu-Lisa.[18]

Addinan gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya suna gaskanta da lahira, ɗaya ko fiye na duniyoyin ruhohi. Bautar kakanni muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce ta asali a kusan dukkanin addinan Afirka. Wasu addinan Afirka sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban ta hanyar tasirin Musulunci ko ma Hindu.[19][20]

Ayyuka da al'adun addini

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Mashifin Bakongo daga Kongo Central

Akwai kamanceceniya fiye da bambance-bambance tsakanin dukkanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, [21] ko da yake Jacob Olupona ya rubuta cewa yana da wahala a fitar da ka'ida daya domin bambancin da ke tsakanin al'adun yana da yawa. [22] Ana girmama alloli da ruhohi ta hanyar zub da ruwan hadaya ko yanka dabbobi, kayan lambu, abinci dafa, furanni, duwatsu masu daraja, ko ƙarafa masu ƙima. Mabiya na neman sanin nufin alloli ko ruhohi ta hanyar tuntuba ko kwaikwayon duba. [23]

Addinan gargajiya na Afirka na karɓar abubuwan da ke faruwa a halitta kamar ambaliya da raguwa, fitowar wata da ɓoyuwarsa, ruwan sama da fari – da kuma tsarin noma. Bisa cewar Gottlieb da Mbiti:

Mahalli da yanayi suna tattare da kowanne bangare na addinan gargajiya na Afirka da al'adu. Wannan yana da alaƙa da yadda ra'ayin halitta da imani ke hade da yanayin halitta. Kowanne bangare na yanayi, irinsu tsawa, walƙiya, ruwan sama, rana, wata, taurari da sauransu, na iya shiga cikin tsarin addinan mutane. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a halitta su ke ba mutane abubuwan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. [24]

Alal misali, a addinin Serer, daya daga cikin taurari mafi tsarki a sararin samaniya ana kiransa Yoonir (wato Sirius). [25] Tare da dogon tarihi na noma, manyan firistoci da firistoci mata na Serer (Saltigue) suna gabatar da huduba kowace shekara a bikin Xooy (bikin duba) a Fatick kafin zuwan tauraron Yoonir domin yin hasashen watannin damina da ba manoma damar fara shuka. [26]

Masu maganin gargajiya na da yawa a yawancin yankuna, kuma ayyukansu na kunshe da wani bangare na addini a matakai daban-daban.

Duba (Kwaikwayo na Duba Gaba)

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Allon duba na gargajiya na Yarbawa daga farkon karni na 20

Tunda Afirka nahiyace mai yawan kabilu da al'adu, babu wata hanya guda tak da ake amfani da ita wajen kwaikwayon duba. Ayyukan duba gaba na iya amfani da kananan abubuwa kamar ƙasusuwan dabbobi, ƙwaryar cowrie, duwatsu, zobba na fata, ko faranti na katako.

Mai maganin gargajiya daga Kudancin Afirka yana yin duba ta hanyar karanta ƙasusuwan dabbobi

Wasu duba na amfani da faranti na musamman da aka yi da katako ko kuma a fili akan ƙasa (galibi cikin zagaye).

A cikin al'ummomin gargajiya na Afirka, mutane da dama suna zuwa wajen masu duba gaba akai-akai. Babu wata haramta kai tsaye da ke hana yin hakan. Ana neman masu duba gaba (ko firistoci) don hikimarsu a matsayin masu ba da shawara a rayuwa da kuma iliminsu a kan magungunan ganye.

Ubuntu

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Ubuntu kalmar Nguni Bantu ce ma'ana "yan Adam". Yana daga cikin ra'ayi a wasu lokuta ana fassara shi da "Ni saboda muna" (kuma "Ni saboda kai ne"), ko "'yan Adam zuwa ga wasu A cikin Xhosa, ana amfani da kalmar ƙarshen a cikin ma'ana ta duniya, amma sau da yawa ana nufin philo a cikin ma'ana. na rabawa da ke haɗa dukkan bil'adama". Tari ne na dabi'u da ayyuka da mutanen Afirka ko na Afirka suke kallo a matsayin sanya mutane sahihan mutane. Duk da yake bambance-bambancen waɗannan dabi'u da ayyuka sun bambanta a cikin ƙabilu daban-daban, duk suna nuni zuwa abu ɗaya - ingantaccen mutum ɗan adam wani yanki ne mafi girma kuma mafi girma na alaƙa, al'umma, al'umma, muhalli da duniyar ruhaniya.

Kyakkyawa da nasiha

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Ana danganta nagarta a cikin addinin gargajiya na Afirka tare da aiwatar da wajibai na gama gari. Misalai sun haɗa da halayen zamantakewa kamar mutunta iyaye da dattawa, renon yara yadda ya kamata, ba da baƙi, da gaskiya, amana, da jajircewa.

A wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka, ɗabi'a na da alaƙa da biyayya ko rashin biyayya ga Allah game da yadda mutum ko al'umma ke rayuwa. Ga Kikuyu, a cewar babban mahaliccinsu na farko, Ngai, yin aiki ta wurin ƙananan alloli ana jin magana da kuma iya jagorantar mutumin kirki a matsayin lamirinsa.

A lokuta da dama, ’yan Afirka da suka koma wasu addinai har yanzu sun ci gaba da yin al’adu da al’adunsu na gargajiya, suna haɗa su ta hanyar da ta dace.

Wurare masu tsarki

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Wasu wurare masu tsarki ko masu tsarki na addinan gargajiya sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga Nri-Igbo ba, Wurin Sangomar, Yaboyabo, Fatick, Ife, Oyo, Dahomey, Benin City, Ouidah, Nsukka, Kanem-Bornu, Igbo-Ukwu, da Tulwap Kipsigis, da sauransu.

Dangantaka da sauran addinai

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Addinan gargajiya na Afirka sun yi mu'amala da manyan addinan duniya ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga gaurayawa da zaman lafiya zuwa rikici da gogayya. Wadannan mu'amaloli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yadda addini ke kasancewa a nahiyar Afirka.

Mu'amala da Kiristanci

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Shigowar Kiristanci ta hannun mishan na Turai ta kawo sauye-sauye masu girma ga yadda ake gudanar da addini a Afirka. A yayin da wasu al'umma suka rungumi Kiristanci gaba daya, wasu kuma sun gauraya koyarwar Kirista da addinan gargajiyarsu, lamarin da ya haifar da sabbin dabi'u na addini. Misali, a wasu yankunan Yammacin Afirka, wasu darikun Kirista na hadawa da al'adun gargajiya da alamominsu cikin ibadarsu, alamar yadda addinan gargajiya ke da ci gaba da tasiri.[27]

Mu'amala da Musulunci

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Yaduwar Musulunci a Arewacin da Yammacin Afirka ita ma ta yi tasiri sosai ga addinan gargajiya. Addinan gargajiya da Musulunci sun zauna tare tsawon ƙarnuka, inda suka gauraya wasu daga cikin akidu da al’adunsu. A yankuna irin su Senegal da Mali, Musuluncin Sufanci na hade da wasu al’adu da tunanin addinan gargajiya, alamar hadin kai mai zurfi tsakanin addinan gargajiya da darikar Sufanci ta Musulunci.[28]

Zaman lafiya, Gaurayawa, da Rikici

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A Afirka ta zamani, mutane da dama suna bayyana kansu da addinan gargajiya tare da Kiristanci ko Musulunci, inda suke aikata al’amuran addini daga kowanne bangare a lokaci guda. Wannan gaurayawar na bayyana a cikin bukukuwa, al’adu da rayuwar ruhaniya ta mutane masu amfani da karfi daga addininsu na asali da kuma sabbin addinan da suka shigo daga waje. Duk da haka, akwai lokutan da ake fuskantar rikice-rikice, musamman idan wasu kungiyoyin Kirista ko Musulmi ke yunkurin kawar da addinan gargajiya baki daya. Wannan matsin lamba na iya kaiwa ga nuna wariya ga addinan gargajiya, sai dai har yanzu suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya al’adu da ruhin al’ummomin Afirka da dama.[29]

Tsangwama ta addini

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Addinan gargajiya na Afirka sun fuskanci tsangwama daga Kiristoci da Musulmai.[30][31] Masu bin waɗannan addinan sun fuskanci tursasawa zuwa Musulunci da Kiristanci, an yi musu kallon shaidanu, an kuma ware su daga cikin al'umma.[32] Muggan ayyuka sun haɗa da kisa, tayar da yaki, rusa wuraren tsarkaka, da sauran laifuka.[33][34]

Saboda tsangwama da wariya, da rashin dacewa da al’adar gargajiya da tunanin mutanen da suka gada, mutanen Dinka da yawa sun ƙi ko suka yi watsi da koyarwar Musulunci da Kiristanci.[35]

Kimiyya da fahimtar duniya ta gargajiya

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Bandama da Babalola (2023) sun bayyana cewa:[36]

Ra'ayin kimiyya a matsayin "aiki da aka shafe da al’ada," wato abu da ke da alaka ta kusa da al’ada ko bukukuwa, ana kallonsa a matsayin "ba kimiyya ba ne," "kamar kimiyya," ko "sihiri" a fahimtar Turawa. A Afirka, akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin duniyar zahiri da ta ruhaniya. Alloli da gumaka su ne jakadun Allah Maɗaukaki kuma su ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ake yi na tafiya yadda ya kamata. A cikin tsarin addinan gargajiya na Ile-Ife, alal misali, Olokun – alherin arziki – ana ɗaukarta a matsayin uwar sana’ar sarrafa gilashi, kuma ana tuntubar ta. Ana yi mata hadaya domin samun nasara a harkar. Haka ma abin yake ga sana’ar sarrafa ƙarfe a Afirka. Binciken zamani ya ƙara tabbatar da irin gudunmawar da tsohuwar Afirka ta bayar ga tarihin kimiyya da fasaha a duniya.[36]

Al'adun yankuna

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Wannan jerin yana taƙaita da wasu daga cikin sanannun al'adu kaɗan.

Afirka ta Tsakiya

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  • Tatsuniyoyin Bantu (Afirka ta Tsakiya, kudu maso gabas, da kudu)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Bushongo (Kongo)
    • Addinin Kongo (Kongo)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Lugbara (Kongo)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Baluba (Kongo)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Mbuti (Kongo)
  • Animism na Hausawa (Chadi, Gabon)
  • Tatsuniyoyin Lotuko (Kudu Sudan)

Afirka ta Gabas

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Tatsuniyoyin Kush (tsakiya a Sudan da asali daga al'adar Kerma)
  • Tatsuniyoyin Bantu (Afirka ta Tsakiya, kudu maso gabas, da kudu)
    • Addinin Chagga (Tanzaniya)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Gikuyu (Kenya)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Akamba
    • Tatsuniyoyin Aembu (Kenya)
  • Tatsuniyoyin Abaluhya (Kenya)
  • Addinin Dinka (Kudu Sudan)
  • Tatsuniyoyin Malagasy (Madagaskar)
  • Tatsuniyoyin Maasai (Kenya, Tanzaniya, Ouebian)
  • Tatsuniyoyin Kalenjin (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzaniya)
  • Dini Ya Msambwa (Bungoma, Trans Nzoia, Kenya)
  • Waaqeffanna (Habasha da Kenya)
  • Tatsuniyoyin Somali (Somaliya)

Afirka ta Arewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Addinin Masarawa na dā (Masar, Sudan)
    • Kemetism
  • Tatsuniyoyin Kush (tsalong kogin Nilu a Masar da Sudan)
  • Addinin Punic (Tunisiya, Aljeriya, Libiya)
  • Addinin gargajiya na Berber (Maroko (har da Yammacin Sahara), Aljeriya, Tunisiya, Libiya, Masar, Mauritaniya, Mali, Nijar, Chadi, Burkina Faso)

Afirka ta Kudu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Tatsuniyoyin Bantu (Afirka ta Tsakiya, kudu maso gabas, da kudu)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Lozi (Zambiya)
    • Tatsuniyoyin Tumbuka (Malawi)
    • Addinin gargajiya na Zulu (Afirka ta Kudu)
  • Badimo (Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Lesotho)
  • Addinin San (Botswana, Namibiya, da Afirka ta Kudu)
  • Masu maganin gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu
  • Addinin gargajiya a Zimbabwe

Afirka ta Yamma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Addinin Abwoi (Najeriya)
  • Addinin Akan (Gana, Ivory Coast)
  • Addinin Dahomean (Binin, Togo)
  • Addinin Efik (Najeriya, Kamaru)
  • Addinin Edo (Masarautar Benin, Najeriya)
  • Animism na Hausawa (Binin, Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Gana, Ivory Coast, Nijar, Najeriya, Togo)
  • Addinin Ijaw (mutanen Ijo, Najeriya)
  • Godianism (addini da ke haɗa al'adun addinan gargajiya na Afirka, bisa Odinala)
  • Odinala (mutanen Igbo, Najeriya)
  • Asaase Yaa (mutanen Bono – Gana da Ivory Coast)
  • Addinin Serer (A ƭat Roog) (Senegal, Gambia, Mauritaniya)
  • Addinin Yarbawa (Najeriya, Binin, Togo)
  • Vodou (Gana, Binin, Togo, Najeriya)
  • Addinin Dogon (Mali)
  • Addinin Ifa (Najeriya)

Afirka a Ƙetare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Addinan Afro-Amurka suna haɗa bauta ga kakanni da kuma yin imani da Mahalicci tare da wata rukunin alloli irin su Orisha, Loa, Vodun, Nkisi da Alusi. Baya ga haɗaɗɗun siffofi na addinan gargajiya na Afirka, yawancinsu suna haɗa abubuwa daga addinan Katolika na gargajiya ciki har da tsarkaka na talakawa da sauran nau’o’in addinan al’ada, addinan asalin Amurkawa, Ruhun Karadec (Spiritism), Ruhaniya, da Shaamanism (wasu lokutan tare da amfani da ganyaye masu motsa hankali) da tatsuniyoyin Turai.

Akwai kuma wasu addinan warkarwa irin su Obeah da Hoodoo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan lafiya ta ruhaniya.[37] Addinan Afirka a ƙetare na bambanta. Wasu ba su da ƙarin Afirka sosai, yayin da wasu kuma kusan dukkanin tsarin su na da tushen Afirka, kamar addinin Trinidad Orisha.[38]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Nweke, Kizito Chinedu (2022-12-25). "Responding to new Imageries in African indigenous Spiritualties". Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya. 6 (3): 271–282. doi:10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246. ISSN 2528-7249. S2CID 255213985 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kimmerle, Heinz (2006-04-11). "The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism". The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa (in Turanci). 2 (2): 15. doi:10.4102/td.v2i2.277. ISSN 2415-2005. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kimmerle 15" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named mol
  4. ↑ Lugira, Aloysius M., African Traditional Religions (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), p. 36 [in] Varghese, Roy Abraham, Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Phenomenon of Jesus, Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935, ISBN 9781557258397 (Retrieved 24 March 2019)
  5. ↑ "US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix". AFP. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010.t doesn't seem to be an either-or for many people. They can describe themselves primarily as Muslim or Christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of African traditional religion," Luis Lugo, executive director of the Pew Forum, told AFP.
  6. ↑ Asukwo (2013). "The Need to Re-Conceptualize African Traditional Religion".
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ Busia, K. A. (1963). "Has the distinction between primitive and higher religions any sociological significance ?". Archives de sciences sociales des religions. 16 (1): 22–25. doi:10.3406/assr.1963.1996.
  9. ↑ Peterson, Olof. "Foreigen influences on the idea of God in African religions".
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Okwu AS (1979). "Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Traditional Healing in Africa". Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 9 (3): 19–24. doi:10.2307/1166258. JSTOR 1166258.
  11. ↑ Baldick, Julian (1997). Black God: the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions. Syracuse University Press:ISBN 0-8156-0522-6
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stanton 2012
  13. ↑ Ndemanu, Michael T. (January 2018). "Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon". Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad. Ball State University; Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad. 30: 70–84. doi:10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405. There is an unwavering belief in life after death in traditional African religions with some even believing in reincarnation...
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :02
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Chiorazzi, Anthony (2015-10-06). "The spirituality of Africa". Harvard Gazette (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-30. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ "The spirituality of Africa". Harvard Gazette (in Turanci). 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  17. ↑ Willie F. Page (2001) Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, Volume 1, p. 55. Published by Facts on File, ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
  18. ↑ Peter C. Rogers (2009) Ultimate Truth, Book 1, p100. Published by AuthorHouse, ISBN 1-4389-7968-1
  19. ↑ Parrinder, E. G. (1959). "Islam and West African Indigenous Religion". Numen. 6 (2): 130–141. doi:10.2307/3269310. ISSN 0029-5973. JSTOR 3269310.
  20. ↑ Ndemanu, Michael T. (January 2018). "Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon". Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad. 30: 70–84. doi:10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405.
  21. ↑ John S. Mbiti (1990) African Religions & Philosophy 2nd Ed., shafi 100–101, Heinemann, ISBN 0-435-89591-5
  22. ↑ Olupona, Jacob K. (2014). African Religions: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-979058-6. OCLC 839396781.
  23. ↑ John S. Mbiti (1992) Introduction to African Religion 2nd Ed., shafi 68, East African Publishers ISBN 9966-46-928-1
  24. ↑ Roger S. Gottlieb (2006) The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology, shafi 261, Oxford Handbooks Online ISBN 0-19-517872-6
  25. ↑ Henry Gravrand (1990) La Civilisation Sereer Pangool, shafuka 2, 152, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Sénégal, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
  26. ↑ Simone Kalis (1997) Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal: La Coonaissance de la Nuit, L'Harmattan, ISBN 2-7384-5196-9
  27. ↑ Dih, Elisha Samuel (2022). "Interrogating Syncretism in African Christian Theology". Lafia Journal of Religion and Humanities. 1 & 2: 32–48.
  28. ↑ Sodiq, Yushau (2022), Aderibigbe, Ibigbolade S.; Falola, Toyin (eds.), "African Religion and Islam in Contemporary Religious Space", The Palgrave Handbook of African Traditional Religion (in Turanci), Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 473–484, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89500-6_36, ISBN 978-3-030-89500-6, retrieved 2024-09-02
  29. ↑ Taringa, Nisbert T.; Sipeyiye, Macloud (2018), Togarasei, Lovemore (ed.), "Religious Pluralism and the Interaction between Pentecostal Christianity and African Traditional Religions: A Case Study of ZAOGA and Shona Traditional Religion", Aspects of Pentecostal Christianity in Zimbabwe (in Turanci), Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 199–210, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78565-3_14, ISBN 978-3-319-78565-3, retrieved 2024-09-02
  30. ↑ Anne C. Bailey, African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame.
  31. ↑ M. Darrol Bryant, Rita H. Mataragnon, *The Many faces of religion and society* (1985), shafi na 100, https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ:"Addinin gargajiya na Afirka ya fuskanta kuma ya tsira daga irin wannan tsangwama daga hannun Kiristanci da Musulunci..."
  32. ↑ Garrick Bailey, Essentials of Cultural Anthropology, bugu na 3 (2013), shafi na 268: "Daga baya, a cikin ƙarni na sha tara, mishan Kiristoci sun shiga Afirka da Oceania. Ƙoƙarin mishan don juyar da waɗanda ba sa bi zuwa Kiristanci ya ɗauki hanyoyi biyu: tursasawa da wa’azi."
  33. ↑ Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, Towards and Understanding of the African Experience (1990), shafi na 161: "Rawar da mishan Kirista suka taka a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a mamayar Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta kasance babba...Ayyukansu sun janyo rarrabuwa a cikin al'ummomin Afirka na gargajiya zuwa ɓangarori masu gaba da juna...hoton da suka fitar ya zubar da kimar al'adu da addinin Afirka..."
  34. ↑ Toyin Falola da wasu, Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa (2010), shafi na 7: "Addini daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Musulunci ya shiga Afirka ta hanyar arewacin nahiyar ta hanyar yaƙi. Yaƙin da Musulmi suka yi da ya kai ga musuluntar da Arewacin Afirka ya fara ne a Masar, a kusa da shekara ta 642 Miladiyya lokacin da ƙasar ta faɗi ga mayaƙan Musulmi daga Arabiya. A cikin ƙarni masu zuwa, sauran yankin Maghreb ma suka faɗa hannun mayaƙan jihadi...Ra’ayin canza addini da tilas ko da lumana ba shi da tushe a cikin addinan gargajiya na Afirka...Sai dai Musulunci bai zama addinin yawancin mutane ba ta hanyar lumana kadai ba. Tilasta juyar da mutane addini wani muhimmin sashi ne na wa’azi."
  35. ↑ Beswick, S. F. (1994). "Non-Acceptance of Islam in the Southern Sudan: The Case of the Dinka from the Pre-Colonial Period to Independence (1956)". Northeast African Studies. 1 (2/3): 19–47. doi:10.1353/nas.1994.0018. ISSN 0740-9133. JSTOR 41931096. S2CID 143871492.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Bandama, Foreman; Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde (13 September 2023). "Science, Not Black Magic: Metal and Glass Production in Africa". African Archaeological Review. 40 (3): 531–543. doi:10.1007/s10437-023-09545-6. ISSN 0263-0338. OCLC 10004759980 Check |oclc= value (help). S2CID 261858183 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  37. ↑ Eltis, David; Richardson, David (1997). Routes to slavery: direction, ethnicity, and mortality in the transatlantic slave trade. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 0-7146-4820-5.
  38. ↑ Houk, James (1995). Spirits, Blood, and Drums: The Orisha Religion in Trinidad. Temple University Press. ISBN 1566393507.

Mahaɗa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙara karatu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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Sauran shafuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Addinai_na_gargajiya_na_Afirka&oldid=629472"