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Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka a Habasha

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Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka a Habasha
addinin wani yanki
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na religion on the Earth (en) Fassara
Bangare na culture of Ethiopia (en) Fassara
Fuskar Habasha
Ƙasa Habasha
Holy Trinity na Habasha Orthodox Cathedral a Addis Ababa . Habasha tana daya daga cikin yankuna na farko a duniya da suka karbi addinin kirista .

Addini a Habasha ya ƙunshi addinai da yawa. Daga cikin wadannan galibin addinan Ibrahim, mafi yawa shine kiristanci ( Orthodoxy na Habasha, P'ent'ay, Roman Catholic ) wanda mabiyansa gabaɗaya sun zama kashi 67.3% na yawan jama'a, sannan musulunci ya biyo baya, sun bi 31.3%. [1] Har ila yau, akwai wata al'ummar Yahudawa ta Habasha da dadewa amma ƙananan. Hakazalika wasu mabiya addinin Baha'i sun kasance a cikin birane da ƙauyuka da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuma ɗimbin yawan mabiya addinan gargajiya .

Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2007, fiye da mutane miliyan 32 ko 43.5% an ruwaito su Kiristocin Orthodox ne, sama da miliyan 25 ko 33.9% sun kasance Musulmai, miliyan 13.7, ko 18.6%, sun kasance Kiristoci na P'ent'ay, kuma a ƙasa da miliyan biyu ko 2.6% sun bi ka'idodin gargajiya. Ko a cikin ƙidayar 2007, ko a ƙidayar 1994, ba a ba da amsa dalla-dalla ba: misali, waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin Hindu, Bayahude, Baha'i, agnostics ko waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba an kirga su a matsayin "Sauran".

Masarautar Aksum da ke Habasha da Eritriya a yau ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Kirista na farko a duniya, inda suka ɗauki Kiristanci a hukumance a matsayin addinin gwamnati a ƙarni na 4. [2]

Geography

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gabaɗaya, galibin Kiristoci (mafi yawancin membobin Cocin Orthodox na Habasha ba na ƙasar Chalcedonia ) suna zaune a tsaunukan tsaunuka, yayin da Musulmai da mabiya addinan gargajiya na Afirka sukan fi zama a yankuna da ke ƙasa da ƙasa a gabas da kudancin ƙasar. Afirka da yawa a Habasha suna aiki galibi a kudu maso yamma da iyakar yamma.

Addinai na Ibrahim

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masallacin Juma'a .
Coci a Addis Ababa .

Habasha tana da alakar tarihi ta kut-da-kut da dukkan manyan addinan Ibrahim guda uku na duniya. Kiristoci sune mafi yawan jama'a. [1] Musulunci shi ne addini na biyu da aka fi bi, inda kashi 31.3% na al'ummar kasar mabiya ne. Kashi 2.6% na al'ummar kasar (mafi yawa a kudu maso kudu da kudu maso yamma) suna bin addinin gargajiya; sauran addinai ( Bahaushe Imani, Yahudanci, da dai sauransu) sun ƙunshi sauran kashi 0.6%. Habasha ita ce wurin da aka yi hijira na farko a tarihin Musulunci, kuma ita ce mafi dadewa mazaunan Musulmi a Afirka a Negash . Har zuwa 1980s, ɗimbin yawan Yahudawa Yahudawan Habasha sun zauna a Habasha. Kasar kuma ita ce mahaifar ruhi ta kungiyar Rastafari .

Kiristanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ikilisiyar Uwargidanmu Maryamu ta Sihiyona, ana jita-jita cewa tana riƙe da ainihin akwatin alkawari

Habasha na daya daga cikin tsoffin jihohin kiristoci a duniya. Cocin Orthodox na Habasha Ikilisiyar Orthodox ce ta Gabas, wacce ita ce babbar darikar Kirista a Habasha. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Cocin Orthodox na 'yan Koftik har zuwa 1959, kuma ita ce kawai cocin Orthodox kafin mulkin mallaka a yankin Saharar Afirka . An ce manzo St. Matta ya mutu a Habasha. [3] Addinin Kiristanci a Habasha ya samo asali ne tun daga Masarautar Aksumite a zamanin Sarki Ezana. [4]

Cocin da aka sassaƙa dutsen na Saint George a Lalibela Wuri ne na Tarihi na UNESCO .

A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta bayyana cewa kashi 67% na ƙasar Kirista ne (44% na al'ummar Cocin Orthodox na Habasha).

Bisa ga ƙidayar gwamnati ta 1994 (wanda CIA World Factbook ya biyo baya), 61.6% na al'ummar Habasha Kirista ne: 50.6% na duka duka 'yan Habasha Orthodox ne, 10.1% ƙungiyoyin Furotesta iri-iri ne (kamar da Ikilisiyar Ikklesiya ta Habasha ta Lutheran Mekane Yesus ), kuma Katolika na Roman Katolika ne na yawan jama'a 0.9%.

Kiristocin Habasha Orthodox ne suka fi yawa a yankin Tigray (95.6%) da Amhara (82.5%), yayin da yawancin Furotesta ke zaune a yankin Kudancin Kasa, Al'ummai da Jama'a ko SNNPR (55.5% na mazauna) da kuma yankin Oromia (miliyan 4.8 ko 17.7%). Bisa kididdigar da gwamnati ta yi na baya-bayan nan daga shekarar 2007, kiristoci ne ke da kashi 62.8% na yawan jama'a, inda mafi yawan rukuni su ne Kiristocin Orthodox na Habasha a kashi 43.5%, sai Furotesta 18.6% sai Katolika da kashi 0.7%. [5] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya yi kiyasin kiristoci kusan 400,000 da suka fito daga asalin musulmi a kasar, yawancinsu na wani nau'i ne na Protestantism. [6]

Hoton fata wanda ke nuna Debteras Orthodox na Habasha yana wasa sistra da ganga .

Masarautar Aksum tana ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomi na farko da suka karɓi Kiristanci a hukumance, lokacin da St. Frumentius na Taya, wanda ake kira Fremnatos ko Abba Selama ("Uban Salama") a Habasha, ya tuba Sarki Ezana a ƙarni na 4 AD . Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa Bishara ta shiga Habasha tun da farko, tare da ma’aikacin sarki ya kwatanta da yadda Filibus mai bishara ya yi masa baftisma a babi na takwas na Ayyukan Manzanni (Ayyukan Manzanni 8:26–39). [7] Kiristanci na Orthodox yana da dogon tarihi a Habasha tun daga karni na farko, kuma yana da rinjaye a arewaci da tsakiyar Habasha. Duk Kiristanci na Orthodox da Furotesta suna da manyan wakilai a kudanci da yammacin Habasha. Wani ƙaramin tsohuwar ƙungiyar Yahudawa, Beta Isra'ila, yana zaune a arewa maso yammacin Habasha, kodayake yawancin sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na ƙarni na 20 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan ceto da gwamnatin Isra'ila, Operation Musa da Operation Solomon suka yi. [8] Wasu malaman Isra'ila da Yahudawa suna ɗaukar waɗannan Yahudawan Habasha a matsayin ƙabilar Isra'ila da ta ɓace . A yau, Cocin Orthodox na Habasha, wani ɓangare na Orthodoxy na Gabas, shine mafi girman ɗarika, kodayake yawancin majami'u na Furotesta sun sami ƙarfi kwanan nan. Tun daga karni na 18, an sami ƙaramin cocin Katolika na Habasha a cikin cikakkiyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Roma, tare da mabiyan da ke ƙasa da 1% na yawan jama'a.

Megachurch mai kwarjini na zamani a Habasha

An ambaci sunan “Habasha” (Ibrananci Kush ) a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki sau da yawa (sau talatin da bakwai a juyin King James ). Abisiniya ma an ambaci su a cikin Alkur'ani da Hadisi . Yayin da yawancin Habashawa suka yi iƙirarin cewa nassosin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kush sun shafi wayewarsu ta dā, suna nuni da cewa kogin Gihon, sunan kogin Nilu, yana gudana a cikin ƙasa, wasu malaman sun yi imanin cewa amfani da kalmar yana nufin Mulkin Kush musamman, ko kuma Afirka a wajen Masar gaba ɗaya. Sunan zamani na Habasha ya fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci Aethiopia da aka yi amfani da ita don fassara Kush, kuma an yi amfani da ita a duk yankin Saharar Afirka, ciki har da abin da yake a yanzu Sudan, amma tare da wasu ƴan ƙididdiga na al'ada suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da Habasha da Eritriya na yanzu (misali Adulis ).

Musulunci

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Masallacin Mekelle .

Musulunci a Habasha ya samo asali ne tun lokacin kafuwar addinin; a shekara ta 615, lokacin da Muhammadu ya shawarci wasu gungun Musulmai su kubuta daga tsanantawa a Makka su tafi Habasha ta hanyar Eritrea ta zamani, wadda Ashama ibn Abjar, wani sarki Kirista mai addini ya mulki. Bilal ibn Ribah, Muezzin na farko, wanda aka zaba don kiran muminai zuwa ga sallah, kuma daya daga cikin sahabban Muhammad, an haife shi a Makka ga mahaifiyar Abishaniya. Haka kuma, mafi yawan sahabban Muhammad wanda ba Balarabe ba na kabilar Habasha ne.

Bisa ga bayanan gwamnatin CSA na baya-bayan nan na 2007, Musulmai sune kashi 33.9% na yawan jama'a, sun haura daga 32.8% a cikin 1994 (bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a na waccan shekarar). Kafin buga sakamakon ƙidayar jama'a na 2007, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kiyasta cewa "kusan kashi 31% na al'ummar Musulmi ne Sunni." Kusan kashi 68% na Musulman Habasha 'yan Sunna ne, yayin da kashi 23% ba musulmi ba ne, yayin da wasu 2% kuma suke bin wasu mazhabobi kamar su Shi'a, Qur'ani, Ibadi da sauransu [9] da wasu daga cikin darikun Sufaye . Musulunci ya fara zuwa Habasha ne a shekara ta 614 tare da Hijira na Farko zuwa Abyssiniya . Addis Ababa, babban birnin Habasha, yana da kusan Musulmai 443,821 ko kuma 16.2%. Duk da yake ana iya samun Musulmai a kusan kowace al'umma, Musulunci ya fi yawa a cikin Somaliya (98.4%), Afar (95.3%) da Oromia (47.5%) Yankunan. [5] Rahotanni sun ce gwamnatin Haile Selassie ta boye ainihin kididdigar al'ummar musulmi domin gabatar da kasar Habasha a matsayin kasa ta Kirista ga kasashen waje. [10] Marubutan Habasha: wani bincike na kasa ya yi iƙirarin cewa Musulunci shine kashi 50% na yawan jama'a a shekarar 1991 bisa ƙidayar 1984 da gwamnatin Dergi ta ƙaddamar. [10] Wasu mawallafin yanar gizo ma sun ce al'ummar musulmi ne suka fi yawa kuma ba su amince da ikirarin gwamnatocin Habasha na yanzu ba.

Yahudanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wuraren da Beta Isra'ila ke zama a gaban al'ummarsu.

Beta Isra'ila, wanda kuma aka sani da Falashas (ko da yake ana ɗaukar wannan kalmar wulakanci), ƙungiya ce mai daɗaɗɗa ta Yahudawan Afirka waɗanda ke zaune a Habasha tun zamanin da. Ba a san wanzuwarsu ba ga duniyar waje shekaru da yawa, kuma su ma ba su san sauran ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa da ke wajen al'ummarsu ba. Yamma sun san su a ƙarni na 19 da 20, kuma gwamnatin Isra'ila ta karɓe su a matsayin Yahudawa a shekara ta 1975. Bayan haka, Operation Moses da Operation Solomon, da aka gudanar a 1984 da 1991, bi da bi, suka yi jigilar mafi yawan Yahudawan Habasha ta jirgin sama zuwa Isra'ila, inda a halin yanzu akwai al'ummar Beta Isra'ila 150,000. Har yanzu akwai wata karamar al'ummar Yahudawa a kasar Habasha, duk da cewa ta kunshi Falash Mura, Yahudawan Habasha wadanda suka koma Kiristanci a baya, kuma don haka kasar Isra'ila ba ta amince da su a matsayin Yahudawa ba, amma sun koma addinin Yahudanci (Flash Mura a yanzu adadinsu ya kai 22,000).

Imani Baha'i

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Imani na Baha'i a Habasha ya fara ne bayan 'Abdu'l-Baha ya rubuta wasiƙu na ƙarfafa kai addinin zuwa Afirka a 1916. [11] Mista Sabri Elais, a lokacin Baha’i ɗan shekara 27 daga Alexandria, Masar, ya gabatar da bangaskiyar Baha’i ga Habasha a shekara ta 1933. Shekara ɗaya bayan haka, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1934, aka kafa Taro na Ruhaniya na Baha’i na farko a ƙasar a Addis Ababa . [12] A shekara ta 1962, Baha'ís na Habasha ya zaɓi Majalisar Ruhaniya ta Ƙasa . [13] A shekara ta 1963, akwai yankuna bakwai da ke da ƙananan rukunin Baha’i a ƙasar. [14] Ƙungiyar Taskar Bayanai ta Addini ta kiyasta cewa akwai mabiyan Bahaushe kusan 23,000 a shekara ta 2010. [15] Al'ummar Habasha sun yi bikin jubile na lu'u-lu'u a cikin Janairu 2009. [16] As of 2016 babbar al'ummar Baha'i tana Addis Ababa. [17] Garuruwa da yawa (irin su Awassa, Nazareth, Mekele, Succano da Shashemenie) da kuma yankunan karkara a Oromia da na Kudancin Kasa, Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a, da Jama'ar Kudancin (SNNPR) suna da al'ummomin Baha'i masu aiki da haɓaka.

Addinin gargajiya

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Kimanin kashi 2.6% na al'ummar Habasha suna bin addinan gargajiya daban-daban, bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2007 (ta ragu daga 4.6% a cikin bayanan ƙidayar 1994). Mafi yawan masu bin addinin gargajiya suna cikin SNNPR (kusan mutane 993,000) da Oromia (895,000).

Ra'ayi kan sarakuna

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Habasha ita ce mahaifar ruhaniya ta kungiyar Rastafari, wadanda mabiyanta suka yi imani da cewa Habasha ita ce Sihiyona . Rastafari suna kallon Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie a matsayin Yesu, jikin mutum na Allah. Sarkin sarakuna da kansa shi ne mai kare Ikilisiyar Orthodox na Habasha, wanda kuma yana da ra'ayi na Sihiyona, although it represents a unique and complex concept, referring figuratively to St. Maryamu a alamance, amma kuma Habasha a matsayin tushe na Kiristanci da Musulmai da sauran addinai suka kewaye, kamar Dutsen Sihiyona a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Hakanan ana don komawa zuwa Axum, tsohuwar babban birni da cibiyar addini na Kiristocin Orthodox na Habasha, ko kuma ga cocinta ta farko, da ake kira Cocin Uwargidanmu Maryamu ta Sihiyona .

'Yancin addini

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A cikin 2023, ƙasar ta sami maki 1 cikin 4 don yancin addini. Rikice-rikicen cikin gida sun hada da tashin hankali kan addini.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an sanya ta a matsayin kasa ta 39 mafi muni a duniya da ta zama Kirista.

Siyasar addini da tashe-tashen hankula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kundin tsarin mulki na 1995 ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha na 1930 da 1955 ya ba da ’yancin yin ibada, kodayake a wasu yankuna ba koyaushe ake mutunta wannan ƙa’idar ba a aikace. Babu addinin kasa, kuma haramun ne a kafa jam’iyyun siyasa bisa addini; Ana bukatar dukkan kungiyoyin addini su yi rajista da gwamnati, kuma su sabunta rajista sau daya a kowace shekara uku. Laifi ne a Habasha a ingiza wani addini a kan wani. Cocin Orthodox na Habasha ya wallafa ayyukan da wani marubuci da ba a san ko wanene ba ya rubuta a cikin Ge'ez kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Amharic a cikin 1986 wanda ya ce Habesha ta guji yin jima'i da Oromo, Musulmi, Shanqella, Falasha da dabbobi saboda abin ƙyama ne. [1] Wariya ga musulmi ya zama ruwan dare tun kafa kasar Habasha ta zamani, an mayar da musulmi saniyar ware a zamanin Haile Selassie wanda ya kai ga zanga-zangar Musulman Habasha a 1974 . [2] Hasali ma Haile Selassie ya hau kan karagar mulki ne a lokacin da ake samun karuwar adawa da musulmi a mukaman gwamnati. [3] Jakadan Amurka David H. Shinn ya bayyana a shekara ta 2005 cewa shugabancin Habasha ya ci gaba da zama Kiristanci. [4] An shaida tashin hankali tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi Oromo a lokacin babban zaben Habasha na 2005, lokacin da Musulmi Arsi Oromo ya yi tir da Shewa Oromo saboda shiga cikin son zuciya na siyasa. [5] Akwai ‘yar takun-saka tsakanin mabiya Cocin Orthodox na Habasha da Kiristocin Furotesta, da kuma tsakanin mabiya Orthodox na Habasha da Musulmi gaba daya. A cewar Asusun Barnaba, Musulmai 55 ne aka kona a watan Maris din 2011 a shiyyar Jimma bayan wata takaddama. A watan Disambar 2019 an kai hari a wasu masallatai da wuraren kasuwanci mallakar musulmi a yankin Amhara da Kirista ya mamaye

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na zargin gwamnatin kasar da kame masu fafutuka da ‘yan jarida da masu rubutun ra’ayin yanar gizo don kawar da rashin jituwa a tsakanin wasu addinai. An daure wa masu fafutuka musulmi 17 zaman gidan yari na tsawon kwanaki 3 Agusta 2015 tsakanin shekaru 7 zuwa 22. An tuhume su ne da kokarin kafa daular Musulunci a kasar da ta fi yawan mabiya addinin kirista. Dukkan wadanda ake tuhumar dai sun musanta tuhumar da ake musu, kuma sun yi ikirarin cewa zanga-zangar ne kawai don kare hakkinsu. [18]

Kiristanci-Musulmi dangantaka

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A cikin Hadisin, Annabi Muhammad ya haramta jihadi a karara a kan Abyssiniyawa matukar ba su da kiyayya ga musulmi. Domin kuwa Sarkin Abyssinia (Habasha na yanzu) Sarkin Aksum ya rungumi gungun Musulmai da suka fara Hijira ta farko daga Larabawa, suna gudun fitina daga kasarsu ta haihuwa. Wanda ya kafa daular Solomon, Yekuno Amlak ya sami gagarumin taimako daga Sarkin Musulmi na Showa a gwagwarmayar da ya yi da daular Zagwe . Yekuno Amlak ya mayar da wannan tagomashi a lokacin da Sarkin Musulmi ya roke shi da ya kawo karshen tada kayar baya a garin Showa.

Wannan dangantakar abokantaka da hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Musulmi da Kirista za ta lalace nan ba da dadewa ba a shekaru masu zuwa. A farkon karni na goma sha hudu sarki Amda Seyon ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a kan kasar musulmi mai makwabtaka da Ifat Sultanate, an rushe masallatai da dama. A farkon karni na sha biyar sarki Zara Yaqob ya mamaye kasar musulmi ta Hadiya Sultanate inda ya auri gimbiya Hadiya da aka kama Eleni wanda musulmi suka yi Allah wadai da shi. A karshen karni na goma sha biyar Adal Sultanate ta mamaye kasar Abyssinia karkashin jagorancin Imam Mahfuz, shan kashin da ya yi ya kawo farkon karni na 16 na Jihadin Imam Ahmed Gran na Adale a kan Habasha, inda aka ruguza majami'u da dama. [19] A karni na sha tara a zamanin sarakuna Tewodros II, Yohannes IV da Menelik II, an tilastawa Musulmai da yawa su koma Kiristanci ko kuma sun yi gudun hijira daga kasashensu. An kuma dauki musulmi a matsayin 'yan kasa na biyu kuma an sanya takunkumi kan yadda za su gudanar da addininsu.

Mabiya

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Shekara Kiristoci Musulmai Addinin gargajiya Sauran
Jimlar Habasha Orthodox Furotesta Katolika
1994
2007
Girma
Shekara Kiristoci Musulmai Addinin gargajiya Sauran
Jimlar Habasha Orthodox Furotesta Katolika
1994 32,689,482 26,844,932 5,366,360 478,190 17,406,087 2,444,085 531,323
2007 46,420,822 32,154,550 13,748,842 517,430 25,058,373 1,921,881 517,430
Girma 13,731,340 5,309,618 8,382,482 39,240 7,652,286 -522,204 -13,893
1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007
Region Christians Ethiopian Orthodox Protestants Catholics Muslims Traditional faiths Other
Addis Ababa 86.6 83.0 82.0 74.7 3.9 7.8 0.8 0.5 12.7 16.2 0.8
Afar 4.4 4.7 3.9 3.9 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 95.6 95.3
Amhara 81.6 82.7 81.5 82.5 0.1 0.2 18.1 17.2 0.1
Benishangul-Gumuz 40.6 46.5 34.8 33.0 5.8 13.5 44.1 45.4 13.1 7.1
Dire Dawa 36.7 28.8 34.5 25.7 1.5 2.8 0.7 0.4 63.2 70.9 0.1 0.3
Gambela 71.35 90.2 24.1 16.8 44.0 70.0 3.2 3.4 5.15 4.9 10.3 3.8 1.1
Harari 39.49 30.8 38.1 27.1 0.9 3.4 0.5 0.3 60.3 69.0 0.2
Oromia 49.9 48.2 41.3 30.5 8.6 17.7 44.3 47.5 4.2 3.3 1.1
Somali 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.6 98.7 98.4 0.3 1.0
SNNPR 65.4 77.8 27.6 19.9 34.8 55.5 3.0 2.4 16.7 14.1 15.4 6.6 1.5
Tigray 95.9 96.1 95.5 95.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 4.1 4.0

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "CIA - The World Factbook - Ethiopia". Cia.gov. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  2. ↑ S. C. Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity (Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), p. 77. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6
  3. ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Matthew".
  4. ↑ Ross, Emma George (2002-10-01). "African Christianity in Ethiopia - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-29.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Religion-2007
  6. ↑ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11: 14.
  7. ↑ "Bible Gateway passage: Acts 8 - New International Version". Bible Gateway (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  8. ↑ "The History of Ethiopian Jews". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  9. ↑ "Religious Identity Among Muslims". 9 August 2012.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Empty citation (help)
  11. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  12. ↑ Hassall, Graham. "Ethiopia". Research notes. Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  13. ↑ Rúhíyyih Khanum. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Baháʼí Faith: 1844–1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953–1963". pp. 28, 55.
  15. ↑ "QuickLists: Most Baha'i Nations (2010)". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  16. ↑ multiple (January 2009). "North American Baháʼí Choir in Ethiopia 2009". Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  17. ↑ "Families and youth identified as keys to reducing poverty". News.bahai.org. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  18. ↑ "Ethiopia hands lengthy prison terms to Muslim activists". DailySabah. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  19. ↑ "Adal". Encyclopædia Britannica.
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