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Addinin Afirka na gargajiya a Najeriya

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adine a najeriya
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Bangare na Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya
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Ƙasa Najeriya

Addini a Najeriya ginshiƙi ne na rayuwar zamantakewa, al'adu, da siyasa, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar ɗimbin tarihin imani na asali, hanyoyin kasuwanci na Musulunci, da ayyukan mishan na Kirista. Yanayin addini a Najeriya, daya daga cikin mafi yawan al'adu a Afirka, ya samo asali ne daga al'adun raye-raye na kafin mulkin mallaka, zuwan Musulunci a karni na 11 ta hanyar cinikayyar Sahara, da kuma yada addinin Kiristanci a karni na 19 ta hannun Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. :53–55Ƙididdigar alƙaluma na zamani suna nuna kusan-ko da rarrabuwa tsakanin Musulunci (45.5-53.5%) da Kiristanci (45.9-54.2%), tare da gaskatawar gargajiya da sauran addinai waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙaramin rabo. [1] [2] Imani na addini, wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da kabilanci da yanki, yana haifar da haɗin kan al'umma da rikice-rikice na lokaci-lokaci.

Musulunci ya mamaye arewacin Najeriya, Kiristanci ya mamaye kudanci, kuma Middle Belt ta dauki nauyin addinai daban-daban, tare da al'adun gargajiya kamar kabilar Yoruba Ifá da Ibo Chukwu bauta. :15–20Addinai marasa rinjaye, da suka haɗa da Baháʼí, Hinduism, da ƙungiyoyi masu kama da juna kamar Chrislam, sun ƙara wa wannan bambance-bambancen, yayin da rashin yarda da Allah na fuskantar ƙazamin zamantakewa. [3] Rikicin addini, wanda rikicin Boko Haram ya misalta da rikicin makiyaya da manoma, ya kalubalanci kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya, wanda ya ba da yancin yin addini amma yana gwagwarmaya da matsalolin al'umma da siyasa. [4]

Bayanin tarihi

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Misalin wani gunkin gargajiya a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya.

Yanayin addini a Najeriya, wanda ke da kusan ko da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Musulunci da Kiristanci tare da juriyar akidun gargajiya, ya samo asali ne daga al'adun gargajiya na shekaru aru-aru, kasuwanci, da tasirin mulkin mallaka. Kafin zuwan manyan addinai, kabilu dabam-dabam sun gudanar da ayyukan raya kasa da na kakanni, suna shigar da ruhi cikin zamantakewa da siyasa. Musulunci, wanda aka bullo da shi ta hanyar cinikayyar sahara na karni na 11, ya kafa sansanonin arewa, yayin da Kiristanci, ya zo tare da masu binciken Portuguese na karni na 15 kuma ya fadada a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na karni na 19, ya samo asali a kudu. :53–55Wadannan rukunonin tarihi sun tabbatar da bambance-bambancen addini na zamani a Najeriya da kuma gurbacewar yanayi.

Addinai na asali

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Kafin Musulunci da Kiristanci, kabilun Najeriya, da suka hada da Yarbawa, Igbo, da Hausawa, sun gudanar da addinin da ba na gwamnati ba, wadanda suka ta'allaka kan babban mahalicci da ruhohi masu shiga tsakani. [5] Waɗannan tsarin gaskatawa na al'ada sun kasance na baka, [6] tare da koyarwar da aka watsa ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi, al'ada, da taron jama'a. Ba a kallon addini a matsayin wani fanni na rayuwa dabam amma yana da zurfi cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa, shari'a, da na siyasa.

Yawancin tsarin sun jaddada bautar allahn mahalicci mafi girma wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai nisa, tare da alloli na tsaka-tsaki, ruhohin kakanni, da rundunonin halitta suna taka rawa sosai a cikin al'amuran yau da kullun. An yi imanin waɗannan masu shiga tsakani suna zaune a cikin koguna, bishiyoyi, tuddai, da tsattsarkan tsattsarkan tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma ana girmama su ta hanyar hadayu na al'ada, addu'o'i, da bukukuwa.

Limaman Obatala a cikin haikalin su a Ife, Nigeria.

A cikin Yarbawa, addini ya ta'allaka ne a kan tsararren gumaka na alloli da aka sani da orisha, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da takamaiman yanki na rayuwa da yanayi. Shahararriyar Orisha sun hada da **Ogun** (allahn ƙarfe da yaƙi), **Sango** (aradu da adalci), da **Yemoja** (mahaifiyar ruwa da ruwa). Ana bauta wa waɗannan gumakan a wuraren ibada da kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da kiɗa, raye-raye, da sadaukarwa. :15–20

A yankin kudu maso gabas, ra’ayin addinin Ibo ya ta’allaka ne a kan **Chukwu**, babban abin bautar da ya halicci duniya kuma ya ba da iko ga ’yan ruhohi da kuma rundunonin kakanni. An yi imanin kowane mutum yana da ruhin kansa, ko chi, wanda ke jagorantar makomarsu. Al'ummomi sun kiyaye tsattsarkan tsafi, bagadai na sirri, da ayyukan al'ada na girmama alloli irin su **Ala** (Allahn duniya), waɗanda ke mulkin ɗabi'a da haihuwa.

Firistoci, masu duba (irin su Yoruba babalawo ko Igbo dibia ), da shugabannin ruhaniya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye tsarin addini. Sun gudanar da al'ada, fassara alamu, sasanta rikice-rikice, kuma sun zama masu kula da ilimi mai tsarki. [1] Bukukuwan addini da bukukuwan addini sun nuna kalandar noma, da bukukuwan biki, da sauye-sauye kamar haihuwa, farawa, aure, da mutuwa

Wadannan tsare-tsare na asali sun kasance masu juriya sosai, suna daidaitawa cikin lokaci kuma a lokuta da dama sun ci gaba da wanzuwa ko da bayan yaduwar Musulunci da Kiristanci. Abubuwan imani na gargajiya suna ci gaba da yin tasiri ga ayyukan al'adu, tsarin siyasa, da shaharar ruhi a Najeriya ta zamani. :53–55

Gabatar da Addinin Musulunci

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Addinin Musulunci ya fara shiga yankunan da ake kira Najeriya a yau ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwancin Sahara tun a karni na 11, ta hanyar daular Kanem-Bornu da ke arewa maso gabas.[7] Wannan haduwar ta farko ta kasance ne ta hanyar hulɗa da ’yan kasuwa Berber da Larabawa waɗanda suka kawo koyarwar Musulunci tare da kaya kamar gishiri, yadi, da zinariya. Daular Kanem-Bornu, wadda ta kasance a kusa da Tafkin Chadi, ta zama cibiyar ilimin Musulunci tun da wuri, inda sarakanta suka karɓi Musulunci tun daga karni na 11 a lokacin Mai Umme Jilmi.[8] Addinin ya yadu zuwa yammacin ƙasar a hankali har zuwa cikin garuruwan Hausawa, ciki har da Kano, Katsina, da Zariya, waɗanda suka zama manyan cibiyoyin Musulunci tun daga karni na 14.[9]

Abuja National Mosque with golden dome and four minarets.
Babban Masallacin Abuja, wata fitacciyar alamar Musulunci a Najeriya, da ke cikin babban birnin tarayya, Abuja.

Yaduwar Musulunci ta samu ne ta hanyar ’yan kasuwa, malamai masu yawo (mallamai), da malamai addini waɗanda suka kafa makarantu na Alƙur’ani, masallatai da kotunan Musulunci, suna haɗa al’adun Musulunci da harkokin mulki da rayuwar yau da kullum.[10] Wannan malamai galibi membobin ƙungiyoyin Sufi ne, kamar Qadiriyya, waɗanda ke da himma ga ladabtar da ruhaniya kuma hakan ya sa addinin ya samu karɓuwa cikin jama’a.[11] Hanyoyin kasuwanci sun haɗa Arewacin Najeriya da cibiyoyin Musulunci na Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda aka riƙa musayar ra’ayoyi da kuma koyon haruffan Larabci don amfani da su a addini da harkokin mulki.[7]

A cikin karni na 15, Musulunci ya zurfafa a cikin garuruwan Hausawa, inda sarakuna suka fara amfani da lakabi irin na Musulunci kamar *sarki*, tare da aiwatar da tsarin shari’ar Musulunci a birane.[7] Addinin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa tare da al’adun gargajiya, inda wasu al’ummomi suka haɗa al’adun Musulunci da na gargajiya, kamar girmama ruhohin ƙasa.[9] Tasirin Musulunci ya ƙaru matuƙa a karni na 19 lokacin Jihadin Fulani wanda Usman ɗan Fodiyo ya jagoranta – wani malami kuma mai gyaran addini wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin tsarkake ayyukan Musulunci da kafa daular Musulunci guda ɗaya.[12]:15–23 Wannan jihadi, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1804, ya haifar da kafuwar Daular Sakkwato, wata babbar daula ta Musulunci da ta haɗa yawancin Arewacin Najeriya ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki bisa ga shari’ar Musulunci.[9] Kafuwar wannan daula ta zama wata babbar alama ta girman tasirin Musulunci, inda tsarin sarauta da cibiyoyin ilimi suka ci gaba da yada addini da ilimi da al’ada ta Musulunci a fadin yankin.

Yaduwar Kiristanci

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Historic church in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Daya daga cikin tsofaffin coci a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da ke Oke Olumo, Abeokuta.

An fara gabatar da addinin Kirista zuwa bakin gabar Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 ta hanyar masu binciken kasar Portugal, musamman a masarautun Benin da Warri.[13] Mishanorin Katolika, musamman daga kungiyar Augustinians da Capuchins, sun raka waɗannan tafiya, inda suka kafa ƙananan sansanonin mishan da kuma yi wa wasu daga cikin manyan mutane baftisma, ciki har da wasu daga cikin gidan sarautar Benin.[14] Duk da haka, waɗannan ƙoƙarin na farko ba su da tasiri mai dorewa, domin 'yan Portugal sun fi mayar da hankali wajen kasuwanci da kayan ƙamshi, hauren giwa, da bayi fiye da aikin mishan, kuma mutane da dama da suka karɓi Kiristanci sun koma kan tsofaffin al'adunsu na gargajiya.[15]

Aikin mishan na Kirista ya ƙaru sosai a ƙarni na 19 yayin da Birtaniya ke faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka, wanda ya samu sauƙi ta hanyar dakile cinikin bayi da kuma kafa matsugunan bakin teku.[16]

Mishanori sun ga juyar da 'yan Afirka zuwa Kiristanci a matsayin wata hanya ta sauya zamantakewa... An gabatar da sabon addinin a matsayin hanya ta 'yanci daga cinikin bayi da kuma "bautar gumaka".[17]

Kungiyoyin Kiristoci na mazhabar Protestant kamar su Church Missionary Society (CMS), Methodists, da Baptists sun mayar da hankali kan yankin kudancin Najeriya da tsakiyar Najeriya, inda suka kafa mishan a wurare kamar Badagry, Lagos, da Abeokuta.[15] CMS, ƙarƙashin jagorancin mutum kamar Samuel Ajayi Crowther, tsohon bawan Yarbawa da ya zama limamin Kirista, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa harshen Yarbanci da kuma horar da limaman cikin gida.[18]:15–20 Mishanorin Katolika, waɗanda kungiyar Society of African Missions da Holy Ghost Fathers suka farfado da su, sun yaɗa addinin a yankunan kudu da tsakiyar kasar, inda suka kafa makarantu da coci a Onitsha da Calabar.[13][19]

Wadanda suka dawo daga Sierra Leone, yawancin su tsoffin bayi ne da suka karɓi Kiristanci a Freetown, sun taka rawa sosai wajen yaɗa addinin, musamman a tsakanin Yarbawa.[16] Wadannan mutanen da aka fi sani da "Saro" sun kafa al'ummomin Kirista da makarantu a Lagos da Abeokuta, inda suka haɗa ilimin Yamma da aikin mishan.[20] Makarantun mishan sun zama mahimman kayan aiki na juyar da mutane zuwa Kiristanci, inda ake koyar da karatu da rubutu, koyarwar Kirista, da al'adun Turawa, wanda hakan yawanci ya saba da dabi’un gargajiya kamar auren mata da yawa da bautar gargajiya.[21][15] Duk da adawa daga sarakunan gargajiya da malamai, Kiristanci ya sami karɓuwa a kudancin Najeriya, wanda hakan ya kafa gindin ci gabansa daga baya.[18]:15–20

Yawan Mabiyan Addini a Yanzu

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Duba Na Kasa

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Najeriya na daga cikin kasashen duniya mafi yawan bambancin addini, inda al’ummarta kusan rabin su Musulmai ne, rabin kuma Kiristoci, tare da wani karamin kaso da ke bin addinan gargajiya da sauran addinai da ba su da yawa amma suna da muhimmanci na al’ada. [22][23]

Saboda rashin gudanar da kirga yawan jama’a da ke dauke da bayanin addini tun daga 1963, kididdigar yawan mabiyan addini a Najeriya a yanzu suna dogara da binciken kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da wasu nazarce-nazarce. Wadannan bayanai sukan bambanta gwargwadon yadda aka gudanar da bincike, yawan mutanen da aka tambaya, yankin da aka mai da hankali, da kuma halin siyasa ko zamantakewa a lokacin da aka tattara bayanai. Don haka, alkaluman cibiyoyi kamar Pew Research Center, Afrobarometer, da CIA World Factbook na iya bambanta kadan, amma suna nuna cewa akwai kusan daidaiton yawan Musulmai da Kiristoci, da karamin kaso da ke bin addinan gargajiya ko kuma wadanda ba su da wata akida. [24][1][25][23][26]:53–55

  • A cikin wani bincike da Afrobarometer ya gudanar a 2022, an gano cewa kashi 54.2% na ‘yan Najeriya Kiristoci ne, 45.5% Musulmai ne, 0.3% kuma na da wasu ko babu akida kwata-kwata — hakan na iya nuna cewa an fi tambayar mutane daga kudu masu rinjaye Kiristoci. [1]
  • Kididdigar Pew Research Centre na 2010, bisa bayanan Demographic and Health Survey na 2008, ta nuna cewa 49.3% Kiristoci ne, 48.8% Musulmai ne, 1.9% kuma na bin addinan gargajiya ko wasu daban. [2] A shekara ta 2015, Pew ya sake fitar da sabon hasashe bisa la’akari da yawan haihuwa mafi yawa a Musulmai (7.2 vs. 4.5 ga Kiristoci a DHS na 2013) da kuma yawan matasa a cikinsu, inda ya nuna Musulmai 50%, Kiristoci 48.1%, sauran 1.9%. [27][23]
  • Kididdigar CIA World Factbook na 2018 ta nuna cewa Musulmai ne kashi 53.5%, Kiristoci 45.9% (Roman Catholic 10.6%, sauran Kiristoci 35.3%), sauran addinai 0.6%. [25]

Bambance-bambancen da ke cikin wadannan bayanai na faruwa ne saboda irin yadda aka dauki samfurin tambaya, yankin da aka fi mayar da hankali, da kuma gyaran bayanai dangane da yawan haihuwa da shekarun mutane. [26]:53–55[23]

Tushe Shekara Kirista (%) Musulmi (%) Sauran (%)
Afrobarometer[1] 2022 54.2 45.5 0.3
Pew Research Center[2] 2010 49.3 48.8 1.9
Pew Research Center[27] 2015 48.1 50.0 1.9
CIA World Factbook[25] 2018 45.9 53.5 0.6
World Christian Database[28] 2020 46.3 46.2 7.2

Rarrabuwar Addini Bisa Jihohi da Yankuna

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Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya guda 36 da Babban Birnin Tarayya.

Rarrabuwar addini a Najeriya yana da nasaba da al’ada, kabila, da tarihin yankuna, wanda ya sa ake da bambancin fili. [25] Arewacin kasar na da rinjayen Musulmai, kudancin na da rinjayen Kiristoci, sai tsakiyar kasar (Middle Belt) da ke da haduwar Musulmai, Kiristoci da masu bin addinan gargajiya. [29]:15–20

Wani bincike na 2012 daga Philip Ostien, wanda ya daidaita bayanan kidaya na 1952 da 1963 zuwa tsarin jihohi na yanzu, ya nuna wannan bambanci. Jihohin Arewa irin su Sokoto, Kano da Borno sun fi kashi 90% Musulmai, yayin da jihohin Kudu irin su Anambra, Enugu da Imo sun fi kashi 90% Kiristoci. [30] Jihohin tsakiyar Najeriya irin su Plateau, Benue da Nasarawa na da adadi mai daidaito, inda Kiristoci ke da rinjaye tare da yawan Musulmai da masu bin addinan gargajiya. [29]:15–20 Binciken Afrobarometer na 2022 ya tabbatar da hakan, inda ya nuna fiye da kashi 95% Musulmai a Jigawa da Zamfara, da kuma fiye da kashi 95% Kiristoci a jihohin Kudu irin su Rivers da Cross River. [1]

A yankin kudu maso yamma, musamman Lagos da Oyo, akwai daidaito tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci, wanda ke nuna al’adun kabilar Yarbawa masu yawan karbar addinai daban-daban. [18]:15–20 Binciken Pew na 2010 ya nuna cewa cikin Yarbawa, 55% Musulmai ne, 35% Kiristoci, 10% kuma na bin addinan gargajiya, yayin da kabilar Igbo a kudu maso gabas ke da 98% Kiristoci, kabilar Hausa-Fulani a Arewa kuma ke da 95% Musulmai. [31] Wannan alaka tsakanin kabila da addini na da tushe a tarihin: Hausa-Fulani sun rungumi Musulunci ta hanyar daular Sokoto a karni na 19, yayin da Igbo suka karbi Kiristanci lokacin mulkin mallaka. [12]:15–23[13]

Dangantakar kabila da addini na da matukar tasiri. Hausa-Fulani sun kara karfafa Musulunci da tsarin masarautu bisa dokokin Shari’a, yayin da Kiristancin Igbo ya samu karfi ne ta hanyar mishan din Katolika da na Mishan Protestant a kudu maso gabas. [12]:15–23[13] Yarbawa kuma suna da bambancin addini wanda ya samo asali daga harkokin kasuwanci da cudanya da al’adu daban-daban tun tarihi, wanda ke basu damar cudanya tsakanin Musulunci, Kiristanci, da kuma al’adunsu irin su Ifa. [18]:15–20 A tsakiyar Najeriya, kabilu irin su Tiv da Idoma na hade Kiristanci da al’adunsu kamar girmama kakanni, yayin da Musulunci ke karbuwa a jihohi irin su Neja da Kwara ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci. [29]

Manyan addinai a Najeriya ta zamani

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The Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove, UNESCO World Heritage Site kuma cibiyar ruhin Yarbawa.

Bambance-bambancen addini na Najeriya, wanda ya samo asali daga ruhi kafin mulkin mallaka da kuma siffa ta hanyar tasirin Musulunci da Kirista, yana da akidar gargajiya (1-7%), Musulunci (45.5–53.5%), da Kiristanci (45.9–54.2%) a matsayin manyan addinai..[1][2] Waɗannan addinan, waɗanda ke nuna yanayin yanki—aƙidar gargajiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, Musulunci a arewa, Kiristanci a kudu—sun tsara al’adun Nijeriya, siyasa, da rayuwar zamantakewa ta zamani.[32] Wannan sashe yana bincika ayyukansu na zamani da ayyukan al'umma.

Imani na gargajiya

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Ɗan rawa na gargajiya Koku, yana gudanar da bukin ruhi a Najeriya.

Imani na gargajiya, wanda mutane tsakanin miliyan 2 zuwa 15 ke bi a Najeriya, yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kabilu daban-daban, sau da yawa a tare da Musulunci ko Kiristanci, yana tasiri bukukuwa, mulki, da asali. [1] Wannan tsarin na ruhaniya kafin zuwan Turawa yana girmama ubangijin halitta da ruhohi, kuma ana ganin dawowar sa saboda alfaharin al'adu. [33]

Al’adun Kudu maso Yamma da Kudu maso Kudu

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Addinin Yarbawa, wanda ya ta’allaka da Ifá da bautar orisha, yana da karfi a Oyo da Osun, kuma ya bazu zuwa kasashen waje ta hanyar ‘yan hijira. [34] Bukin Osun-Osogbo, wanda UNESCO ta amince da shi, yana jawo dubban mutane kowace shekara. [35] Al’adun Edo a Jihar Edo suna girmama ruhohi irin su Olokun, suna shafar bukukuwa na cikin gida.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Al’adun Kudu maso Gabas

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Addinin Igbo, wanda ya ta’allaka da Chukwu (ubangiji mafi girma) da ala (ruhohin ƙasa), yana ci gaba da kasancewa a Anambra, tare da mabiya kimanin miliyan 0.5 zuwa 3, yawanci ana haɗa shi da Kiristanci. [1][36] Addinin Efik a Cross River da Akwa Ibom, tare da mabiya kimanin miliyan 0.2 zuwa 0.5, suna bauta wa Abasi Ibom da ruhohin ndem, tare da bukukuwa kamar Ababa da ke ƙarfafa yawon buɗe ido na al’adu. [1][37]

Al’adun Arewa da Tsakiya

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Abwoi, wata kungiya ta kakanin maza a tsakanin kabilar Atyap a kudancin Kaduna, tana da tsauraran dokoki na shigarwa da girmama ruhohin kakanni, tana shafar tsarin mulki da zamantakewa, tare da mabiya tsakanin 0.1 zuwa 0.3 miliyan. [1][38][39] Wannan al’ada tana da tasiri kan matsayin maza da al’adun haihuwa, tana ci gaba duk da tasirin Kiristanci da Musulunci. [40][41][42] Animism na Hausawa a Kano, tare da mabiya tsakanin miliyan 0.1 zuwa 0.5, yana hada da al’adun mallakar Bori, wanda sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da Musulunci. [1][43] Al’adun Tiv a Benue, wanda mabiya su ke tsakanin miliyan 0.1 zuwa 0.3, yana ta’allaka da Aondo, wanda ke jagorantar zamantakewar su. [1] Addinin Ibibio a Akwa Ibom, da yawan mabiya makamancin haka, yana girmama ubangiji da kuma kungiyar Ekpe, wanda ke da tasiri a bukukuwa.[Ana bukatan hujja]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "Nigeria Round 9 Summary of Results" (PDF). Afrobarometer. 26 August 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center. 2 April 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2025.[permanent dead link]
  3. ↑ "Humanist Association of Nigeria Achieves Formal Recognition". Humanists International. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  4. ↑ "Nigeria". Freedom House. 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  5. ↑ Awolalu, J. Omosade (1976). "What is African Traditional Religion?". Studies in Comparative Religion. 10 (2): 1–10.
  6. ↑ "LM Religious Studies Section 2: Historical/Contextual Backgrounds of African Indigenous Religion (AIR)" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Ghana. October 2024. p. 6. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Trimingham, J.S. (1962). A History of Islam in West Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 104–107.
  8. ↑ Levtzion, Nehemia (1979). Conversion to Islam. Holmes & Meier. pp. 187–189. ISBN 0-8419-0343-3.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Hiskett, M. (1973). The Development of Islam in West Africa. Longman. pp. 43–45. ISBN 0-582-64661-8.
  10. ↑ Clarke, Peter B. (1982). West Africa and Islam: A Study of Religious Development from the 8th to the 20th Century. Edward Arnold. pp. 56–60. ISBN 0-7131-8298-9.
  11. ↑ Loimeier, Roman (1997). Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. Northwestern University Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 0-8101-1346-5.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Last1967
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Isichei, Elizabeth (1995). A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-268-00867-1.
  14. ↑ Ryder, A.F.C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Longman. pp. 70–73. ISBN 0-582-64439-9.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Ayandele, E.A. (1966). The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria, 1842–1914. Longman. pp. 4–6. ISBN 0-582-64536-0.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Walls, Andrew F. (1996). The Missionary Movement in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission of Faith. Orbis Books. pp. 118–120. ISBN 1-57075-059-9.
  17. ↑ Ajayi, J.F.A. (1965). Christian Missions in Nigeria, 1841–1891: The Making of a New Elite. Northwestern University Press. pp. 20–25.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Peel2000
  19. ↑ Higgins, James (7 December 2009). "History of the Church in Mid-West Nigeria". Society of African Missions. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  20. ↑ Kalu, Ogbu U. (2007). African Pentecostalism: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 0-19-534000-0.
  21. ↑ Higgins, James (1955). "Irish Missionaries in a Pagan Land". African Missionary Magazine. St Joseph’s SMA Archives, Cork: Society of African Missions. 83 (10): 6–8.
  22. ↑ Chiorazzi, Anthony (6 October 2015). "The Spirituality of Africa". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 McKinnon, Andrew (2021). "Christians, Muslims and Traditional Worshippers in Nigeria: Estimating the Relative Proportions from Eleven Nationally Representative Social Surveys". Review of Religious Research. 63 (2): 303–315. doi:10.1007/s13644-021-00450-1.
  24. ↑ Pew Research Center (2010). Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 "Nigeria – The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Falola2008
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "The Countries with the 10 Largest Christian Populations and the 10 Largest Muslim Populations". Pew Research Center. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  28. ↑ Johnson, Todd M.; Zurlo, Gina A. (2020). World Christian Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 555. ISBN 978-1-4744-0394-8.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Falola1998
  30. ↑ Ostien, Philip (January 2012). "Percentages by Religion of the 1952 and 1963 Populations of Nigeria's Present 36 States". Nigeria Research Network. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  31. ↑ "Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa". Pew Research Center. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Paden2005
  33. ↑ "Why some Nigerians are leaving Christianity for African spirituality". Al Jazeera. 29 April 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025.[permanent dead link]
  34. ↑ Olupona, Jacob K. (2011). City of 201 Gods: Ilé-Ifè in Time, Space, and the Imagination. University of California Press. pp. 25–30. ISBN 978-0-520-26556-1.
  35. ↑ "Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove". UNESCO. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  36. ↑ Achebe, Chinua (2010). The African Trilogy. Penguin. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-0-14-310558-9.
  37. ↑ "A Case Study of Ababa (Festival) Religio-Cultural Carnival". PhilArchive. Retrieved 18 May 2025.[permanent dead link]
  38. ↑ Gaiya, A. B. (1984). "The Abwoi Cult and Atyap Social Organisation". African Studies Review: 1–15. JSTOR 1580836.
  39. ↑ Ninyio, Yakubu Samuel (2008). Pre-colonial History of Atyab (Kataf). Yabyanɡs Publishers. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-978-48381-0-8.
  40. ↑ Andorka, Rudolf (1987). Fertility Behaviour in the Context of Development. United Nations. p. 239. ISBN 978-92-1-151160-4.
  41. ↑ Gunn, Harold D. (1956). Pagan Peoples of the Central Area of Northern Nigeria. International African Institute. pp. 45–47.
  42. ↑ Temple, O. (1965) [1919]. Temple, C. L. (ed.). Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. Frank Cass. p. 182.
  43. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mbiti1990
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