Africatown

Africatown
Wuri
30°44′06″N 88°03′32″W
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Jihar Tarayyar Amurika	Alabama
County of Alabama (en)	Mobile County (en)
City in the United States (en)	Mobile (en)
Bayanan tarihi
Wanda ya samar	Cudjoe Lewis
Muhimman sha'ani	Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika

Africatown, wanda kuma aka sani da AfricaTown Amurka da Plateau, al'umma ce mai tarihi mai nisan mil uku (5 km) arewa daga cikin gari Mobile, Alabama . Wasu gungun 'yan Afirka ta Yamma 32 ne suka kafa ta, wadanda a shekarar 1860 aka sayo da jigilar su ba tare da son ransu ba a cikin na karshe da aka sani ba bisa ka'ida ba na jigilar bayi zuwa Amurka . An hana cinikin bayin Atlantika tun 1808, amma bayi 110 da Masarautar Dahomey ke rike da su aka yi safarar su zuwa Mobile a Clotilda, wanda aka kona tare da tarwatsawa don kokarin boye haramtattun kayan sa. Fiye da 30 daga cikin waɗannan mutane, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa ƙabilar Yarabawa, Ewe, da Fon, sun kafa kuma suka ƙirƙiri nasu al'umma a cikin abin da ya zama Africatown. Sun riƙe al'adunsu da yarensu na Yammacin Afirka har zuwa 1950s, yayin da 'ya'yansu da wasu dattawa suka koyi Turanci. Cudjo Kazoola Lewis, wanda ya kafa Africatown, ya rayu har zuwa 1935 kuma an dade ana tunanin shine wanda ya tsira daga bayi daga Clotilda da ke zaune a Africatown.

A cikin 2019, wata masaniyar Hannah Durkin daga Jami'ar Newcastle ta rubuta Redoshi, wata mace ta Yammacin Afirka da aka yi imani a lokacin ita ce ta ƙarshe da ta tsira daga bayi daga Clotilda. Har ila yau, an san ta da Sally Smith, ta rayu har zuwa 1937. An sayar da ita ga wani mai shuka wanda ke zaune a Dallas County, Alabama . Redoshi da danginta sun ci gaba da zama a can bayan sun sami 'yanci, suna aiki a shuka iri ɗaya. Daga baya Durkin ya buga bincike yana nuna cewa wani bawa, Matilda McCrear, a gaskiya ya wuce Smith, yana mutuwa a 1940.

Yawan jama'ar Africatown ya ragu sosai daga mafi yawan jama'a 12,000 a cikin karni na 20, lokacin da masana'antar takarda ke aiki a can. A farkon karni na 21, al'ummar tana da mazauna kusan 2,000. An kiyasta 100 daga cikinsu zuriyar mutanen Clotilda ne. Sauran zuriyar suna zaune a fadin kasar. A cikin 2009, an sanya unguwar a matsayin wani wuri akan Tafarkin Al'adun Afirka ta Wayar hannu. An jera Gundumar Tarihi ta Africatown akan Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a cikin 2012. Tsohon makabartar Plateau mai nasaba da shi, wanda kuma aka sani da kabari na Africatown, an kafa shi a cikin 1876. An ba ta babban allo na tarihi wanda ke ba da tarihinta.

Tarihi

Duk da cewa Amurka ta haramta cinikin bayi ta Atlantika ta Dokar 1807 da ta haramta shigo da bayi, yawancin masu fasa-kwauri sun ci gaba da kai bayi yayin da suke guje wa hukumomin tarayya. A cikin 1860, ƙungiyar masu arziki a cikin Mobile, Alabama sun yanke shawarar yin fare na sada zumunci tsakanin su da gungun maza daga New England cewa za su iya jigilar bayi zuwa cikin ƙasar ba tare da jami'an tarayya sun kama su ba. Timothy Meaher, maginin jirgin ruwa kuma mai ƙasa; ɗan'uwansa Byrnes (kuma ya rubuta Burns) Meaher; John Dabey; wasu kuma sun saka kudi domin daukar ma’aikata da kyaftin ga daya daga cikin jiragen ruwan Meaher da zai je Afirka ya sayo ‘yan Afirka bayi da sarakunan Dahomey suka yi.

Sun yi amfani da jirgin <i id="mwWA">Clotilda</i> na Timothy Meaher, wanda aka kera don cinikin katako. Kyaftin William Foster ne ya ba da umarnin. Sa’ad da jirgin yake tashar jirgin ruwa a Whydah a Masarautar Dahomey (tashar jiragen ruwa na Ouidah a Benin a yau ), an ƙara ƙarin aiki don ɗauka da kuma ɓoye jigilar bayi. Foster ya sayi bayi ya loda su. Jirgin ya tashi ne a watan Mayun 1860 daga Dahomey don zuwansa na ƙarshe, Mobile, tare da mutane 110 da aka riƙe a matsayin bayi. Foster ya biya bayi 125, amma yayin da yake shirin tashi, sai ya ga masu tuƙi a bakin teku kuma ya tashi da sauri don guje musu.

An ce wadanda aka kama galibinsu ‘yan kabilar “Tarkbar ne, amma bincike a karni na 21 ya nuna cewa ’yan kabilar Takpa ne, wata kungiyar Yarbawa ko Nupe daga cikin Nijeriya ta yau. Sojojin Sarkin Dahomey sun kama su . Ya sayar da su bauta a kasuwar Whydah. An sayar da mutanen da aka kama akan $100 kowanne ga Foster, kyaftin na Clotilda .

Abaché da Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis a Africatown a cikin 1910s, mutane biyu daga Clotilda

A farkon Yuli 1860, Clotilda ya shiga Mobile Bay kuma ya kusanci tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mobile . Ƙoƙarin gujewa ganowa, Foster ya sa aka ja jirgin a kogin dare bayan tashar jiragen ruwa. Ya dora bayin a kan wani jirgin ruwa mai tururi ya tura su bakin teku; ya cinna wa Clotilda wuta kuma ya farfasa ta don ya ɓoye shaidar bayin da suke fasakwaurinta. An rarraba 'yan Afirka galibi a matsayin bayi a tsakanin bangarorin da suka saka hannun jari a harkar. Kafin a dauke su daga Mobile, sun kasance a kan kansu ta fuskar tsira. Sun gina matsuguni daga duk abin da za su iya samun girma a cikin tsaunukan Alabama, kuma sun daidaita farautarsu ga wasan masu wadata.

An sayar da wasu bayi zuwa wasu wurare masu nisa daga Wayar hannu. Daga cikin su akwai Redoshi, wata mace daga Clotilda, da kuma wani mutum da ya zama mijinta, waɗanda aka sayar wa Washington Smith na Dallas County, Alabama . Ya yi noman noma a cikin jihar, sannan ya kafa bankin Selma. An san Redoshi da Sally Smith a matsayin bawa. Ta yi aure kuma ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya mace. Iyalin sun ci gaba da aiki a shukar Smith bayan samun 'yanci. Yayin da Redoshi Smith ya yi hira da Zora Neale Hurston kuma wasu sun san ta, daga baya a rayuwarta da kuma bayan mutuwarta, an manta da ita. A cikin 2019, mai bincike Hannah Durkin ta buga sabon bayani game da ita: ta rubuta cewa Redoshi Smith ya rayu har zuwa 1937, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ta ƙarshe da ta tsira daga bayi daga Clotilda.

US v. Byrnes Meaher, Timothy Meaher da John Dabey

Hukumomin tarayya sun gurfanar da Meaher da abokan aikinsa, ciki har da Foster. Rashin jirgin da shaidun da ke da alaƙa, kamar bayyanarsa, shari'ar kotun tarayya ta 1861 na US v. Byrnes Meaher, Timothy Meaher da John Dabey ba su sami isassun dalilan da za su hukunta Meaher ba. An yi watsi da karar. Masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa farkon yakin basasar Amurka ya taimaka wajen janye karar da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi.

Bayan Yaƙin Basasa zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Meaher da farko ya yi amfani da bayin Afrika guda 32 a gonarsa. Bayan Yaƙin Basasa (1861–1865) an 'yanta su, amma sun ci gaba da aiki a gonar Meaher da ke cikin kwandon ruwa a arewacin Mobile, a gefen yamma na kogin. Bayin da aka 'yanta sun kafa al'umma da aka sani da Africatown, wacce ruwa ya kewaye daga gefe uku: wani rafi, Three Mile Creek (wanda aka fi sani da Chickasabogag Creek), da Kogin Mobile.

Daga cikin masu kafa Africatown akwai wani mutum mai suna Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis (sunansa na Yoruba shi ne Kazoola ko Kossola). Ana cewa shi ne tsohon bawa mafi girma a cikin jirgin Clotilda kuma shugaban kabila. Lissafi ya kuma ambaci Charlie Poteet a matsayin shugaban. Mai maganin su shi ne Jabez, ko Jaba. Charles Lewis (sunansa na Yoruba Oluale) da matarsa ta gaba Maggie suna daga cikin Afirkawa da ke cikin Clotilda. Cudjoe Lewis ya rayu har zuwa 1935 kuma har zuwa 2019 ana tsammanin shi ne wanda ya rage na ƙarshe daga asalin rukuni. Shi ne mai magana da yawun al'umma, kuma an yi hira da shi ta masu rubuce-rubuce na ƙarni na 20 kamar Emma Langdon Roche da Zora Neale Hurston, waɗanda suka dogara da labaransa don tarihin kamawa, tafiya da al'umma.

Bayan Yaƙin Basasa da kuma 'yantuwar bayi, mutanen Africatown sun haɗu da mutane daga kabilar da suke da su a yankin Mobile. Sun taru a matsayin al'umma domin rayuwa da kansu da gujewa kulawa daga fararen fata. Al'ummar ta kasu gida biyu: na farko wanda ya fi girma, kimanin kadada 50, da wani na biyu kimanin kadada 7, da ke kimanin mil biyu yamma. Wannan yanki na biyu an kira shi Lewis Quarters bayan Charlie Oluale Lewis da matarsa Maggie.

Historic Union Missionary Baptist Church

Ɗan Cudjoe Lewis, Joe (Joseph), ya koyi karatu da rubutu a coci da mazauna suka kafa a Africatown. Ya taimaka wajen adana labarin mahaifinsa da jirgin Clotilda, haka kuma iyalai da makarantun al'umma ta hanyar tarihin baki. Mata sun noma amfanin gona da sayar da su, maza kuma sun yi aiki a masana’antu da albashi na dala 1 a rana, suna adana kuɗi don siyan ƙasa daga Meaher. Duk lokacin da ya yiwu, sun guji mu'amala da fararen fata.

Sun kafa cocin Afrika, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Old Landmark Church. A 1876, sun buɗe makabartar Old Plateau Cemetery, wadda kuma aka fi sani da Africatown Graveyard. A farkon ƙarni na 20, sun maye gurbin tsohon cocin da sabon ginin bulo na Union Missionary Baptist Church, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi.

Al’umma ta buɗe makarantar gwamnati ta farko a 1880; ana kiranta Mobile County Technical School.

Cudjoe Lewis ya taimaka wa ‘yan uwansa na Afirka wajen saba da ƙasarsu ta sabuwa, ko da yake an ci zarafin su da yawa daga fararen fata. Tsawon shekaru da dama, ya kasance mai magana da yawun mutanen Africatown. An ziyarce shi daga marubutan Amurka Emma Langdon Roche da Zora Neale Hurston, da malamin makaranta Booker T. Washington, shugaban Tuskegee Institute. Roche ta wallafa littafi a 1914 game da bayi na Amurka da al’ummar Africatown. A 1927, Hurston ta yi hira da Cudjoe Lewis don Journal of Negro History. Ko da yake bata wallafa makala ba, ta shirya ƙaramin fim game da shi. Ta koma daga baya kuma ta riƙa ziyartar Lewis tsawon watanni uku. Ta rubuta littafi game da wannan ƙwarewa da rayuwar Lewis amma ba a buga shi ba. Littafin ta an wallafa shi bayan rasuwarta a matsayin Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" a wani tsararren sigar a watan Mayu 2018.

A lokacin hirar, Lewis ya faɗi game da yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida a yammacin Afirka, inda mambobin bangarorin da suka sha kashi aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi ga 'yan Afirka da Turawa. Nasa kabilar Takpa ce, wadda ke zaune a wani ƙauye a cikin ƙasar. Cudjoe ya ba da labarin yadda shi da wasu daga ƙauyensu suka sha kashi daga mayaƙan ƙabilar Dahomey, aka kaisu Ouidah kuma aka tsare su a wani sansani mai girma na bayi. Sarki na Dahomey ya sayar da su ga Foster kuma aka kwashe su zuwa Amurka a cikin Clotilda. Bayan Yaƙin Basasa da 'yantuwa, mutanen sun roƙi gwamnatin Amurka da ta maido da su zuwa Afirka, amma an ƙi.

Al’umma ta ƙaru a gindin Telegraph Road a farkon ƙarni na 20, ana kiranta Plateau, saboda ƙasar da ke sama, da Magazine. Wadannan yankuna sun zama ɓangare na biranen Mobile da Prichard, Alabama. An gina gidajen kamfani da yawa a Prichard don ma’aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa da masana’antun takarda.

Canje-canje Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Har zuwa lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Africatown ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin wata al’umma mai zaman kanta, amma daga bisani ta zama unguwa a cikin birnin Mobile. An kuma san ta da suna Plateau.

An kafa tutar tunawa da Cudjo Lewis a gaban cocin Union Missionary Baptist a shekarar 1959, a matsayin girmamawa ga jagorancinsa a cikin al’umma. A shekara ta 1977, Kungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihin Baƙar fata tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Amoco, sun mika wani tagulla na tunawa ga birnin Mobile domin tunawa da rayuwar Lewis. An sanya wannan tagulla a dandalin Bienville a tsakiyar gari.

Africatown ta bunƙasa yayin da sababbin mazauna suka fara zuwa domin neman aiki a masana’antun takarda na kamfanonin International Paper (IP) da Scott Paper. A wannan lokaci, yawan jama’ar ya kai sama da 12,000. Amma daga baya a ƙarni na 20, yawan mutanen ya ragu bayan rufe manyan masana’antun.

A shekara ta 1997, ‘ya’ya da abokan al’umma sun kafa wani shiri mai suna AfricaTown Mobilization Project domin neman a ayyana wannan yankin a matsayin gundumar tarihi da kuma ƙarfafa ci gaban yankin. Gundumar Tarihi ta Africatown an saka ta a cikin Rijistar Kasa na Wuraren Tarihi a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2012.

A shekara ta 2010, Neil Norman daga Kwalejin William da Mary ya gudanar da aikin binciken kayan tarihi da adanawa a Africatown. Wannan aikin ya samu tallafi daga hukumomin jihar da na gari. Ya tono wuraren zama guda uku da tsofaffin bayi da aka kawo a cikin jirgin Clotilda suka zauna: Peter Lee, Cudjo Kazoola Lewis, da Charlie Lewis. Sun gano wasu kayan tarihi da ake tunanin daga Afirka aka kawo su. A shekara ta 2012, an gudanar da aikin tsaftace sabon yankin tarihi, kuma an gyara makabarta. Haka kuma, an kafa babban tutar tarihi a waje da makabartar don bayyana tarihinta da muhimmancinta.

A kimanin mutane 2,000 ne ke zaune a can a shekara ta 2018, ciki har da kimanin 100 da aka san su ‘ya’ya ne na waɗanda suka tsira daga jirgin Clotilda. Daga cikin zuriyar Charles Lewis da matarsa Maggie, wadda ita ma daga Afirka ta fito, akwai jikansu na ƙarni na biyar Ahmir Khalib Thompson, ɗan ƙarni na 21 mai rawa da sarrafa kiɗa wanda aka fi sani da Questlove. An haife shi a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, kuma ya fito daga zuriyar ɗansu Joseph da matarsa.

Gundumar Tarihi ta Africatown

Tsohuwar Makabartar Plateau, ko Makabartar Africatown

Yawancin al’ummar yanzu suna cikin yankin birnin Mobile. Mutanen yankin sun riƙe tarihin kafuwar yankin da yadda aka kawo su zuwa Amurka, ta hanyar iyalai, coci da makarantu.

Wani ɓangare na ƙasar al’ummar an kwace shi daga gwamnati domin gina hanyar shiga yammacin gadar Cochrane-Africatown USA, wadda aka kammala a 1992. A 1997, zuriyarsu da abokai sun kafa aikin Africatown Community Mobilization Project domin neman a amince da Gundumar Tarihi ta Africatown da kuma karfafa gyare-gyare da ci gaban wannan gari.

A shekara ta 2000, suka miƙa bayanai zuwa Library of Congress a matsayin Local Legacy Project ta hannun wakili Sonny Callahan daga mazabar farko ta Alabama. "Kayan da aka miƙa sun haɗa da shafuka 16 na rubutu, hotuna launuka 11, taswira ta yankin Africatown, labaran jaridu, bayani kan aikin AfricaTown Mobilization Project, da kuma bidiyo, AfricaTown, USA, wanda gidan talabijin na yankin ya yi."

An kayyade yankin tarihin da kusan ke iyaka da Jakes Lane, Paper Mill da Warren roads, da Chin da Railroad streets, kuma a shekarar 2009 an saka shi a matsayin wani wuri a kan African American Heritage Trail na birnin Mobile. Daga baya, Gundumar Tarihi ta Africatown ta samu ƙarin karɓuwa daga jihar da Hukumar Kula da Al’adu ta Ƙasa, kuma an saka ta a cikin Rijistar Kasa ta Wuraren Tarihi a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2012.

Karar gurbacewar muhalli ta shekarar 2017

Saboda matsayinta a bakin koguna, wannan yanki ya bunkasa don masana’antu da sauran amfanin masana’antu, musamman a farkon karni na 20. An gina wani kamfanin takarda a shekarar 1928 kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a filin da A. Meaher Jr. ya fara mallaka a gefen Africatown. Mazauna yankin suna cewa suna fuskantar babbar matsala ta gurbacewar muhalli da lafiya, wacce ta janyo yawaitar ciwon daji tun daga karshen karni na 20.

A shekarar 2017, wani gungun mazauna kimanin 1,200 sun shigar da kara akan kamfanin International Paper (IP), kasancewar wannan kamfani ne ya mallaki tsohon kamfanin takarda da aka rufe. Kungiyar kare muhalli ta zargi IP da rashin kula da sharar da suke fitarwa tsawon shekaru, wanda hakan ya gurbata kasa da ruwa, kuma kamfanin bai tsaftace wajen ba kamar yadda doka ta tanada bayan rufe kamfanin.

Gano ragowar jirgin ruwan Clotilda

A watan Janairu 2018, wani dan jarida mai suna Ben Raines ya gano ragowar wani jirgin ruwa da ya yi zaton yana iya zama Clotilda. A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2018, Raines ya sanar da cewa jirgin da ya gano ba zai zama Clotilda ba, domin girman jirgin ya wuce tsammani kuma wani sashi yana karkashin laka da ruwa mai zurfi.

Yan makonni bayan haka, Ben Raines tare da wata tawaga daga Jami’ar Southern Mississippi sun koma kogin domin gudanar da bincike na zamani a yankin 12 Mile Island na kogin Mobile. Mako guda bayan haka, Raines da Monty Graham, shugaban sashen Kimiyyar Ruwa a jami'ar, tare da Joe Turner da tawaga daga Underwater Works Dive Shop, sun binciki jiragen ruwa 11 da aka gano. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, tawagar ta fito da wani bangare na Clotilda wanda bai fito fili ba cikin shekaru 160. An tura bayanan zuwa Hukumar Tarihi ta Alabama, wadda ta dauki kamfanin Search Inc. domin tabbatar da gano jirgin. Wannan bayani an boye shi na shekara guda, har sai an tabbatar da sahihancinsa. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2019, Hukumar Tarihi ta Alabama ta tabbatar da cewa an gano ragowar Clotilda a kogin Mobile kusa da Africatown.

Wakilci a cikin sauran kafafen yada labarai

A shekarar 2020, marubuciyar Alabama mai suna Beth Duke ta bayyana Africatown a cikin littafinta mai suna Tapestry, wanda ya ci kyautar Southern Fiction daga Publishers Weekly. "Tapestry ya kunshi muhimmin tarihin bakaken fata da kowa ya kamata ya sani da tunawa. Ina karfafa mutane su karanta littafin kuma su ziyarci wuraren da aka ambata, a matsayin shaida ga karfin hali da juriya na kakanninmu," in ji Frazine Taylor, Shugabar Kungiyar Tarihin Baƙar Fata ta Elmore County, Shugabar Majalisar Tarihin Baƙar Fata ta Hukumar Tarihi ta Alabama kuma Shugabar Kungiyar Tarihi ta Alabama.

• Wata tashar talabijin ta cikin garin Mobile ta shirya wani shirin tarihi mai suna "AfricaTown, USA" akan wannan gari da tarihinsa.
• A cikin shirin Henry Louis Gates Jr. mai suna Finding Your Roots, Kashi na 9, Lokaci na 4: "Southern Roots", a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2017, ya nuna bayanan kidayar jama’a na Mobile da kundin rubuce-rubucen Captain William Foster daga Clotilda, a matsayin bangare na bayani game da tarihin iyalan Questlove, ɗan rawa da mai sarrafa waka, shugaban The Roots. Kakanninsa na uku Charles Lewis (an haife shi kimanin 1820) da matarsa Maggie (an haife ta a 1830), an jera su a kidayar shekarar 1880 a matsayin wadanda aka haifa a Afirka.
• Littafin Natalie S. Robertson mai suna The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Making of AfricaTown, U.S.A.: Spirit of Our Ancestors shi ne cikakken aikin da ke bayani akan asalin yankin da al’adun mutanen Clotilda daga yammacin Afirka. Littafin Robertson ya samo asali daga binciken digirin digirgir da ta yi mai taken “The African Ancestry Of The Founders Of AfricaTown, Alabama" (1996).
• Littafin Zora Neale Hurston mai suna Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo", wanda Deborah G. Plant ta shirya da gabatarwa, New York: Amistad Press (HarperCollins), ya fito a watan Mayu 2018.
• On The Media ta samar da wani shiri inda suka tattauna da mazauna Africatown, 'ya'yan zuriyar mutanen da aka kawo a cikin jirgin ruwan bayi Clotilda, da sauran masana tarihi.
• Wani shirin documentaire mai suna The Extinction Tapes na 2019 da aka shirya domin BBC Radio 4 ya bayyana cewa gano jirgin Clotilda ya samu ne sakamakon bacewar wani nau’in linzamin ruwan kogin Alabama mai suna Alabama pigtoe (Pleurobema johannis) a shekarar 2006, wanda da a ce yana nan zai ci gaba da rufe jirgin a cikin laka.
• Descendant, wani documentaire na 2022 da Netflix ta fitar, ya bada labarin masu fafutuka daga Africatown, wani gari mai baƙar fata a Alabama, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin dawo da tarihinsu.

Ƙarin karantawa

• Aspiotes, George. "Wata mata daga Homewood ta tuna lokacin da ta taso a Africatown", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, 9 ga Fabrairu, 2003.
• Diouf, Sylviane Anna (2007). Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195311044. OCLC 77572723.
• Hurston, Zora Neale. Barracoon. Rubuce-rubucen hannu da na buga, 1931. Alain Locke Collection, Manuscript Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University. An wallafa a 2018 da suna: Hurston, Zora Neale (2018). Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo". New York, NY: Amistad. ISBN 978-0062748201. OCLC 1021879113.
• Raines, Ben (2022). The Last Slave Ship: The True Story of How Clotilda Was Found, Her Descendants, and an Extraordinary Reckoning. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1982136048. OCLC 1120405.
• Robertson, Natalie S. (2008). The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Making of AfricaTown, USA: Spirit of Our Ancestors. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 9780275994914. OCLC 177023675.
• Robertson, Natalie S. (2019) “Gawar Jirgin Ruwa a Alabama Ta Bayyana Labarin Da Ba a Faɗa Ba na Kasuwancin Bayi na Duniya.” National Geographic History Magazine. 19 ga Nuwamba, 2019.
• Roche, Emma Langdon (1914). Historic Sketches of the South. New York: The Knickerbocker Press.
• Tabor, Nick (2023). Africatown: America's Last Slave Ship and the Community it Created. St. Martin's Press, New York. ISBN 9781250766540.

Hanyoyin waje

• spiritofourancestors.com Littafin Natalie S. Robertson: *The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Making of AfricaTown, U.S.A.: Spirit of Our Ancestors* (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008).
• "Last Slaver from U.S. to Africa. A.D. 1860": Capt. William Foster, Journal of Clotilda, 1860, Taron Dijital na Laburaren Jama’a na Mobile
• Lawrence Specker, Hoto: "Africatown da Clotilda", AL.com, 23 ga Janairu, 2018, tare da hotunan makabarta
• Sylviane A. Diouf, "Africatown", Encyclopedia of Alabama, an wallafa 6 ga Disamba, 2007 | Sabuntawa na ƙarshe: 14 ga Satumba, 2017.
• Joe Womack, "Africatown - Wata Hanya da Gwaggwarmaya Daban", Bridge the Gulf blog, 7 ga Yuli, 2014; da dama daga cikin rubuce-rubuce kan Africatown
• "Africatown, Alabama". Wilson Jay's South. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
• Sasha, Ingber (Mayu 22, 2019). "Masana Tarihi a Alabama Sun Ce An Gano Jirgin Bayi na Ƙarshe da Aka San da Zuwa Amurka". NPR. Retrieved Mayu 23, 2019.