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Agbogbloshie

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Agbogbloshie

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 5°32′42″N 0°13′30″W / 5.545°N 0.225°W / 5.545; -0.225
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaGhana
Yankuna na GhanaYankin Greater Accra
BirniAccra
Labarin ƙasa
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku Kogin Korle
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
'Yan Ghana da ke aiki a Agbogbloshie

Agbogbloshie sunan laƙabi ne na gundumar kasuwanci a tafkin Korle na Kogin Odaw, kusa da tsakiyar Accra, [1] Ghana a yankin Greater Accra, kafin gwamnatin Ghana ta rusa ta a shekarar 2021 . Wata cibiya ce ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar doka da fitar da kayayyaki ba bisa ka'ida ba don zubar da muhalli na sharar lantarki ( e-sharar gida ) daga ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu. Cibiyar Basel Action Network, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a Seattle, ta kira Agbogbloshie a matsayin "ƙasa mai zubar da jini na dijital", inda ake sarrafa miliyoyin ton na sharar gida a kowace shekara. [2]

Binciken da ya fi dacewa game da cinikayya a cikin kayan lantarki da aka yi amfani da su a Najeriya, wanda Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) da Yarjejeniyar Basel suka tallafawa, sun bayyana cewa, daga cikin tan 540,000 na kayan lantarki da ba a sarrafa su ba, an dawo da kashi 52% na kayan.

Dangane da kididdiga daga Bankin Duniya, a cikin manyan birane kamar Accra da Legas yawancin gidaje sun mallaki talabijin da kwamfutoci na tsawon shekaru.[3] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2012 "Where are WEEE in Africa" (WEEE ma'ana Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) ya bayyana cewa mafi yawan kayan aikin lantarki da aka yi amfani da su a cikin zubar da kayan Afirka ba a shigo da su kwanan nan a matsayin sharar gida ba, amma sun samo asali ne daga waɗancan biranen Afirka.

Agbogbloshie tana kan bankunan Korle Lagoon, arewa maso yammacin Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya ta Accra . [4][5] Kimanin 'yan Ghana 40,000 ne ke zaune a yankin, mafi yawansu baƙi ne daga yankunan karkara.[4] Saboda mummunan yanayin rayuwa da aikata laifuka, an ba yankin lakabi da "Sodom da Gomorrah".

Yarjejeniyar Basel ta hana jigilar sharar gida mai haɗari daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe marasa ci gaba. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin Annex Ix, B1110, Yarjejeniyar musamman tana ba da izinin fitarwa don sake amfani da gyara. Duk da yake rahotanni da yawa na manema labarai na kasa da kasa sun yi nuni da zargin cewa an zubar da mafi yawan fitarwa zuwa Ghana, binciken da Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Amurka ta yi ya sami karancin shaidar cewa ana tura sharar gida zuwa Afirka daga Amurka.

Ko mazauna Ghana ne suka samar da su a cikin gida ko kuma an shigo da su, damuwa ta kasance game da hanyoyin sarrafa sharar gida - musamman ƙonewa - wanda ke fitar da sunadarai masu guba a cikin iska, ƙasa da ruwa. Bayyanawa yana da haɗari sosai ga yara, saboda an san waɗannan gubobi don hana ci gaban tsarin haihuwa, tsarin juyayi kuma, musamman, kwakwalwa. Damuwa game da lafiyar ɗan adam da mahalli na Agbogbloshie suna ci gaba da tasowa saboda yankin ya kasance mai gurɓata sosai.[4][6]

A cikin 2000s, gwamnatin Ghana, tare da sabon kudade da rance, ta aiwatar da aikin Maido da Muhalli na Korle Lagoon (KLERP), aikin Gyara muhalli da sabuntawa wanda aka tsara don magance matsalar gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar hawan tafkin da tashar Odaw don inganta magudanar ruwa da fitowa cikin teku.[7]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Korle Lagoon, a babban birnin Ghana Accra .

A cikin shekarun 1960s, yankin slum na Agbogbloshie wuri ne mai laushi. Yayin da birnin Accra ya zama birni, wani ghetto ya girma, wanda ake kira Old Fadama ko Ayaalolo . [2] A cikin shekarun 1980s, ghetto ya kasance wurin mafaka ga 'yan gudun hijira daga yakin Konkomba-Nanumba.[2] A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, sabon wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan Akosombo ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun gida don kayan lantarki da na lantarki. Masu sukar suna da'awar cewa hakan ya haifar da canjin da ba a daidaita ba.[8]

Wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan Akosombo ta kara bukatar talabijin da kwamfutoci masu aiki, waɗanda masana'antar fasahar Afirka ta shigo da su daga Yamma, don taimakawa "kusa rarrabuwar dijital". Mutanen Ghana sun yi maraba da gudummawar saboda kwamfutocin suna da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na farashin sabon. Cibiyar Ayyukan Basel ta rarraba da'awar a cikin 2008 cewa kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na kayan aikin lantarki na biyu da aka aika zuwa Afirka ba za a iya sake amfani da su ba kuma sun ƙare a cikin shara.

Zargin BAN ya ɗan bambanta da da'awar 2002 na sharar gida na kashi 80, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin nassoshi da aka fi ambata a cikin mujallu na ilimi, kodayake babu takardun ko takardun tushe da aka sake dubawa. [9] A cikin 2013, BAN ta musanta cewa ta taba yin da'awar, ko kuma ta taɓa bayyana duk wani kididdiga game da shigo da Afirka.

Tattalin Arziki

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Tattalin arzikin yankin Agbogbloshie ya dogara ne akan kasuwar albasa da ke hidima ga baƙi zuwa Accra daga babban yankin Tamale (Dagbani) a arewa. Baƙi da ba su da aikin yi sun juya zuwa tarin karafa, gami da tarkacen mota, don ƙarin kuɗin shiga. Sarrafa tarkacen lantarki ƙaramin aiki ne a kasuwa. Da'awar cewa "daruruwan miliyoyin ton na sharar lantarki ana shigo da su zuwa yankin a kowace shekara", [2] kamar yadda majiyoyin labarai da yawa suka ruwaito, yawancin masana suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin ba'a da rashin kunya. . Duk da haka, akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa a kowane wata, kimanin kwantena 300 zuwa 600 masu tsawon ƙafa 40 na jigilar kayayyaki ta lantarki suna isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Ghana. [10]

Ba a bayyana ko Amurka ba Babban mai fitar da e-sharar gida zuwa Ghana, kodayake ana shigo da kayayyaki daga wasu ƙasashe kamar Faransa , Jamus Switzerland da Netherlands . [6] Alamomin ƙasashen duniya da yawa kamar su Philips, Canon, Dell, Microsoft, Nokia, Siemens da Sony ana samun su a ko'ina cikin sharar gida. [6] A cewar E-Waste Assessment Studies, "Sake gyara EEE (na'urorin lantarki da lantarki) da kuma sayar da EEE da aka yi amfani da su shine wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arziki (misali kasuwar Alaba a Legas). Yana da tsari mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci wanda ke riƙe da yiwuwar ci gaba da ci gaban masana'antu. A kaikaice, sashin yana da wani muhimmin matsayi na tattalin arziki, yayin da yake samar da ƙananan kayan aiki na gida da na tsakiya na EEE tare da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci na EEE. Ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, duk matakan manufofin da ke son inganta sarrafa sharar lantarki a Najeriya ya kamata su guje wa hana shigo da kayayyaki na hannu ba tare da banbanci ba tare da yin gyare-gyare da kuma kokarin samar da tsarin hadin gwiwa ta hanyar hada da kungiyoyin kasuwa da sassan."

Matasa maza suna ƙone wayoyin lantarki don dawo da jan ƙarfe a Agbogbloshie, Satumba 2019.

Mabiyan BAN sun yi zargin cewa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) suna ƙarawa ga sharar gida lokacin da aka ba da gudummawar kayan lantarki da suka wuce gona da iri da niyyar taimakawa cibiyoyin ilimi. Sun yi iƙirarin, bisa ga ƙididdigar ƙarancin marayu na 75%-80%, cewa masu fitarwa dole ne su sami hanyoyi da yawa don kauce wa dokar da ta hana jigilar shara, kamar lakafta kayan lantarki da suka lalace a matsayin 'ƙarshen rayuwa' ko 'kayayyakin hannu na biyu', ta hanyar kuskuren gano su kamar yadda suke aiki.[6][11] Idan gaskiya ne cewa tsakanin kashi 50% zuwa 75% na kayan lantarki da aka shigo da su ba za a iya ceto su ba kuma su kasance a ƙasar, shigo da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Koyaya, Nazarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasa samun shaidar zargin, kuma tushen kawai na ƙididdigar zubar ya musanta shi.

Matasa maza da ke ƙone wayoyi daga kayan aikin mota da kayan lantarki sun kasance batun rubutun hoto da yawa.[12] Ma'aikatan suna rarraba motoci, kayan aiki, da kayan lantarki, waɗanda suka taru a cikin kekunan turawa daga unguwanni na Accra. Kudin shiga daga dawo da karafa kamar jan ƙarfe, aluminum da baƙin ƙarfe, karami ne sosai. Yawancin kafofin watsa labarai sun rufe wahalar ma'aikatan sake amfani.[6] Hotunan ma'aikata da ke ƙone tsohuwar waya a saman tayoyi da filastik don narkar da filastic, ko kuma rushe sharar ta amfani da hannayensu ko duwatsu, an rubuta su ta hanyar manema labarai.[13] Magnets daga kayan lantarki ana nuna su ana amfani da su don tattara mafi ƙanƙanta na ƙarfe. Sauran kayan an kara ƙone su ko kuma an zubar da su a kusa.[6]

Ma'aikata, yara da manya iri ɗaya, suna sayar da don samun rayuwa. Rabin jaka na jan ƙarfe ko Aluminium za a sayar da kusan , wanda ya kai kimanin 8-10 Ghana cedis a kowace rana (US $ 4‐6).

Masana'antar Sake amfani da sharar gida ta al'ada tana da matsayi mai yawa, tare da masu ƙonewa, masu tarawa, da masu rushewa, sau da yawa wurin shiga ga matasa, wakiltar aji "mafi ƙasƙanci". Ci gaba da isasshen ilimi, sadarwar, da babban birnin na iya ba da damar mutane su kai matsayi mafi girma. The Greater Accra Scrap Dealers Association (GASDA), ƙungiyar da ma'aikata da kansu suka kafa, sun kafa wasu dokoki da ka'idoji, har ma sun haɗa kai da Hukumar Matasa ta Kasa, ƙungiyar gwamnati.[10]

Fiye da kashi 85 cikin dari na kayan lantarki da kayan lantarki da aka shigo da su zuwa Ghana sun fito ne daga EU, kuma ana zubar da babban rabo a matsayin sharar gida bayan sun shiga kasar. Kashi 35 cikin dari ne kawai na kayan lantarki na biyu da sharar gida a Turai sun ƙare a cikin sake amfani da tsarin tattarawa. Dalilin hakan shine farashin bin ka'idojin EU don watsar da sharar gida. Guje wa waɗannan farashin bin doka (musamman de-pollution), an kiyasta a € 150 miliyan zuwa € 600 miliyan (US $ 165 miliyan zuwa $ 658 miliyan) a kowace shekara.[14]

Yanayin rayuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jama'ar Agbogbloshie sun kunshi bakin haure na tattalin arziki daga yankunan arewa da yankunan karkara na Ghana, inda yanayin rayuwa ke kara muni, yana sa mutane su koma birane, kamar Agbogblossie. Yanayi bazai fi kyau ba, amma yin rayuwa ya fi sauƙi, a cikin ma'anar nan take.[4] Mazaunan Agbogbloshie sun rayu, sun ci, sun yi aiki kuma sun kwantar da kansu a ƙasar da kuma cikin sharar gida.[2][4] Yara da suka iya halartar makaranta galibi suna ciyar da kowane maraice da karshen mako don sarrafa sharar gida da neman karafa.

Gidaje gidaje ne na katako waɗanda ba su da ruwa da tsabta.[5] Har ila yau, yankin ya kasance gida ga 'Yan fashi masu dauke da makamai, karuwanci, masu sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi da sauransu da ke cikin Kasuwancin karkashin kasa. Laifi da cututtuka sun bazu a ko'ina cikin Agbogbloshie, suna haifar da kusan yanayin da ba za a iya zama ba ga mutane.[4] Saboda mummunan yanayin rayuwa a Agbogbloshie, baƙi sun ba da sunan yankin "Sodom da Gomorrah", bayan biranen Littafi Mai-Tsarki guda biyu da aka hukunta.[2]

Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani saurayi yana ƙone wayoyin lantarki don dawo da jan ƙarfe a Agbogbloshie, Satumba 2019.

The dumping and processing of electronic waste in Agbogbloshie severely contaminated the air, land, and water in the entire area. Photographs from the Agbogbloshie e-waste landfill showed scrap workers burning wires from auto harnesses and plastic-encased electronics to recover copper.[15] When the E-waste is broken down, burned and processed, toxic chemicals that are released into the ground, water and atmosphere.[6] Poisons such as lead, mercury, arsenic, dioxins, furans, and brominated flame retardants seep into the surrounding soil and water, thereby seriously polluting the landscape. Greenpeace laboratory tests showed that water and soil from areas in Agbogbloshie had concentrations of chemicals at levels over a hundred times greater than the allowable amounts.[16]

Ma'aikatan e-waste na Agbogbloshie suna kammala ƙonewa don dawo da jan ƙarfe.

Bincike da yawa sun tabbatar da matakan gubar a cikin ƙasa, tare da haɗari na musamman ga ma'aikata da yara.[17] Rashin gurɓataccen gubar muhalli yafi ne saboda ƙone murfin filastik na wayoyin jan ƙarfe. Ruwan lantarki na PVC ya ƙunshi kusan 3000 MG / kg gubar a matsayin mai tsananin ƙarfi da mai hana ultraviolet, kuma ana saki wannan gubar yayin konewa.[18] 

Matsayin gurɓataccen sinadarai masu alaƙa da dioxin (DRCs) a cikin ƙasa na Agbogbloshie sun kasance daga cikin mafi girma har zuwa yanzu da aka ruwaito daga wuraren sake amfani da sharar gida. Yawan sauran nau'ikan masu guba da yawa a kai a kai sun wuce matakan da gwamnatocin Japan, Jamus, ko Amurka suka kafa kusan sau uku zuwa bakwai.[19]

A watan Afrilu na 2019, The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa binciken IPEN da Basel Action Network sun sami matakan haɗari na dioxins da polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS) a cikin ƙwai na kaza a Agbogbloshie . Binciken kimiyya da Arnika, IPEN, da CREPD suka buga ya nuna cewa ƙwai daga aikin gona a Agbogbloshie sun ƙunshi babban taro na masu gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta, musamman gajeren sarkar chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), brominated dioxins (PBDD / Fs), hexachlorobenzene, da polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin "Emerging Contaminants" ya gano cewa kwai na kaza daga Agbogbloshie yana da mafi girman PCDD / F-dl-PCB-TEQ (International Toxic Equivalents) da aka taɓa auna, tare da darajar 856 pgTEQ / g kitse.[20]

Gilashin da ke dauke da gubar, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin masu sa ido na kwamfuta (tubes na CRT) ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga matakan gubar ƙasa.

Korle Lagoon, wanda Agbogbloshie yake, yana da ƙananan matakan iskar oxygen, sakamakon yawan adadin sharar gida da masana'antu da aka saki cikin ruwa. Nazarin ya nuna cewa ƙofar tafkin ta gurɓata sosai kuma ba ta dace da hulɗa ta farko ko ta biyu ba, saboda yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke akwai.[21]

An gwada kwai daya daga kaza mai zaman kansa a yankin kuma an gano cewa yana da sau 220 na adadin dioxins na chlorinated (wanda zai iya haifar da ciwon daji da lalata tsarin rigakafi) wanda Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai ta ɗauka lafiya don cinyewa. Saboda haka, kusan mazauna 80,000 da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da ƙauyen Agbogloshie sun shafar guba a cikin abinci.

Hadarin lafiyar ɗan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gudanar da sharar lantarki ya gabatar da mummunar barazana ga ma'aikata a Agbogbloshie. Hayakin da aka saki daga konewar filastik da karafa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan lantarki sun hada da sunadarai masu guba da masu cutar kansa.[6] Ma'aikata galibi suna shan gubar, cadmium, Dioxins, furans, phthalates, da brominated flame retardants.

Rashin gurɓata daga masana'antar e-waste a Agbogbloshie yana da yawa.[6]

Bayyanawa ga waɗannan hayaki yana mai haɗari sosai ga yara, saboda an san guba don hana ci gaban tsarin haifuwa, tsarin juyayi, da kwakwalwa musamman.[6] A cikin irin wannan wuraren sarrafa sharar gida, tare da yanayi da yawan jama'a kamar na Agbogbloshie, kashi 80% na yara suna da matakan gubar haɗari a cikin jini su. Mazauna galibi suna fama da rashin jin daɗi, ciwon kai, matsalolin kirji na numfashi.[22]

An kuma gano manyan matakan guba a cikin ƙasa da samfuran abinci, saboda waɗannan sunadarai suna zaune a cikin jerin abinci.[6]

Akwai shaidar cewa, saboda ba su da mahimman ilimin da ake buƙata, ma'aikatan sharar lantarki ba su da ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin da ke tattare da sarrafa sharar gida na al'ada, kuma wasu suna danganta matsalolin lafiyarsu ga wasu tushe, kamar zazzabin cizon sauro ko fallasa rana.[23]

Tsaro na bayanai

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E-waste yana gabatar da yiwuwar barazanar tsaro ga mutane da ƙasashe masu fitarwa. Hard drives wanda ba a goge shi yadda ya kamata ba kafin a zubar da kwamfuta za a iya sake buɗewa, yana fallasa bayanai masu mahimmanci. Lambobin Katin bashi, bayanan kuɗi masu zaman kansu, bayanan asusun, da bayanan ma'amaloli na kan layi, waɗanda ke da ilimin da ake buƙata na iya samun damar su. Masu aikata laifuka da aka shirya a Ghana galibi suna bincika tafiye-tafiye don samun bayanai don amfani da su a cikin zamba na gida.[2]

An gano kwangilar gwamnati a kan hard drives da aka samu a Agbogbloshie. Yarjejeniyar miliyoyin daloli daga cibiyoyin tsaro na Amurka, irin su Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro (DIA), Hukumar Tsaro ta Sufuri da Tsaro na Gida, duk sun sake fitowa a Agbogbloshie . [2]

Kokarin maidowa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babban yanki mai shara, wanda ya haifar da matsalar tsabtace muhalli, hukumomi sun share shi don gini kuma ana iya ganin hayaki a ƙarshen

Gwamnatin Ghana ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo da yankin ta hanyar "Korle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Project" (KLERP). A shekara ta 2003, Asusun OPEC na Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa, Bankin Larabawa na Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a Afirka, da Asusun Kuwait na Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Larabawa sun ba da rance don aikin, tare da tsammanin cewa gwamnatin Ghana za ta kwashe tafkin kuma ta dawo da kewayenta.[4][5] Sauran manufofi na aikin sun haɗa da rage ambaliyar Ruwa, karuwar rayuwar ruwa, inganta ingancin ruwa, da inganta yanayin tsabta.[24]

Saboda yanayin mamayewar aikin, mazaunan Agbogbloshie sun yi jayayya da waɗannan ƙoƙarin sabuntawa. KLERP ta buƙaci mutane su bar yankin, wanda shine kawai gida ga mafi yawan squatters. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Accra (AMA) ta ci gaba da ƙoƙarin korar mutane, amma sun sadu da juriya mai yawa.[4]

A cikin shekara ta 2014, kungiyar NGO Pure Earth (a hukumance Blacksmith Institute) ta ba da kuɗin kirkirar Cibiyar Recycling Wire a cikin Agbogbloshie, kuma ta taimaka wajen shigar da injuna masu sarrafa kansa da yawa don sauƙaƙa cire murfin filastik da rage konewa.[25] Kokarin ya kasance mai cin nasara, amma konewa ya ci gaba.

Daga 2017, gwamnatin Jamus ta goyi bayan Ghana wajen gabatar da kula da sharar gida mai ɗorewa. Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit ne ya aiwatar da shirin E-waste tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasahar Muhalli ta Ghana (MESTI). A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, an samar da wurin horo, asibitin sabis na kiwon lafiya na Ghana, da filin kwallon kafa.[26]

Bayani a cikin al'adun gargajiya

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  • Bidiyo na hukuma na Placebo na waƙar Talk "Life's What You Make It" ya fara da "Wannan fim ɗin an sadaukar da shi ga ma'aikatan Agbogbloshie", kuma ya ƙare da "Lokacin da ka kawar da wayar salula, kwamfuta da kayan gida, sau da yawa ku tafi tafiya a fadin tekuna zuwa Agbogblossie. Agbogblósie tsohon wuri ne mai laushi, wanda yanzu gida ne ga ɗayan manyan wuraren zubar da kayan lantarki a duniya a ciki. An harbe dukkan bidiyon a shafin a Agbogbloshie .
  • Asirin kisan kai na Children of the Street, na marubucin Ghana Kwei Quartey, an kafa shi ne a Agbogbloshie, kuma yana ambaton masana'antar ceton sharar gida.

Rushewa

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A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2021, Gwamnatin Ghanian ta fara rushewa da share wurin zama na Agbogbloshie da sake amfani.[27]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Boakye, Edna Agnes (2021-05-20). "Relocate to Adjen Kotoku within seven weeks – Onion traders in Accra ordered". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Ghana: Digital Dumping Ground". FRONTLINE/World. PBS. Retrieved 3 January 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "r4" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "World Development Indicators: The information society".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Safo, Amos. "End of the Road for 'Sodom and Gomorrah' Squatters". News From Africa. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "r1" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Afenah, Afia. "(Re)claiming Citizenship Rights in Accra, Ghana". DPH. HIC (Habitat International Coalition). Retrieved 15 March 2011. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "r2" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 "Poisoning the poor - Electronic waste in Ghana". Greenpeace. 5 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "r6" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT [EIA] STUDY FOR THE DREDGING IN THE ODAW BASIN" (PDF). Ministry of Works and Housing: 5. February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named r3
  9. ↑ Lepawsky, John (7 April 2016). "From Statements to Debates II". Reassembling Rubbish. Mapping E-waste as a Controversy. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Amuzu, David (2018-06-03). "Environmental injustice of informal e-waste recycling in Agbogbloshie-Accra: urban political ecology perspective". Local Environment (in Turanci). 23 (6): 603–618. Bibcode:2018LoEnv..23..603A. doi:10.1080/13549839.2018.1456515. ISSN 1354-9839. S2CID 159029205. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named r9
  12. ↑ "Photos of e-waste found on Flickr | transmediale". transmediale.de. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named r5
  14. ↑ "Discarded Electronics Mismanaged within Europe Equals ~10 Times the Volume of E-waste Exported - United Nations University". unu.edu (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  15. ↑ Chasant, Muntaka (2018-12-09). "Video and Photos of Agbogbloshie, Ghana". ATC MASK. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-14.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named r7
  17. ↑ Caravanos, Jack; Clark, Edith; Fuller, Richard; Lambertson, Calah (2011-02-01). "Assessing Worker and Environmental Chemical Exposure Risks at an e-Waste Recycling and Disposal Site in Accra, Ghana". Journal of Health and Pollution. 1 (1): 16–25. doi:10.5696/jhp.v1i1.22. ISSN 2156-9614.
  18. ↑ Aboh, Innocent Joy Kwame; Sampson, Manukure Atiemo; Nyaab, Leticia Abra-Kom; Caravanos, Jack; Ofosu, Francis Gorman; Kuranchie-Mensah, Harriet (2013-06-01). "Assessing Levels of Lead Contamination in Soil and Predicting Pediatric Blood Lead Levels in Tema, Ghana". Journal of Health and Pollution. 3 (5): 7–12. doi:10.5696/2156-9614-3.5.7. ISSN 2156-9614.
  19. ↑ Tue, Nguyen Minh; Goto, Akitoshi; Takahashi, Shin; Itai, Takaaki; Asante, Kwadwo Ansong; Kunisue, Tatsuya; Tanabe, Shinsuke (2016-01-25). "Release of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxin-related compounds to soils from open burning of e-waste in Agbogbloshie (Accra, Ghana)". Journal of Hazardous Materials (in Turanci). 302: 151–157. Bibcode:2016JHzM..302..151T. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.062. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 26474377.
  20. ↑ Petrlik, Jindrich; Bell, Lee; DiGangi, Joe; Allo'o Allo'o, Serge Molly; Kuepouo, Gilbert; Ochola, Griffins Ochieng; Grechko, Valeriya; Jelinek, Nikola; Strakova, Jitka; Skalsky, Martin; Drwiega, Yuyun Ismawati; Hogarh, Jonathan N.; Akortia, Eric; Adu-Kumi, Sam; Teebthaisong, Akarapon (2022-01-01). "Monitoring dioxins and PCBs in eggs as sensitive indicators for environmental pollution and global contaminated sites and recommendations for reducing and controlling releases and exposure". Emerging Contaminants. 8: 254–279. doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2022.05.001. ISSN 2405-6650. S2CID 249113916 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Karikari, A. Y.; Asante, K. A.; Biney, C. A. (2006). "Water quality characteristics at the estuary of Korle Lagoon in Ghana". West African Journal of Applied Ecology. 10 (1). doi:10.4314/wajae.v10i1.45700.
  22. ↑ Caravanos, Jack; Clarke, Edith E.; Osei, Carl S.; Amoyaw-Osei, Yaw (2013-01-01). "Exploratory Health Assessment of Chemical Exposures at E-Waste Recycling and Scrapyard Facility in Ghana". Journal of Health and Pollution. 3 (4): 11–22. doi:10.5696/2156-9614-3.4.11. ISSN 2156-9614.
  23. ↑ Yu, Emily A.; Akormedi, Matthew; Asampong, Emmanuel; Meyer, Christian G.; Fobil, Julius N. (December 2017). "Informal processing of electronic waste at Agbogbloshie, Ghana: workers' knowledge about associated health hazards and alternative livelihoods". Global Health Promotion (in Turanci). 24 (4): 90–98. doi:10.1177/1757975916631523. ISSN 1757-9759. PMID 27271535. S2CID 25362314.
  24. ↑ "Korle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Project". ADK Consortium. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.
  25. ↑ "E-Waste Recycling - Agbogbloshie, Ghana - Pure Earth". Pure Earth (in Turanci). Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  26. ↑ "A glimmer of hope comes to Agbogbloshie". 29 March 2019.
  27. ↑ Chasant, Muntaka. "Agbogbolshie Demolition:The End of An Era or An Injustice". muntaka.com. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
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