Agnes Fay Morgan

Agnes Fay Morgan
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Peoria (mul) , 4 Mayu 1884
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	20 ga Yuli, 1968
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (Ciwon zuciya)
Karatu
Makaranta	UChicago (mul) 1914) Doctor of Philosophy (en) Vassar College (mul)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	chemist (en) da biochemist (en)
Employers	University of California, Berkeley (mul) University of Washington (mul) University of Montana (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Medal na Garvan-Olin  (1949)

Agnes Fay Morgan (Mayu 4, 1884 - Yuli 20, 1968) ta kasance likitan kimiyyar Amurka kuma masaniyar kimiyya. Ta kasance shugabar shirin tattalin arzikin gida na dogon lokaci a Jami'ar California . Shirin ta ya dogara sosai da kimiyya, kuma ana buƙatar ɗaliban da aka shigar da su cikin shirin su sami matakin ilimin kimiyya wanda ba ya dace da shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki na gida a lokacin. Morgan na ɗaya daga cikin farfesa mata na farko da suka yi aure a kwalejin Amurka.

Wani digiri na Jami'ar Chicago, Morgan ya gudanar da gajeren alƙawari na koyarwa a ƙananan makarantu kafin ya sami digiri kuma ya ɗauki matsayi a Berkeley. Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Morgan ya gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci game da abubuwan gina jiki na abinci da kuma biochemistry na bitamin, musamman pantothenic acid (bitamin B₅). Ayyukanta sun danganta da raguwar ƙashi tare da karuwar shekaru da kuma haɗa matakan cholesterol na serum tare da cin kitse na abinci. Ayyukanta sun kuma mayar da hankali kan tasirin ajiya da sarrafa zafi akan dabi'un abinci.

Morgan ta kasance tana da alaƙa da Berkeley sama da shekaru 50, kuma kodayake ta yi ritaya acikin shekara ta 1954, ta kasance mai aiki a fagen ta har zuwa kafin mutuwarta. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Garvan daga American Chemical Society da kuma lambar yabo ta Borden Research daga Gidauniyar Kamfanin Borden . A Berkeley, an sanya wa dakin gwaje-gwaje na abinci mai gina jiki a harabar suna don girmama ta. Iota Sigma Pi, wata kungiya mai daraja ta ilmin sunadarai ta Amurka, ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta Bincike ta Agnes Fay Morgan ga mata masu ban sha'awa a fagen.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Agnes Fay acikin shekara ta 1884 a Peoria, Illinois . Iyayenta sune Patrick Fay da matarsa ta biyu, tsohuwar Mary Dooley . Patrick da Mary Fay sun fito ne daga Galway, Ireland. Ya kasance ma'aikacin hannu sannan kuma mai ginawa. Agnes Fay ita ce ta uku cikin 'ya'ya hudu na iyali. Mai kammala karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Peoria, Fay ta sami cikakken tallafin kwaleji daga mai ba da gudummawa na gida. Ta tafi Kwalejin Vassar na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta koma Jami'ar Chicago.

Fay ta shiga Jami'ar Chicago a matsayin babbar jami'ar kimiyyar lissafi, amma ta canza ta zuwa ilmin sunadarai bayan ta dauki darasi a wannan batun daga Julius Stieglitz . Ya kasance masanin kimiyyar sinadarai mai tasiri wanda ya zama memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa kuma shugaban American Chemical Society . Fay ta kammala digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sunadarai acikin shekra ta 1904 da 1905, bi da bi. Kimanin shekara guda, Fay ya kasance malamin ilmin sunadarai na kwaleji, kodayake akwai tushen rikice-rikice game da sunan kwalejin.

Yayinda yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Montana acikin shekara ta 1907 zuwa cikin shekara ta 08, Fay ta auri Arthur I. Morgan, wanda ya kasance babban dan wasan kwallon kafa a jami'ar. Kodayake Fay ya kasance malamin ilmin sunadarai na Morgan, Morgan ya girme Fay da shekaru hudu, bayan ya shiga Montana bayan aikin soja a Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka. Arthur Morgan ya zama shugaban makarantar yara maza kuma daga baya ya yi aiki ga kamfanin Sperry Flour Company, ya zama mataimakin shugabanta.

Bayan koyarwa a Jami'ar Washington daga cikin shekara ta 1910 zuwa cikin shekara ta 1912, Morgan ya kammala Ph.D. a ilmin sunadarai a Jami'an Chicago a shekara ta 1914. Stieglitz ta kula da rubutun ta. Wataƙila ita ce kawai mace mai aure da ta sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai a cikin 'yan shekarun farko na karni na 20. Ba a maraba da mata masu aure a jami'o'in jami'a ba (ana sa ran farfesa mata su yi murabus lokacin da suka yi aure), amma Stieglitz ya amince da rubuta wasikar shawarwari ga Morgan don matsayi a Jami'ar Illinois. Stieglitz ya lura a cikin wasikar cewa jami'ar ya kamata ta yi watsi da matsayin auren Morgan saboda mijinta ba shi da lafiya a lokacin.

Ayyuka a Berkeley

Shekaru na farko

Ba a san ko Jami'ar Illinois ta ba da tayin ga Morgan ba, amma a kowane hali, ta yi hira da ita don matsayi a Berkeley a Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Gida. Tana da hira da aka shirya tare da shugaban kwalejin, amma ya aika da matarsa da 'yarsa matashiya don gudanar da shi. Ta yarda da matsayin, wanda ya biya $ 1,800; an biya ma'aikatan ma'aikata maza a jami'ar $ 2,400 tare da digiri da $ 1,800 ba tare da daya ba. Lokacin da Morgan ta isa Berkeley, ta gano cewa dole ne ta koyar da darussan Abinci mai gina jiki da kuma abinci mai ginaɗi. Duk da asalin ilimin sunadarai, ta bayyana ilimin abinci a matsayin "batun da ban sani ba kuma babu wanda ya san abubuwa da yawa a wannan lokacin. " Ta ce dole ne ta bincika tsarin karatun "yawanci daga mujallu na likitancin Jamus. "

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Morgan ta bayyana shi ne ya jagoranci shirin bincike a cikin ayyukan gida; ba ta so ta koyar da ka'idodin tattalin arzikin gida na gargajiya idan kimiyya ba za ta iya tallafa musu ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar ɗalibanta su mallaki asalin kimiyya wanda ya fi tsananin fiye da sauran shirye-shiryen tattalin arzikin gida na Amurka, da kuma cewa masu karatun ta sun sami kansu a shirye don rawar da ba a bude wa masu karatun tattalin arzikin gargajiya ba, kamar kula da abinci mai gina jiki na asibiti da koyarwa a cikin kimiyyar asali.

Ko da a tsakanin mata a cikin ilimi, Morgan ba ta da kyau saboda ta fito ne daga dangin baƙi masu matsakaicin arziki. A hanyoyi da yawa, Morgan ma ba shi da kyau a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na gida. Ba ta son dafa abinci da tsabtace gida, kuma an bayyana salon tufafinta a matsayin "dowdy" na shekaru ashirin na farko na lokacinta a Berkeley. Tun da mata ba za su iya samun dama ga yawancin sassan Berkeley Faculty Club na yanzu ba, Morgan ta taimaka wajen kafa Kungiyar Mata a harabar. An yi amfani da shi azaman wurin taro don abincin rana da abincin dare da kuma wurin zama ga membobin ƙungiyar mata da baƙi na harabar.

Ma'aikatar Morgan koyaushe tana fuskantar gwagwarmayar kudi a wani zamani kafin a sami kudaden bincike na tarayya da yawa. Don tara kudade, Morgan ya ba da darussan ilimi na abinci ga malamai, ma'aikatan jinya da sauran mahalarta, amma waɗannan azuzuwan sun raunana matsayin sashen a cikin makarantar, yayin da jami'an jami'a suka kalli horo a matsayin sana'a kuma suka yi la'akari da shi a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin jami'ar. Saboda wannan, an hana Morgan karɓar tallafin masana'antu don bincike kuma jami'ar ta ba ta ɗan sarari kaɗan don gudanar da aikin bincikenta. Ƙara ga wahalar halin da ake ciki shine gaskiyar cewa jami'an jami'a a baya sun soki Morgan don kiyaye ka'idodin ilimi waɗanda suka yi yawa ga shirin tattalin arzikin gida.

Batun bayar da horo na sana'a ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban ƙalubale ga Morgan a cikin 'yan shekarun farko a jami'ar. Saboda matsayin makarantar a matsayin jami'a mai ba da ƙasa, ana buƙatar shirin ya bi umarnin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar California don samar da masu digiri da aka horar a matsayin malamai, ƙwararrun masu fadada aikin gona da masu kula da abinci. Koyaya, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, shugaban jami'ar a farkon karni na 20, ya ga waɗancan fannoni a matsayin sana'a, kuma ya ƙarfafa Morgan ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan kimiyya.

Jagorancin sashen, uwaye da kuma aiki daga baya

Daga cikin shekara ta 1916 har zuwa ritaya a shekara ta 1954, Morgan ta kasance shugabar sashen ko co-shugaba. Da farko, jagorancin Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Gida ya rabu tsakanin Morgan (a matsayin shugaban sashen kimiyyar gida) da Mary Patterson (a matsayin shugabar sashen zane-zane na gida). Morgan ba ta son raba sashen tare da Patterson, wanda ke da asali a cikin zane-zane kuma ba shi da sha'awar kimiyya. A shekara ta 1920, shugaban Berkeley David Prescott Barrows ya amince da bukatar Morgan na raba bangarorin biyu zuwa sassan daban-daban tunda suna da tsarin karatu daban-daban, falsafar da baiwa, kuma Morgan ya zama shugaban Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Gida.

Morgan ta jira har sai matsayinta na ilimi ya kasance mai aminci kafin ta yi ciki. Ta haifi ɗa a 1923, a wannan shekarar da ta zama cikakken farfesa. Abokan aiki sun yi mamakin lokacin da ta haifi jariri, saboda ba ta ambaci cewa tana da ciki ba kuma ta ɓoye shaidar jiki game da ciki tare da dogon jaket din dakin gwaje-gwaje. Morgan ta tuna da abin da wani abokin aiki namiji ya yi lokacin da ta gaya masa labarin; ya ce idan tana da 'ya'ya biyar kamar yadda ya yi, da wuya ta lura da sabon jaririn. Mahaifiyar Morgan ta koma tare da ita kuma ta kula da jaririn don Morgan ya iya aiki ba tare da katsewa ba.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1920, Morgan ya ga bukatar samun digiri na biyu a fannin abinci mai gina jiki. Ta ce ba za a yaba wa masu ilimin abinci ba a cikin fannin kiwon lafiya ba tare da tushe mai karfi a kimiyya da kuma ikon aiwatar da binciken binciken masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Da yake so ya kafa tsarin abinci a matsayin sana'a maimakon masana'antar sabis, Morgan ya jaddada "rarrabawar likitan abinci zuwa ƙarshen teburin asibiti, kuma daga ma'aikacin jinya. " Wannan sanarwa kanta ba ta da tasiri sosai a lokacin, duk da haka, yayin da tsarin abinci ya kasance da damuwa da al'amuran ciyar da mutane a asibiti.

A matsayinsa na shugaban sashen, an san Morgan a matsayin jagora mai tsananin gaske. Kodayake ta janyo hankalin manyan malamai, mutane da yawa a cikin tattalin arzikin gida sun kalli Morgan da tsoro. Wasu ma'aikatan ma'aikata sun ji cewa Morgan koyaushe tana tunanin tana da gaskiya. Ruth Okey, ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Morgan, ya ce,

"Some of her staff learned to suggest a change indirectly in such a way that Dr. Morgan was convinced that the idea was her own, otherwise her response was likely to be, 'Nonsense!' This characteristic was responsible for the brief stays of several very able staff appointees."

Bincike da rubuce-rubuce

Wasu daga cikin manyan binciken kimiyya da suka fito daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Morgan sun shafi ilimin halittu na bitamin da darajar abinci mai gina jiki. Ta zama sananniya saboda aikinta na nazarin tasirin pantothenic acid (vitamin B₅) akan aikin adrenal gland. A cikin aikin bincikenta na farko, Morgan ta bincika abinci da aka sarrafa kuma ta bayyana abubuwan da ke cikin bitamin. Ita ce ta farko da ta tabbatar da cewa mai kiyayewa, sulfur dioxide, ya kare Bitamin C amma ya lalata thiamine.

A cikin 1938, an tura Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki a ƙarƙashin Kwalejin Aikin Gona, kuma duk membobin ƙungiyar sun zama masu alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Goma ta California. A ƙarshen aikinta, ta shiga cikin aikin Gidan Gwaji na Aikin Gona wanda ke nazarin abinci mai gina jiki tsakanin tsofaffi a San Mateo County. Wannan aikin ya samar da muhimman ra'ayoyi guda biyu: cewa yawan kasusuwa ya fara raguwa a cikin mata tsakanin shekaru 50 zuwa 65, kuma cewa cin kitse na abinci ya haifar da karuwar cholesterol.

A wani daga cikin karatunta, Morgan ta yi aiki tare da mai kiwon kyarkeci don nazarin tasirin abincin da ke dauke da ƙananan bitamin B na yau da kullun. ƙungiyar magani (kwararrun da aka ƙuntata bitamin) sun haɓaka kyakkyawan, launin toka mai launin toka wanda yayi kama da gashin da aka saba da shi na kwararrun azurfa. Morgan ya gano cewa foxes tare da cin abinci na yau da kullun na bitamin B suna da fata mai haske. Bayan gwaje-gwajen, an yi sata daga gashi daga duka kungiyoyin magani da sarrafawa. Morgan ta sa sata a kalla muhimman lokuta biyu - gabatarwar bayanan binciken a 1939 da kuma bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Garvan shekaru goma bayan haka.

Wani lokaci ana neman Morgan don bincika matsalolin jama'a a madadin gwamnatocin tarayya ko jihohi. Ta bincika ingancin abinci a gidan yarin San Quentin a 1939, kuma a cikin shekarun 1940 ta kasance shugabar kafa kwamitin yaki na abinci mai gina jiki na California kuma ta yi aiki a Ofishin Binciken Kimiyya da Ci Gaban. A cikin 1960, Morgan ya kasance memba na kwamitin da ke kallon guba na magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona. Ta rubuta littafi mai suna, Experimental Food Study, tare da Irene Sanborn Hall, kuma ta rubuta cikakkun tarihin al'ummomin girmamawa na Alpha Nu da Iota Sigma Pi.

Rayuwa da gado na baya

Baya ga lashe lambar yabo ta Garvan a 1949, wanda aka ba wa mata masu ban sha'awa a cikin ilmin sunadarai ta American Chemical Society, Garvan ta zama farfesa mace ta farko mai suna Faculty Research Lecturer a Berkeley a 1951; abokan aikinta na Berkeley ne suka zaɓi Morgan don girmamawa. A shekara ta 1954, Morgan da mai bincike na Jami'ar Jihar Wayne Arthur H. Smith sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwar Borden Research Award daga Gidauniyar Kamfanin Borden .

Kodayake ta yi ritaya a hukumance a shekara ta 1954, Morgan ta ci gaba da zuwa ofishin kusan sauran rayuwarta. Bayan da Morgan ya yi ritaya, Jami'ar California System ta yanke shawarar bayar da tattalin arzikin gida kawai a makarantun Davis da Santa Barbara, kuma an ci gaba da shirin abinci mai gina jiki a Berkeley. An buga takardunta arba'in bayan ranar da ta yi ritaya. Bayan ciwon zuciya a farkon Yuli 1968, Morgan ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Yuli. A lokacin mutuwarta, har yanzu tana jagorantar kwamitin zaɓe na sabbin 'yan uwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Abinci ta Amurka.

A cikin shekarun 1960, an sake sunan dakin gwaje-gwaje na abinci mai gina jiki a Berkeley Agnes Fay Morgan Hall. Kungiyar girmamawa ta Iota Sigma Pi ta ba da lambar yabo ta Agnes Fay Morgan Research don sanin mata da ke ba da gudummawa mai ban mamaki ga fagen. Morgan ta kasance memba mai kafa kungiyar kuma ta yi aiki a kungiyar ta kasa a matsayin masanin tarihi na dindindin na shekaru da yawa.

Bayani na kasa

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