Ahhotep I
 Ahhotep I | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
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| Rayuwa | |||||
| Haihuwa | 1560 "BCE" | ||||
| ƙasa | Tsohuwar Masar | ||||
| Mutuwa | Thebes, Egypt, 1530 "BCE" | ||||
| Makwanci |
Dra' Abu el-Naga (en)  | ||||
| Ƴan uwa | |||||
| Mahaifi | Senakhtenre Ahmose | ||||
| Mahaifiya | Tetisheri | ||||
| Abokiyar zama |
Seqenenre Tao (en) | ||||
| Yara |
view
| ||||
| Ahali |
Ahmose Inhapy (en) , Seqenenre Tao (en) da Sitdjehuti (en) | ||||
| Yare |
Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt (en) | ||||
| Sana'a | |||||
| Sana'a | ɗan siyasa | ||||
Ahhotep I ( Ancient Egyptian , A madadin Anglicized Ahhotpe ko Aahhotep, " Iah (wata) ya gamsu") tsohuwar sarauniya ce ta Masar wacce ta rayu c. 1560–1530 BCE, a lokacin ƙarshen daular sha bakwai da farkon daular sha takwas ta Masar . Lakabin ta sun hada da 'yar Sarki, 'Yar'uwar Sarki, Babbar Mata (Royal), wacce ke hade da Farin Sarauta, da Uwar Sarki. Ita ce 'yar Sarauniya Tetisheri da Fir'auna Senakhtenre Ahmose, kuma mai yiwuwa ita ce 'yar'uwar, da kuma uwargidan sarauniya, na Fir'auna Seqenenre Tao .
Ahhotep Na yi rayuwa mai tsawo da tasiri, kuma an yi imani cewa na yi mulki a matsayin ɗanta ɗan ƙaramin Ahmose I, har ya isa ya yi mulki. Wani stela da aka samu a Karnak ya yaba da iyawar Ahhotep a matsayin jagora, da kuma al'adun Amenhotep na ci gaba da tunawa da Ahhotep bayan mutuwarta, har zuwa akalla daular Ashirin da daya .
Yayin da karni na 19 aka gano akwatunan gawa guda biyu a Masar ya tayar da muhawara game da ainihin Ahhotep da wurin binne na gaskiya - wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 21 - a hankali masana sun kara yarda da cewa akwatin gawa da aka samu a Deir el-Bahari, a wani lokaci aka sake amfani da shi don binne babban firist, mai yiwuwa na Ahhotep I ne na farko.
Iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ahhotep I 'yar Sarauniya Tetisheri ce da Fir'auna Senakhtenre Ahmose . [2] Ita ce matar sarauta ta sarki Seqenenre Tao na daular goma sha bakwai, ita ma an yi imanin ɗan'uwanta ne. : 124
Ahhotep ita ce mahaifiyar Fir'auna Ahmose I. Ba a san ainihin dangantakarta da Fir'auna Kamose ba, amma watakila ya kasance surukinta (dan'uwan Seqenenre Tao) ko danta. Sauran yaran Ahhotep sun hada da Gimbiya Ahmose-Nebetta, Princess Ahmose-Tumerisy, : 142-143 da kuma daga baya Sarauniya Ahmose-Nefertari, wadda ta auri wanta, Ahmose I. [3] : 124 Yayin da Yarima Ahmose Sapair, Yarima Binpu, da Gimbiya Ahmose-Henutemipet na iya kasancewa 'ya'yan Ahhotep, haihuwarsu ba ta da tabbas. [3] : 126
Rayuwa
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A farkon mulkin Fir'auna Seqenenre Tao, Hyksos sun mallaki sassan arewaci da tsakiyar Masar kusan karni guda. Tare da goyon bayan dangi, gami da Ahhotep I, Seqenenre Tao ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja don dawo da iko. Ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a yakin, kuma Fir'auna Kamose ya gaje shi a takaice, wanda ya ci gaba da jagorantar yakin da ake yi da Hyksos. Kamose ya mutu a yaƙi bayan shekaru uku, ya bar ɗan ƙaramin Sarauniya Ahhotep, Ahmose I, a matsayin magajin sarauta. [4]
Masana sun yi imanin cewa Ahhotep ya ɗauki nauyin mulki a matsayin mai mulki ga ɗanta har sai ya isa ya yi mulki. [4] Wani stela da aka samu a Karnak daga zamanin Ahmose I yana da wani sashe da ya bayyana Ahhotep I yana mulkin Masar kuma yana haɗa mutanenta, halayen da aka keɓe don sarakuna. : 135 Ana iya fassara yabon stela na Ahhotep kamar haka: [5] : 366-367
Ku yi murna ga uwargijiyar ƙasa, mai mulkin bakin kogin Hau-nebu, mai suna a kowace ƙasa, mai aikata abin da jama'a ke so. Matar Sarki, 'Yar Uwar Sarki, Rayuwa- Wadata-lafiya, 'Yar Sarki da Uwar Sarki Agusta, wanda ya san al'amura, kuma ya taimaki Masar; ta hada ajin jami'inta; kuma ta kiyaye shi; ta mayar da masu bijirewarta, kuma ta tara masu sava mata; ta sasanta Babban Masar kuma ta kashe 'yan tawayenta, Matar Sarki, Ahhotep, tana raye.
Bisa wani ɗan lokaci bisa nassin stela, masana sun yi hasashen cewa Ahhotep ta ba da umurni ga sojojin Masar, wataƙila sa’ad da ɗanta yake matashi ko kuma sa’ad da yake ƙasar waje sa’ad da yake balagagge. [6] A cikin nazarin harshe na stela, Taneash Sidpura ya nuna cewa kalmomin ba dole ba ne ya nuna jagorancin soja na kai tsaye ba amma ya bayyana a fili cewa Ahhotep an dauki shi a matsayin shugaba mai tasiri wanda iliminsa da iyawarsa ya taimaka wajen hada kan mutanenta. : 98-99
Wataƙila tasirin sarautar Ahhotep ya ci gaba ta wata hanya a duk lokacin sarautar ɗanta da zarar ya girma—kuma wataƙila ya wuce. Ta hanyar nazarin jami'an Masarautar Masar daga farkon daular ta goma sha takwas, Beatriz Noria Serrano ya lura cewa jami'an sun danganta da Ahhotep I (misali, ta hanyar lakabi, rubuce-rubuce, da kayan tarihi) gabaɗaya suna gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa na farar hula, kamar "mai kula da gidan zinare biyu", "mai kula da gidan sarauta biyu na (matar sarki ko matar sarki Ahhotni) mahaifiyar sarki". [7] : 108 Akasin haka, jami'ai da ke da alaƙa da Ahmose I gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da gudanar da kan iyaka ko kuma bautar gunkin Amun . Noria Serrano ya nuna cewa wannan na iya nuna ci gaba da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Ahhotep I da danta: Ahhotep na iya gudanar da harkokin mulki na fadar da babban birnin Thebes, tare da sauran harkokin cikin gida, yayin da Ahmose na mayar da hankali ga al'amurran da suka shafi gudanar da iyaka da kuma karfafa ikon sarauta a kasashen waje. Jami'an gudanarwa na farar hula kawai sun sake nuna alamun alaƙa da sarki a lokacin mulkin Thutmose I, [7] : 108 wanda ya hau mulki bayan sarautar Ahmose I da ɗansa Amenhotep na ƙare.
Ko da yake ainihin kwanakin ba su da tabbas, malamai gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa Ahhotep I na da tsayi mai tsayi, bayan danta Ahmose I. An ambaci Ahhotep akan Kares stela (CG 34003), wanda ya kai shekara goma na mulkin jikanta Amenhotep I, da mai kula da ita Iuf kuma ya ambace ta a kan stela (CG 3400). Iuf yana nufin Ahhotep a matsayin mahaifiyar Ahmose I, kuma daga baya zai zama ma'aikacin Sarauniya Ahmose, matar Thutmose I. Wannan yana nuna Ahhotep na iya mutuwa a cikin shekaru masu kyau a lokacin mulkin Thutmose I.
Al'adar Amenhotep Na ci gaba da tunawa da Ahhotep bayan mutuwarta, har zuwa akalla daular Ashirin da daya, kuma an sami hotonta a cikin kaburburan Sabuwar Mulki da yawa inda masu kabari suka haɗa ta a cikin jerin sunayen kakanni masu daraja. : 97
Muhawara kan Ahhoteps daban-daban
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwatunan gawa biyu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1859, wata tawagar ma'aikatan Masar da ke aiki da Masanin Masarautar Faransa Auguste Mariette sun gano akwatin gawa a wani wurin tono a Dra' Abu el-Naga' . An gano akwatin gawar na wata sarauniya ce mai suna Ahhotep kuma an yi mata lakabi da "Great Royal Wife" da "Wata wacce ke hade da Farin Sarauta". Yayin da akwatin gawar ke dauke da wata mummy da aka fara ganowa, ba da jimawa ba aka lalata gawar da kuma bandeji, inda aka bar wasu ‘yan tsiraru da ke tabbatar da ainihin mazaunin akwatin. : 131-134
A cikin 1881, wata ƙungiya ta daban a Deir el-Bahari a cikin Royal Cache ta sake gano wani akwatin gawa, wannan kuma na wata sarauniya mai suna Ahhotep. Wannan akwatin gawar yana da tsayin dakakken jerin sunayen sarauta da aka rubuta, gami da kari na "'yar Sarki", "Yar'uwar Sarki", da "Mahaifiyar Sarki", amma ba ta ƙunshi gawar wani mutum mai suna Ahhotep ba. Maimakon haka, da alama an sake amfani da wannan akwatin gawar don binne wani babban limamin Theban mai suna Pinedjem I. : 134-135 Gano wannan akwatin gawa na biyu ya haifar da sababbin tambayoyi game da ainihin Ahhotep daga shafin Dra' Abu el-Naga', wanda ya haifar da muhawarar masana game da adadin ainihin adadin sarakunan Masar mai suna Ahhotep. [1]
Theories kusa da ainihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farko, malamai sun ɗauka sunan Ahhotep da irin wannan lakabi da aka rubuta a kan akwatunan yana nufin cewa duka tasoshin mai yiwuwa na Sarauniya Ahhotep ɗaya ne: watakila akwatin gawar a Deir el-Bahari an tsara shi ne don ya ƙunshi wanda ke Dra' Abu el-Naga', kuma akwatunan sun rabu. Koyaya, girman akwatunan bai goyi bayan wannan yanayin ba. : 135 Domin an sami akwatin gawar a Dra' Abu el-Naga' da aka binne tare da abubuwan da aka rubuta tare da sunayen fir'auna Kamose da Ahmose I, an kuma ba da shawarar cewa Dra' Abu el-Naga' Ahhotep na iya zama mahaifiyar Ahmose (kuma watakila matar Kamose ko Fir'auna Seqenenre Tao). Siffofin wannan ka'idar sun shahara tsakanin masu bincike har zuwa farkon karni na 20. [8] : 134, 135
Duk da haka, tun daga shekarun 1960, masana sun fara ba da mahimmanci ga lakabin sarauta na "Uwar Sarki", wanda ya bayyana kawai a kan akwatin gawar Deir el-Bahari. Rashin wannan lakabin da ba a bayyana ba daga binne a Dra' Abu el-Naga' yana nufin cewa akwai yiwuwar akwatunan biyu na wasu sarauniya biyu ne mai suna Ahhotep. Saboda haka, "Uwar Sarki" a Deir el-Bahari ta zama mafi alaƙa da Sarauniya Ahhotep I, mahaifiyar Fir'auna Ahmose I, : 135-136 yayin da "Babban Matar Sarauta" a Dra' Abu el-Naga', wanda da alama ba shi da ɗa, ɗan'uwa, ko uba wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki, an gabatar da shi a matsayin Sarauniya Ahhotep ta biyu, wanda asalinsa da sanya shi a cikin bishiyoyin dangin sarauta har yanzu yana cikin hasashe da yawa. [8] : 146-148 Ahhotep II yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sarauniya da aka gano daga akwatin gawar da aka samu a Dra' Abu el-Naga' kuma, saboda haka, watakila matar Kamose. Ba a sake la'akari da cewa akwai wata sarauniya da ake kira Ahhotep III.
Masu bincike a cikin 20th da 21st ƙarni sun ci gaba da bincika ka'idar Ahhotep guda ɗaya, [10] ko da yake masanin kimiyya Marilina Betrò ya nuna cewa waɗannan fassarori na shaidun da ke samuwa "sun gabatar da matsaloli fiye da yadda suke warwarewa." : 137 Sauran malaman sun ba da wasu gyare-gyare na sake ginawa waɗanda ke jayayya don kasancewar aƙalla Ahhoteps uku, [12] tare da umarni na lokaci-lokaci da lambobi suna canzawa dangane da fassarori. [8] : 139
Kabarin Deir el-Bahari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwatin Ahhotep I, wanda aka samo a Royal Cache (TT320) a Deir el-Bahari, an yi shi da katako da katako . : 135 Yana ba da misali na farko na " rishi-tsari " don akwatunan Masarawa (kamar gashin fuka-fuki da ke bayyana a cikin jiki), kuma yana nuna kamanceceniya da yawa ga akwatin gawar 'yar Ahhotep Ahmose-Nefertari. : 366 Nau'in alamar jinjirin wata da aka samu a cikin rubuce-rubucensa ya sa mai yiwuwa an rubuta akwatin gawar ga Ahhotep bayan mulkin Ahmose I, lokacin da alamar ta sami canji a al'ada. [8] : 139
Masanin kimiyya Ann Macy Roth ta bayyana cewa fuskar da aka sassaƙa a jikin akwatin gawar Ahhotep ta yi kama da na Ahmose da ke jikin akwatin gawar ... ko da yake haƙarsa tana da faɗi sosai, kuma idanuwanta da ɓangarorinta sun yi kama da waɗanda ke kan akwatin gawar Ahmes-Nefertari. : 366
A wani lokaci, an sake amfani da akwatin gawar Ahhotep I don binne babban firist Pinudjem I a Deir el-Bahari. (pp134–135)Babu wani kayan aikin jana'iza na Ahhotep I da aka samu tare da wannan akwatin gawar, kuma tambayar ko ainihin wurin binne ta ya kasance a Deir el-Bahari ko kuma a wani wuri. [13] : 101
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sidpura, Taneash (2016). Gregory, Steven R. W. (ed.). "Where is my Mummy…Who is my Mummy? A Re-Evaluation of the Dra Abu-el Naga Coffin of Queen Ahhotep (CG 28501) with Queen Satkamose'" (PDF). Proceedings of the Second Birmingham Egyptology Symposium. 2: 21–46.
- ↑ Due to a prior belief that there were two pharaohs with the same name of Seqenenre Tao, many scholarly sources name Ahhotep's father as Seqenenre Tao I and her husband as Seqenenre Tao II – but there is now wider recognition that the pharaoh considered to be Seqenenre Tao I was actually named Senakhtenre Ahmose.[1](p27)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 "How the Rebel Queens of Egypt Expelled the Hyksos". National Geographic (in Turanci). 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:4 - ↑ Carney, Elizabeth D. (2001). "Women and Military Leadership in Pharaonic Egypt". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 42 (1): 25–41.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:6 - ↑ For examples, see discussions by Eaton-Krauss[9] and Sidpura.[5]
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAMR - ↑ For example, see discussion by Ann Macy Roth.[11]
- ↑ Jánosi, Peter (1992). "The Queens Ahhotep I & II and Egypt's Foreign Relations" (PDF). Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum. 5: 99–105.[permanent dead link]