Aiki na waje
 Aiki na waje |
|---|
Wani aiki na waje a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa shine aikin tilasta doka ko aikin soja wanda ke faruwa a wajen yanki ko ikon jihar wanda dakarunta ke gudanar da aikin, gabaɗaya a cikin yankin wata ƙasa mai iko. A karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa, gaba daya wadannan ayyuka suna da matukar takaitawa, kuma ana daukarsu a matsayin cin zarafin wata kasa idan wata kasa ta shiga aikin tabbatar da doka ko soja a wata kasa ba tare da samun amincewar wannan jiha ba.[1]
Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na farko kuma na farko da dokokin kasa da kasa suka sanya wa wata kasa shi ne – kasa kasancewar wani ka’ida mai halatta sabanin haka – ba za ta iya yin amfani da karfinta ta kowace hanya a yankin wata kasa ba.
- Kotun Dindindin na Adalci ta Duniya, 1923[2]
Tabbatar da doka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aikin ‘yan sanda na laifuffukan kasa da kasa da na kasa da kasa kalubale ne ga hukumomin tabbatar da doka da oda na jihohi, saboda hukunce-hukuncen ya takaita shiga tsakani kai tsaye da hukumomin wata jiha za su iya shiga cikin hurumin wata jiha bisa ka’ida, har ma da aiwatar da doka kamar kamawa da tsarewa “kwatankwacin sacewa” idan aka aiwatar da shi ba bisa ka’ida ba.[3] Waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyukan tilasta bin doka ya sa a maimakon haka sun ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin tilasta bin doka na ƙasashe masu iko, kafa hukumomin ƙasa kamar su Interpol don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa, da kuma sanya ƙarin wajibai a cikin ƙasa kamar su autdere aut judicare ("ƙaddara ko gabatar da shari'a") don tilasta gurfanar da wasu laifuffukan farar hula, gami da ɗaukar wasu laifuka na farar hula. da aka yi garkuwa da farar hula, da sauran ayyukan ta'addanci, da kuma laifukan da ake yi wa jami'an diflomasiyya da sauran "masu kariya ta duniya".[4]
Ayyukan soja
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayin da ayyukan tilasta bin doka ke da matuƙar ƙuntatawa kuma ƙarƙashin amincewar jihar 'mai masaukin baki', ayyukan soja na tsaka-tsaki na gargajiya suna ɗaukar wani mataki na aiki na waje. Kamar yadda Stigall ya nuna, asali a cikin yakin 'adal' (jus ad bellum) shine tsammanin cewa wata jiha na iya yin aikin soja a kan, da kuma cikin iyakokin, na wata jiha; Dokokin rikice-rikicen makami "[presuppose] extraterritoritoriality" Don haka, “[i] idan yanayi ya kasance na amfani da karfi na halal a karkashin jus ad bellum, to matukar wata kasa ta bi ka’idojin da aka bayyana a jus in bello [dokar yaki], to ana daukar matakin da jihar ta dauka na halal ne.[5]
"Ba a so ko ba za a iya ba"
Matsalolin da ke tattare da halaccin ayyukan wasu yankuna na tasowa, a cewar Stigall, lokacin da wata jiha ke gudanar da ayyukan soji a kan wadanda ba na gwamnati ba a cikin jihar "wanda ba ya cikin rikici". Ko da yake wasu masu sharhi suna ba da shawarar cewa an halatta amfani da karfi a wasu daga cikin waɗannan lokuta, tare da sharhin Deeks game da 'Gwajin da ba a so ko Ƙarfafawa' yana ambaton majiyoyin da ke ba da shawarar cewa "dokar rashin daidaituwa ta ba da damar yin amfani da karfi a kan yankin tsaka-tsakin yanayi idan kasa mai tsaka-tsaki ta kasa ko ba ta son hana cin zarafi na tsaka-tsakinta ta hanyar wani mahaluki", wannan ra'ayi ba shi da tushe ga duniya. Hare-haren wuce gona da iri yana da iyaka”.[6]
Dokar kare hakkin bil'adama da kare hakkin bil'adama
Ga Majalisar Turai, mahimman ka'idoji na ikon dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam an shimfiɗa su a cikin Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam (ECHR), tare da yarjejeniyar da aka yi amfani da ita don haɓakawa da ƙarfafa ƙarin takamaiman takamaiman dokar jin kai. Samfurin ikon 'isasshen iko' na Beljiyam tare da tsarin shari'a na sirri", da Al-Jedda v United Kingdom "sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita ma'aunin 'madaidaicin iko da iko'… tare da ma'aunin' ingantacciyar sarrafa aiki' wanda Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi.[7]