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Aikin Condor

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Infotaula d'esdevenimentAikin Condor

Iri Matsalar siyasa
Kwanan watan 25 Nuwamba, 1975 –  1989
Ƙasa Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Bolibiya da Tarayyar Amurka

Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor; Portuguese: Operação Condor) wani kamfen ne na cin zarafin siyasa ta hannun jari na mulkin kama karya na Kudancin Kudancin Amurka ta Kudu, [1] [2] wanda ya shafi Ayyukan leken asiri, juyin mulki, da kisan gillar masu goyon bayan hagu a Kudancin Amirka wanda ya wanzu daga 1975 zuwa 1983.[3][4] An kirkiro Condor a hukumance a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1975, lokacin da shugaban leken asiri na Chilean Augusto Pinochet, Manuel Contreras, ya gayyaci jami'an leken asiri 50 daga Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, da Uruguay zuwa Kwalejin Yakin Sojoji a Santiago, Chile.[5] Amurka ce ta goyi bayan su, wacce ta hada kai kuma ta ba da kuɗin ayyukan ɓoye.[6][7][8][9] An zargi Faransa da hada kai amma ta musanta shiga.[10] Aikin ya ƙare tare da faduwar Junta ta Argentina a 1983. [3]

Saboda yanayin ɓoye-ɓoye, ainihin adadin mutuwar da ke tattare da Operation Condor yana da rikici sosai. Wasu kimantawa sun kasance cewa aƙalla mutuwar 60,000 za a iya danganta su ga Condor, tare da har zuwa 9,000 daga cikin waɗannan a Argentina. Wannan hadin gwiwar ya yi mummunar tasiri ga ƙasashe kamar Argentina, inda Condor ya kara tsananta tashin hankali na siyasa da ke akwai kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga "Dirty War" na ƙasar wanda ya bar kimanin mutane 30,000 sun mutu ko sun ɓace.[11][12] Wasu sun kiyasta adadin ya kai 50,000 da aka kashe, 30,000 sun ɓace, kuma 400,000 sun ɗaure.[13][14][15] Kwamitin bincike, wanda ya dogara da Tarihin Ta'addanci, a tsakanin sauran tushe, ya ba da izinin gano wadanda aka kashe 20,090 daga mulkin Stroessner na Paraguay kadai, ciki har da 59 wadanda aka kashe ba tare da shari'a ba da kuma 336 wadanda suka ɓace da karfi.[16] Dangane da bayanan da Francesca Lessa na Jami'ar Oxford ta yi, an gano akalla shari'o'i 805 na keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasashen duniya sakamakon Operation Condor, gami da shari'oʼi 382 na tsare-tsare da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma kisan kai 367 da bacewar.[17] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Amurka J. Patrice McSherry ya kiyasta tsakanin 400 da 500 da aka kashe a ayyukan kan iyaka. [18][19] Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa daga cikin wadanda "sun tafi gudun hijira" kuma "an sace su, an azabtar da su kuma an kashe su a cikin kasashe masu kawance ko kuma an tura su zuwa kasashensu ba bisa ka'ida ba don a kashe su ... daruruwan, ko dubban, na irin waɗannan mutane - har yanzu ba a ƙaddara adadin ba - an sace su, aka azabtar da kuma an kashe a cikin ayyukan Condor. "[20]

Tarihin da ya gabata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Operation Condor, wanda ya faru a cikin yanayin Yaƙin Cold, yana da amincewa da goyon baya na Amurka. A cikin 1968, Janar na Amurka Robert W. Porter Jr. ya bayyana cewa: 

to facilitate the coordinated employment of internal security forces within and among Latin American countries, we are ... endeavoring to foster inter-service and regional cooperation by assisting in the organization of integrated command and control centers; the establishment of common operating procedures; and the conduct of joint and combined training exercises.[21]


Membobin Condor sun daidaita ayyukansu tare da juna, sun kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta musamman don sadarwa, kuma sun gina nau'ikan horo daban-daban. Wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da yakin basasa.[22]

An haɓaka shirin ne bayan jerin juyin mulki soja a Kudancin Amurka:

Jaridar Amurka A. J. Langguth ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi na 1978 cewa shirya tarurruka na farko tsakanin jami'an tsaro na Argentina da Uruguay, game da kallon (da kuma bacewar ko kisan kai) na 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa a waɗannan ƙasashe, ana iya danganta su da daidaitawa ta CIA, kuma CIA ta yi aiki a matsayin matsakaici a tarurruka tsakanin' yan wasan kisan Argentina, Brazil, da Uruguay.

Tarihin Tsaro na Kasa ya ruwaito, "An kafa shi da mulkin Pinochet a watan Nuwamba 1975, Operation Condor shine sunan sirri na hadin gwiwar Kudancin Kudancin wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan leken asiri na kasa da kasa, satar mutane, azabtarwa, bacewar da kisan kai, bisa ga shaidar bayanan Tarihin Tsaron Kasa daga Amurka, Paraguay, Argentina, da fayilolin Chilean". [23] A karkashin wannan aikin lambar, an kashe mutane da yawa. Kamar yadda rahoton ya bayyana, "Manyan wadanda Condor ya shafa sun hada da tsoffin 'yan majalisa biyu na Uruguay da tsohon shugaban Bolivia, Juan José Torres, wanda aka kashe a Buenos Aires, tsohon Ministan Cikin Gida na Chile, Bernardo Leighton, da kuma tsohon jakadan Chile Orlando Letelier da abokin aikinsa na Amurka mai shekaru 26, Ronni Moffitt, wanda bam din mota ya kashe a cikin garin Washington DC"[24]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin kai tsakanin ayyukan tsaro daban-daban ya kasance kafin a kirkiro Operation Condor, tare da manufar "kawar da juyin juya halin Marxist". A lokacin Taron Sojojin Amurka da aka gudanar a Caracas a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1973, Janar Breno Borges Fortes na Brazil, shugaban sojojin Brazil, ya ba da shawarar "yaɗa musayar bayanai" tsakanin ayyuka daban-daban don "yi gwagwarmaya da juyin mulki".

A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1992, wanda aka azabtar da shi Martín Almada da José Agustín Fernández, wani alƙali na Paraguay, sun ziyarci ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Lambaré na Asunción don neman fayiloli game da tsohon fursunonin siyasa. Sun sami abin da aka sani da "Archives of Terror" (Portuguese: Arquivos do Terror), wanda ke rubuta makomar dubban fursunonin siyasa na Latin Amurka, waɗanda jami'an tsaro na Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay da Uruguay suka sace su a asirce, suka azabtar da su kuma suka kashe su. Tarihin yana da jimlar takardu 60,000, auna tan 4 kuma ya ƙunshi shafuka 593,000 na microfilmed. Southern Cone Operation Condor ya haifar da har zuwa 50,000 da aka kashe; 30,000 "sun ɓace"; kuma 400,000 aka kama kuma aka ɗaure su.[15] Wasu daga cikin wadannan kasashe sun dogara da shaidu a cikin tarihin don gurfanar da tsoffin jami'an soja. La Federación Latinoamericana de Asociaciones de Familiares de Detenidos-Desaparecidos (FEDEFAM) ta gabatar da adadi mafi girma na mutane 90,000 da aka kashe.[15]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named operationcondorbegins
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named falklandsendscondor
  3. 1 2 "Argentine dictator Videla dies in prison at age 87 – National | Globalnews.ca". Global News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ Conde, Arturo (10 September 2021). "New movie explores global complicity in Argentina's 'dirty war'" (in Turanci). NBC News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  6. ↑ J. Patrice McSherry (2002). "Tracking the Origins of a State Terror Network: Operation Condor". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (1): 36–60. doi:10.1177/0094582X0202900103. S2CID 145129079.
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  10. ↑ "LeMonde.fr : Argentine : M. de Villepin défend les firmes françaises". Le Monde. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  11. ↑ "Argentine Military Believed U.S. Gave Go-ahead for Dirty War". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  12. ↑ Silva, Darío (7 February 2020). "¿Cuántos desaparecidos dejó la dictadura? La duda que alimenta la grieta argentina". Perfil (in Sifaniyanci). Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  13. ↑ Calloni, Stella. "Los Archivos del Horror del Operativo Cóndor". www.derechos.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  14. ↑ "Chile". Center for Justice and Accountability. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  15. 1 2 3 Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ Comisión de Verdad y Justicia (2008). "Informe Final Comisión de Verdad y Justicia" (PDF). Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  17. ↑ Lessa, Francesca. "Database on South America's Transnational Human Rights Violations". sites.google.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  19. ↑ J. Patrice McSherry (2002). "Tracking the Origins of a State Terror Network: Operation Condor". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (1): 36–60. doi:10.1177/0094582X0202900103. S2CID 145129079.
  20. ↑ McSherry 2010.
  21. ↑ Jan Knippers Black (1977), "United States Penetration of Brazil". Manchester University Press. ISBN O-7190-0699-6. Pag 211: Archived 7 ga Afirilu, 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Classified Reading Material re "CONDOR"" (PDF). 22 August 1978. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  23. ↑ "OPERATION CONDOR ON TRIAL: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ON LATIN AMERICAN RENDITION AND ASSASSINATION PROGRAM OPEN IN BUENOS AIRES". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  24. ↑ "OPERATION CONDOR ON TRIAL: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ON LATIN AMERICAN RENDITION AND ASSASSINATION PROGRAM OPEN IN BUENOS AIRES". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
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