Aikin Gordian Knot

Aikin Gordian Knot

Iri	military operation (en)
Bangare na	Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique
Kwanan watan	ga Janairu, 1971
Wuri	Portuguese Mozambique (en)

Operation Gordian Knot (Operação Nó Górdio) shi ne kamfen ɗin soja na Fotigal mafi girma kuma mafi tsada a lardin Mozambique na Fotigar, Gabashin Afirka . An gudanar da aikin ne a shekarar 1970, a lokacin Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal (1961-1974). Manufofin yakin shine rufe hanyoyin shiga cikin Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) a fadin iyakar Tanzania da kuma lalata sansanonin FRELIMO na dindindin a cikin yankunan da aka 'yantar a Arewacin Mozambique. Gordian Knot ya kasance kamfen na tsawon watanni bakwai wanda ya yi amfani da mutane 35,000, kuma ya kusan cin nasara tun lokacin da ya lalata yawancin sansanonin 'yan tawaye da ke cikin yankunan da aka 'yantar da FRELIMO kuma ya kama adadi mai yawa na' yan tawaye da makamai, ya tilasta FRELIMO ta koma baya daga sansanonin su da sansanonin larduna.

Tarihi

Zuwan Brigadier Janar Kaúlza de Arriaga

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1970 an nada Brigadier Janar Kaúlza na Arriaga kwamandan sojojin Portugal a lardin Mozambique na kasashen waje na Portugal. Ya yi karatun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mozambican daga matsayi a kan ma'aikatan Cibiyar Nazarin Soja ta Sama a Lisbon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan sojojin ƙasa a Mozambique na watanni takwas kafin a sanya shi a matsayin kwamandani gaba ɗaya. Ya tuntubi Janar William Westmoreland na Amurka kan dabarun Amurka a Vietnam. Arriaga ya nace kan tura jirgin sama don tallafawa ayyukan ƙasa, musamman jiragen saman helicopter. Ya fara manyan ayyukan "bincike da hallaka". Ya kuma nemi karin sojoji da kayan aiki. Tare da ƙarin sojoji dubu uku na Fotigal, Arriaga ya kaddamar da kamfen mafi girma na Yakin mulkin mallaka na Fotigol - Operation Gordian Knot (Operação Nó Górdio).

Aikin

Sojojin Fotigal a kan sintiri.

Manufofin yakin shine rufe hanyoyin shiga cikin iyakar Tanzaniya da kuma lalata sansanonin 'yan tawaye na dindindin. "Gordian Knot" ya kasance kamfen na watanni bakwai wanda ya dauki ma'aikata dubu talatin da biyar, kuma kusan ya ci nasara. Babban kokarin ya kasance a Cabo Delgado, a cikin iyakar arewacin Mozambique a kan iyaka tare da mai goyon bayan 'yan tawaye, Tanzania. Dabaru sun kunshi hare-haren iska da sauri a kan kananan sansanoni. Ci gaba da bindigogi da bama-bamai na jirgin sama sun sauka a kan manyan manufofi, yayin da ake jagorantar bulldozer, sojojin da ke da motsi suka haɗu. Wadannan dabarun sun kasance masu tasiri kuma Arriaga ya bi 'yan tawaye ba tare da jinkiri ba. Koyaya, ba za a iya ci gaba da ƙoƙarin "Gordian Knot" ba har abada.

Portuguese suna da kyakkyawar daidaitawa tsakanin masu fashewa da bama-bamai masu sauƙi, jirage masu saukar ungulu da masu sintiri na ƙasa. Sun yi amfani da dabarun Amurka na hare-haren iska mai sauri (heliborne) da ke tallafawa ta hanyar manyan bama-bamai na sansanonin FRELIMO da Sojojin Sama na Portugal (Força Aérea Portuguesa ko FAP) don kewaye da kuma kawar da 'yan tawaye. Wadannan bama-bamai sun kasance tare da amfani da Manyan bindigogi. Har ila yau, Portuguese sun yi amfani da rundunonin sojan doki don rufe bangarorin sintiri kuma inda filin ya kasance da wahala sosai don jigilar motoci, yayin da aka yi amfani da raka'a na 'yan tawaye da aka kama ko waɗanda suka bar don shiga cikin tsoffin sansanonin su.

Koyaya, yayin da yawan 'yan tawaye da aka kashe kuma aka kama suka karu, haka kuma yawan mutanen Portugal da suka mutu. 'Yan siyasa a Lisbon - babban birni - , kodayake ba su gamsu da nasarar da aka samu na yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya ba har sai Arriaga ya fara mulki, sun gamsu da ƙananan adadin wadanda suka mutu. Yayinda yawan wadanda suka mutu suka ci gaba da hawa a lokacin "Gordian Knot", farin cikin su na farko tare da inganta ayyukan dabara ya ragu. Shiga tsakani na siyasa a cikin gudanar da yakin ya faru ne tare da karuwa akai-akai.

Kodayake "Gordian Knot" ya kasance kamfen ɗin da ya fi nasara na yaki da tawaye, bai kawo babbar nasara da Arriaga ke so ba - saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, wanda aka lura a sama, shine "tsananin" siyasa tare da karuwar yawan wadanda suka mutu da kuma tsoma baki cikin aikin da kansa. Na biyu shi ne farkon lokacin ruwan sama a watan Nuwamba wanda ya zama ya fi tsayi fiye da yadda aka saba kuma daga baya ya ba 'yan tawaye fiye da isasshen lokaci don murmurewa. Na uku shi ne gaskiyar cewa Arriaga dole ne ya tara dukkan sojojin Portugal a Mozambique don ci gaba da yakin a cikin larduna masu nisa da fatan samun nasara mai sauri amma mai mahimmanci. FRELIMO ta fahimci wannan kuma ta mayar da martani ta hanyar warwatsewa cikin daji, tsawaita kamfen ɗin da ƙoƙarin cinye albarkatun Portuguese. A lokaci guda, 'yan tawaye sun kara ayyukan a wasu larduna, sojojin Portugal sun bar su da kyau, amma ba su da nasara. Wata sanarwa ta Portuguese da aka bayar a ƙarshen Janairu, 1971, ta yarda cewa, duk da babban aikin, ba duk manufofin soja ba ne aka cimma su.

Daga bisani Portuguese sun ba da rahoton cewa an kashe 'yan tawaye 651 kuma an kama wasu 1,840 don asarar sojojin Portuguese 132. Arriaga ya yi iƙirarin cewa dakarunsa sun lalata sansanonin 'yan tawaye 61 da sansanonin' yan tawaye 165, yayin da aka kama tan 40 na harsashi a cikin watanni biyu na farko na aikin.

Sakamakon haka

Arriaga, ko "Gordian Knot" ya yi takaici ko kuma Lisbon ta hana shi saboda matsalolin kasafin kuɗi, ya sauya daga tsawo na al'ada zuwa ƙananan ayyukan rukuni da ke tura dakarun baki da fari. A wannan lokacin, rabin sojojin Fotigal da ke fagen sun kasance baƙar fata na Afirka daga Mozambique. A shekara ta 1972, halin da ake ciki ya kara muni tare da sojojin Portugal da ke aiki daga wuraren da aka ɓoye a cikin al'adun gargajiya a cikin yankunan da aka 'yantar da FRELIMO da wuraren da aka sarrafa. Rikicin da zalunci na ayyukan Portuguese akan yawan mutanen karkara suna ƙaruwa tare da kisan kiyashi daban-daban akan fararen hula. Portuguese sun kara sabbin dabarun tsaro, suna kiwon fararen hula a cikin ƙauyuka da kuma ƙoƙarin tabbatar da yawan jama'a ba za a iya isa ga FRELIMO ba. Gwamnatin Portugal daga baya ta canza saƙonta daga "hallaka FRELIMO" zuwa " kawo halin da ake ciki a karkashin iko".

Duk da nasarar soja na farko na Portugal, yawan wadanda suka mutu a kowane wata bai ragu zuwa sifili ba. FRELIMO ta ci gaba da ƙetare iyaka don kula da alaƙa da jama'ar yankin kuma ta buɗe sabon gaba a Lardin Tete kusa da madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa ta hanyar sake tura sojojin su ta hanyar Zambia. Yayin da gwagwarmayar 'yanci ta ci gaba, gwamnatin Portugal ta ci gaba da aikata mummunan mummunan zalunci, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne kisan kiyashi a Wiriyamu, ƙauyen da PIDE / DGS ta rarraba shi a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da FRELIMO. Ba a kawo lamarin ga sauran duniya ba har sai kusan shekara guda bayan haka, a watan Yulin 1973, ta wani firist na Dominican wanda ya ga kisan kiyashi. Da farko an musanta shi, sannan aka kalubalanci shi, aka bincika shi kuma hukumomin Portugal na Estado Novo sun musanta shi. Kodayake har yanzu ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da dukan lamarin ba, wani rukuni na sojojin Portugal sun kashe fararen hula marasa laifi yayin wani aikin da aka shirya (Operation Marosca) don kai hari kan wani sansanin 'yan tawaye. Wakilin PIDE / DGS wanda ya jagoranci sojoji ya gaya musu a bayyane cewa umarnin shine "kashe kowa", duk da cewa an sami fararen hula ne kawai a ƙauyen kuma babu alamun aikin FRELIMO. Wannan wakilin, Chico Kavachi, daga baya aka kashe shi kafin a yi masa tambayoyi a cikin binciken da gwamnatin Portugal ta ba da umarni bayan kisan kiyashi ya zama sananne a watan Yulin 1973. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa DGS na so su haifar da kunya ga gwamnati, don kawar da Kaúlza de Arriaga, wanda suka dauka a matsayin janar mara iyawa.

Sakamakon dogon lokaci

Daga baya an yi ikirarin adawa, mai yiwuwa a kan umarnin gwamnatin Portugal, a cikin wani rahoto na Archbishop na Dar es Salaam Laureaen Rugambwa cewa mayakan FRELIMO ne suka kashe-kashen, ba sojojin Portugal ba.Bugu da kari, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ƙirƙiri kisan kiyashi da sojojin Portugal suka yi don lalata sunan jihar Portugal a kasashen waje. Amma fallasa kisan kiyashi na Wiriyamu ya kawo tare da fallasa wasu kisan kiyashin da yawa a kan karamin sikelin kuma ya karu a duk duniya (musamman Duniya ta Uku) la'akari da Portugal. A cikin 1973 da farkon 1974, halin da ake ciki ya ci gaba da muni ga Portuguese. FRELIMO ta ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa yankin da ke karkashin ikon Portuguese daga gaba a Tete da Cabo Delgado. Hukumomin farar hula a Lisbon, sun kunyata da zalunci da kisan kiyashi da aka fallasa, sun rasa amincewa da mafita ta soja kuma suna ƙarfafa fadada ayyukan PIDE.[3] Shugabannin sojoji [waɗanda?] na sojoji sun kalli kokarin soji a matsayin masu matukar zalunci da rashin amfani, kuma rashin jituwa game da rawar da 'yan sanda na sirri ke takawa wajen yaki da tayar da kayar baya ya fadada rikici tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya da jagorancin sojoji kuma ya taimaka wajen bunkasa rashin jin daɗi da rashin jin da hankali a cikin Sojoji.

Lokacin da Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA) ta kwace iko da gwamnati a Lisbon a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1974, wani taron da aka sani da Carnation Revolution, matsayin Portuguese a Mozambique duk ya rushe.

Janar António de Spínola, shugaban sabuwar gwamnati kuma tsohon kwamandan sojojin da ke adawa da 'yancin kai a wasu yankunan Portugal a Afirka, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci gaba da kula da makomar mutanen Mozambican ta hanyar kiran tsagaita wuta da zaɓen da Portugal ta tallafawa. Koyaya, FRELIMO, yana jin nasara, ya ki yarda Spínola ya tilasta mafita ta neocolonialist a Mozambique.

FRELIMO ta sanar da bude sabon gaba a Zambezia kuma ta zuba 'yan tawaye a cikin yankuna na tsakiya na kasar, suna ci gaba da kudu. Gwamnatin Spinola ta mayar da martani ta hanyar ba da umarnin a watsar da sansanonin arewa da kuma tara sojoji a yankunan kudanci, ta hanyar ba wa mazauna karkara makamai, da kuma ba da umarni a kara hare-haren bama-bamai a yankunan da 'yan tawaye ke sarrafawa. Wadannan matakan an yi niyya ne don tallafawa matsayin Portuguese a teburin tattaunawa. Koyaya, sojojin Fotigal da ke fada a Mozambique sun fahimci cewa juyin mulki a Lisbon, canjin mulki da buɗe tattaunawar tare da FRELIMO sun kasance farkon janyewa. Maimakon shiga FRELIMO, mutane da yawa sun ki ci gaba da yin hadari ga rayukansu kuma sun kafa tsagaita wuta da mika wuya. A tsakiyar lokacin rani na shekara ta 1974, an sami yarjejeniya da ba a bayyana ba, tunda yawancin sojojin Portugal ba za su bar barikin su ba kuma sun ki yin yaƙi. A ranar 8 ga Satumba 1974, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta tabbatar da tsagaita wuta. Yarjejeniyar ta yi kira ga gwamnati ta wucin gadi tare da cikakken 'yancin kai ga Mozambique da za a ba da ita a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1975 - ranar cika shekaru goma sha uku na FRELIMO. Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal ya ƙare, amma sabbin yankuna masu zaman kansu na Angola da Mozambique za su shiga lokacin rikici da yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa (Yaƙin basasa na Angola da Yaƙin basasa ya Mozambican) wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa kuma ya yi ikirarin miliyoyin rayuka da 'yan gudun hijira.