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Aikin noma na Masar na da

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Aikin noma na Masar na da
agriculture by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na agriculture of the Earth (en) Fassara
Fuskar Tsohuwar Masar
Ƙasa Tsohuwar Masar
Yin noma tare da kartah ta shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC

Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga Kogin Nilu da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.[1]

Farkon aikin gona

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A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A Lokacin zafi na Afirka, wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, [2] da kuma tattara hatsi na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, sorghum da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.[3]

Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan.

Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.[4] Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya.

Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga Kogin Nilu tsakanin oases na Farafra da Kharga . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.[4] Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.  

A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.[4]

Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. tumaki, awaki, aladu, da shanu suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). [5]

Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da sha'ir a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. [6][5] Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa.

Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira

Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma.

Nilu da shuka a filaye

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Ruwan Nilu

Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,[7] da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.[8]

Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.[9]

Tsarin ban ruwa

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Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.[10] Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar.

Ban ruwa na kwantena

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Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.[9]

Noman lambu

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Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC

An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.[11] Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.[12]

Amfanin gona da ake nomawa

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Amfanin abinci

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Masarawa sun noma nau’o’in amfanin gona daban-daban domin abinci, ciki har da hatsi, kayan lambu da ’ya’yan itatuwa. Abincin su ya fi karkata ga wasu muhimman hatsi, musamman alkama da sha’ir. Sauran hatsi da aka noma sun haɗa da einkorn wheat da emmer wheat, wanda ake yin burodi da su. Sauran abinci na yau da kullum sun haɗa da wake, lentil, daga baya chickpea da fava beans. Ana kuma noma kayan tushe kamar albasa, tafarnuwa da radish, tare da kayan ganye kamar lettuce da parsley.[1]

’Ya’yan itatuwa sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na zane-zanen Masarawa, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin su a aikin noma yayin da fasahar noma ta ci gaba. Ba kamar hatsi ba, ’ya’yan itatuwa suna buƙatar fasaha mai wahala da ban ruwa, cloning, propagation da horarwa. ’Ya’yan itatuwa na farko da aka noma sun haɗa da dabino da sorghum. Daga baya aka shigo da inabi, watermelon, sycamore fig, dom palm da Christ’s thorn. A lokacin New Kingdom aka shigo da carob, zaitun, apple da pomegranate. A lokacin Greco-Roman aka shigo da peach da pear.[13]

Amfanin gona na masana’antu da zare

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Masarawa sun dogara da noma ba kawai domin abinci ba. Sun yi amfani da tsirrai wajen magani, addini da kuma yin tufafi. Ganyaye sun fi amfani da yawa; ana amfani da su wajen girki, magani, kayan kwalliya da kuma wajen yin mummification. An gano fiye da nau’o’in tsirrai 2000 a cikin kaburbura.[1] Papyrus ya kasance amfanin gona mai amfani sosai wanda ya yi daji kuma aka noma shi.[14] Ana cin tushen tsiron a matsayin abinci, amma ana amfani da shi a matsayin amfanin masana’antu. Ana yin jirgi, tabarma da takarda daga jikin tsiron. Flax kuma ya kasance muhimmin amfanin gona na masana’antu, ana yin igiya da zane daga gare shi. Henna kuma ana noma ta domin yin dye.[1]

Hoton da ke nuna gabatar da shanun Masarawa ga Nebamun

Kiwo

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Shanu

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Shanun Masarawa na dā sun kasu kashi hudu: masu dogon ƙaho, masu gajeren ƙaho, marasa ƙaho da kuma zebu.[15] Shaida ta farko ta shanu a Masar ta fito daga yankin Faiyum, tun daga ƙarni na biyar BC.[15] A lokacin New Kingdom, an shigo da shanun zebu daga Siriya, kuma sun maye gurbin nau’o’in da suka gabata.[15]

Kaji

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An ƙirƙiri injin ɗumama ƙwai da ake kira Egyptian egg ovens tun ƙarni na 4 BC, ana amfani da su wajen samar da kaji da yawa.[16]

Addini da noma

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A Masar ta dā, addini ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwa. Yawancin ibadun Masarawa sun danganta da yanayi, Nilu da noma. Sun yi amfani da addini wajen bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar ambaliyar Nilu da amfanin gona.[17]

Duk da cewa Nilu ne ke kawo arziki ko masifa ga Masarawa, ba su bauta wa Nilu kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, suna gode wa alloli na musamman. Ba su da suna na musamman ga kogin, suna kiran shi kawai da "Kogi". Kalmar "Nile" ba ta asalin Masar ba.[14]

Alloli

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Masarawa sun danganta ambaliya da allah mai suna Hapi. Duk da muhimmancin ambaliya, Hapi ba a ɗauke shi babban allah ba.[14] Ana zana shi a matsayin mutum mai kiba wanda yake kawo ruwan sha da kayan yalwa ga sarakuna.[11] Ba a taɓa gina haikalin musamman domin Hapi ba, amma ana bauta masa lokacin da ambaliya ta fara ta hanyar yin hadaya da waka.[14]

Allah Osiris kuma yana da alaƙa da Nilu da yalwar ƙasa. A lokacin bukukuwan ambaliya, ana shuka hoton Osiris da aka yi da laka tare da sha’ir.[14]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Janick, Jules (June 2002). "Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture". Acta Horticulturae (583): 23–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.7643. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1.
  2. ↑ White, Kevin H.; Bristow, Charlie S.; Armitage, Simon J.; Blench, Roger M.; Drake, Nick A. (11 January 2011). "Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (2): 458–462. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..458D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012231108. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3021035. PMID 21187416.
  3. ↑ Tafuri, Mary Anne; Bentley, R. Alexander; Manzi, Giorgio; di Lernia, Savino (September 2006). "Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 25 (3): 390–402. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002. ISSN 0278-4165.
  4. 1 2 3 McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). "The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara". Quaternary International. Elsevier BV. 410: 181–197. Bibcode:2016QuInt.410..181M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100. ISSN 1040-6182.
  5. 1 2 Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt". PLOS ONE. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 9 (10). Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j8517L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4195595. PMID 25310283.
  6. ↑ Wendrich, W.; Taylor, R.E.; Southon, J. (2010). "Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. Elsevier BV. 268 (7–8): 999–1002. Bibcode:2010NIMPB.268..999W. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083. ISSN 0168-583X.
  7. ↑ "Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml
  8. ↑ Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm
  9. 1 2 Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "book".
  11. 1 2 Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html Archived 2019-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ "Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l
  13. ↑ Janick, Jules (February 2005). "The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding". Plant Breeding Reviews. 25. pp. 255–320. doi:10.1002/9780470650301.ch8. ISBN 978-0-470-65030-1.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml
  15. 1 2 3 "Cattle in Ancient Egypt". Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  16. ↑ Percy, Pam. The Field Guide to Chickens, Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. ISBN 0-7603-2473-5.
  17. ↑ Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/
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