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Aikin yara

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Aiki mai wuya ga yara

Ba masana'antu da ma'adinai ba ne kawai wuraren da ake yawan yin aikin yara a farkon ƙarni na 20. Masana'antun gida a duk faɗin Amurka da Turai sun kuma ɗauki yara aiki. Gwamnatoci da masu kawo sauyi sun yi iƙirarin cewa dole ne a daidaita ma'aikata a masana'antu kuma gwamnati tana da alhakin samar da jin daɗi ga talakawa. Dokokin da suka biyo baya sun yi tasiri na fitar da aikin daga masana'antu zuwa gidajen birane. Iyalai da mata, musamman, sun fi son hakan saboda yana ba su damar samun kuɗin shiga yayin gudanar da ayyukan gida.

Ayyukan masana'antu na gida sun kasance masu aiki a duk shekara. Iyalai da yardar rai sun tura yaransu a cikin waɗannan kamfanonin gida da ke samar da kudaden shiga. A yawancin lokuta, maza suna aiki daga gida. A Faransa, sama da kashi 58% na ma'aikatan tufafi sun yi aiki daga gidajensu; a Jamus, adadin ayyukan gida na cikakken lokaci ya kusan ninki biyu tsakanin 1882 da 1907; kuma a Amurka, miliyoyin iyalai suna gudanar da aiki ba gida kwana bakwai a kowane mako, duk shekara don kera riguna, takalma, furanni na wucin gadi, fuka-fukai, akwatunan wasa, kayan wasan yara, laima da sauran kayayyaki. Yara masu shekaru 5-14 sun yi aiki tare da iyaye. Ayyukan gida da aikin yara a Ostiraliya, Biritaniya, Austria da sauran sassan duniya ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Kauyuka ma sun ga iyalai suna tura ‘ya’yansu aikin noma. A shekara ta 1946, Frieda S. Miller - a lokacin Darakta na Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka - ta gaya wa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) cewa waɗannan ayyukan gida suna ba da "ƙananan albashi, dogon sa'o'i, aikin yara, rashin lafiya da yanayin aiki mara kyau. [1][2]

Karni na 21

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Taswirar aikin yara a duk duniya a cikin rukunin shekaru 10-14, a cikin 2003, ta hanyar bayanan Bankin Duniya. Bayanan ba cikakke ba ne, saboda kasashe da yawa ba sa tattara ko bayar da rahoton bayanan aikin yara (launi mai launin toka). Lambar launi kamar haka: rawaya (<10% na yara masu aiki), kore (10-20%), orange (20-30%), ja (30-40%) da baki (>40%). Wasu kasashe kamar Guinea-Bissau, Mali da Habasha suna da fiye da rabin dukkan yara masu shekaru 5-14 da ke aiki don taimakawa wajen samar da iyalansu.[3]

Har yanzu aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare a sassa da dama na duniya. Ƙididdiga na aikin yara ya bambanta. Ya kai tsakanin miliyan 250 zuwa 304, idan an kirga yara masu shekaru 5-17 da ke da hannu a duk wani aiki na tattalin arziki. Idan ba a cire aikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan ba, ILO ta kiyasta cewa akwai ma'aikata miliyan 153 masu shekaru 5-14 a duniya a cikin 2008. Wannan ya kai kusan miliyan 20 ƙasa da kiyasin ILO na ma'aikatan a 2004. Kimanin kashi 60 cikin 100 na aikin yara na shiga ayyukan noma kamar noma, kiwo, kifi da gandun daji. Wani kashi 25% na ma'aikatan yara suna cikin ayyukan sabis kamar dillali, kayan shawagi, gidajen abinci, kaya da canja wurin kaya, ajiya, diba da sake sarrafa shara, goge takalma, taimakon gida, da sauran ayyuka. Sauran 15% sun yi aiki a cikin taro da masana'antu a cikin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, masana'antu na gida, masana'antu, ma'adinai, marufi gishiri, injinan aiki, da irin waɗannan ayyuka.[4] Biyu daga cikin yara uku ma'aikata suna aiki tare da iyayensu, a cikin yanayin aikin iyali da ba a biya ba. Wasu yara suna aiki a matsayin masu jagora ga masu yawon bude ido, wani lokacin ana haɗa su da kawo kasuwanci don shaguna da gidajen cin abinci. Ayyukan yara galibi suna faruwa ne a yankunan karkara (70%) da kuma bangaren birane na al'ada (26%).

Sabanin yadda aka sani, yawancin ma'aikatan yara suna aiki da iyayensu maimakon masana'antu ko tattalin arziki na yau da kullun. Yaran da ke aiki don biyan kuɗi ko diyya galibi ana samun su a yankunan karkara sabanin wuraren birane. Kasa da 3% na aikin yara masu shekaru 5-14 a duk faɗin duniya suna aiki a wajen gidansu, ko nesa da iyayensu.[5]

Ayyukan yara suna da kashi 22% na ma'aikata a Asiya, kashi 32% a Afirka, kashi 17% a Latin Amurka, kashi 1% a Amurka, Kanada, Turai da sauran kasashe masu arziki.[6] Adadin masu aikin yi wa yara aiki ya bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe da ma yankuna a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe. Afirka ce ke da mafi girman kaso na yara masu shekaru 5-17 da ke aikin yi wa yara aikin yi, kuma jimillar sama da miliyan 65. Asiya, wacce ke da yawan jama'arta, ita ce ta fi yawan yaran da ake yi wa aikin bautar yara kusan miliyan 114. Latin Amurka da yankin Caribbean suna da ƙarancin yawan jama'a gabaɗaya, amma a cikin ma'aikatan yara miliyan 14 suna da yawan haɗarin haɗari kuma.

Wani yaro yana gyara taya a Gambiya

Madaidaicin bayanin aikin yara na yau yana da wahala a samu saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin kafofin bayanai game da abin da ya ƙunshi aikin yara. A wasu ƙasashe, manufofin gwamnati na taimaka wa wannan wahala. Misali, ba a san adadin yawan aikin yara a kasar Sin ba saboda gwamnati ta kasafta bayanan aikin yara a matsayin " sirri ne".[7] Kasar Sin ta kafa ka'idoji don hana aikin yara; har yanzu, ana ba da rahoton aikin yara matsala ce mai ɗorewa a cikin kasar Sin, gabaɗaya a fannonin noma da ƙananan ƙwarewa da ƙananan bita da masana'antu.[8][9]

A shekarar 2014, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta fitar da jerin sunayen kayayyakin da ake samarwa da kananan yara ko aikin tilastawa aiki, inda aka danganta kasar Sin kayayyaki 12, mafi yawan wadanda kananan yara ne da kuma ma'aikatan da ba su kai ba.[10] Rahoton ya lissafa kayan lantarki, tufafi, kayan wasa, da kwal, da sauran kayayyaki.

Binciken Maplecroft Child Labour Index na 2012 [11] Rahoton ya ce kasashe 76 na haifar da matsananciyar wahala ga ayyukan yara ga kamfanonin da ke aiki a duk duniya. Kasashe goma mafi girman hadarin a cikin 2012, wadanda aka jera a cikin tsari mai raguwa, sune: Myanmar, Koriya ta Arewa, Somaliya, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan da Habasha. Daga cikin manyan ci gaban tattalin arziki, Maplecroft ya kasance Philippines a matsayi na 25 mafi haɗari, Indiya ta 27, China 36th, Vietnam 37th, Indonesia 46th, Brazil 54th, dukkansu an kiyasta sun haɗa da matsananciyar haɗari na rashin tabbas na aikin yara, ga kamfanoni masu neman saka hannun jari a duniya masu tasowa da shigo da kayayyaki daga kasuwanni masu tasowa.

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Yarinyar da ke aiki a kan zane a Aït Benhaddou, Morocco, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008
Aikin noma yana tura kashi 70% na aikin yara a duniya. A sama, ma'aikacin yaro a gonar shinkafa a Vietnam.

ILO ta ba da shawarar cewa talauci shine mafi girman dalilin da ke bayan aikin yara.[12] Ga magidanta masu fama da talauci, samun kudin shiga daga aikin yaro yawanci yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar sa ko ta gidan. Kudin shiga daga yara masu aiki, ko da ƙanana, na iya kasancewa tsakanin kashi 25 zuwa 40% na kuɗin shiga gida. Sauran masana irin su Harsch kan aikin yara a Afirka, da Edmonds da Pavcnik kan aikin yara a duniya sun cimma matsaya guda.[5][13][14]

Duk da yake talauci yana da mahimmanci, dangantakar dake tsakanin talauci da aikin yara yana da wuyar gaske. Bincike ya nuna cewa aikin yara gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da wadatar gida (wanda aka auna ta hanyar noma ga kowane mutum a yankunan karkara) yana ƙaruwa. Duk da haka, ana iya samun gagarumin ci gaba a cikin alakar da ke tsakanin aikin yara da kuma mallakar filaye a matsakaicin matakan filaye da kowane mutum.[15]

Rashin ma'ana, kamar makarantu masu araha da ilimi mai inganci, a cewar ILO, [12]wani babban al’amari ne da ke kai yara zuwa aikin da zai cutar da su. Yara suna aiki saboda ba su da wani abin da ya fi dacewa da su. Yawancin al'ummomi, musamman yankunan karkara inda tsakanin kashi 60 zuwa 70% na aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare, ba su da isasshen kayan aikin makaranta. Ko da a wasu lokuta ana samun makarantu, suna da nisa, suna da wuyar isa, ba su da araha ko kuma ingancin ilimi ya yi yawa, iyaye suna tunanin ko zuwa makaranta yana da daraja.[5][16]

Abubuwan al'adu

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A cikin tarihin Turai lokacin da ake yawan yin aikin yara, da kuma a cikin aikin yara na zamani na duniyar zamani, wasu imani na al'adu sun kafa shi. Wasu suna ganin cewa aiki yana da kyau ga haɓaka ɗabi'a da haɓaka ƙwarewar yara. A cikin al'adu da yawa, musamman inda tattalin arziki na yau da kullun da ƙananan kasuwancin gida ke bunƙasa, al'adar al'ada ita ce yara suna bin sawun iyayensu; bautar da yara to wata hanya ce ta koyo da gudanar da wannan sana’ar tun suna kanana. Hakazalika, a al’adu da dama ilimin ‘ya’ya mata ba ya da kima ko kuma ba a sa ran ‘ya’ya mata su bukaci karatun boko, su kuma wadannan ‘yan matan sun tura su aikin yara kamar samar da ayyukan gida.[12][17][18]

Macroeconomics

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Biggeri da Mehrotra sun yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ke ƙarfafa aikin yara. Sun mayar da hankali kan binciken su kan kasashen Asiya biyar da suka hada da Indiya, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand da Philippines. Suna ba da shawarar [1] cewa aikin yara babbar matsala ce a cikin duka biyar, amma ba sabuwar matsala ba ce. Abubuwan da ke haifar da macroeconomic sun ƙarfafa aikin yi wa yara ƙanana a duk faɗin duniya, fiye da mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam. Suna ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da aikin yara sun haɗa da buƙatu da kuma bangaren wadata. Yayin da talauci da rashin samun ingantattun makarantu ke bayyana bangaren samar da aikin yi ga yara, suna ba da shawarar cewa bunƙasar tattalin arziƙin da ba na biyan kuɗi mai rahusa fiye da biyan kuɗin da ake biya na yau da kullun na daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da buƙatu. Sauran malaman kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa kasuwar aiki maras ƙarfi, girman tattalin arziƙin na yau da kullun, gazawar masana'antu don haɓakawa da rashin fasahar kere-kere na zamani sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da tattalin arziƙin da ke shafar buƙatu da yarda da aikin yara. [19]

Yara masu aiki daga makaranta vs sa'o'in da yara ke aiki [20]
  1. ↑ Linda Lobao; Katherine Meyer (2001). "The Great Agricultural Transition: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming". Annual Review of Sociology. 27: 103–124. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.103. JSTOR 2678616.
  2. ↑ Friedmann, Harriet (1978). "World Market, State, and Family Farm: Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labour". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 545–586. doi:10.1017/S001041750001255X. S2CID 153765098.
  3. ↑ "Child Statistics". UNICEF DATA. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012.
  4. ↑ "The State of the World's Children 1997". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  5. 1 2 3 Eric V. Edmonds; Nina Pavcnik (Winter 2005). "Child Labour in the Global Economy". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19: 199–220. doi:10.1257/0895330053147895.
  6. ↑ "Facts and figures on child labour" (PDF). info.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  7. ↑ "Children's Rights: China". Law Library of Congress, United States. 2012.
  8. ↑ Lepillez, Karine (2009). "The dark side of labour in China" (PDF).
  9. ↑ "China: End Child Labour in State Schools". Human Rights Watch. 4 December 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015.
  10. ↑ "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor". www.dol.gov. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
  11. ↑ "Conflict and economic downturn cause global increase in reported child labour violations – 40% of countries now rated 'extreme risk' by Maplecroft". Maplecroft. 5 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
  12. 1 2 3 "Child labour - causes". ILO, United Nations. 2008. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009.
  13. ↑ Harsch, Ernest (October 2001). "Child labour rooted in Africa's poverty". Africa Recovery. 15: 14–15. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
  14. ↑ Basu, Kaushik; Van, Phan Hoang (June 1998). "The Economics of Child Labour". American Economic Review. 88 (3): 412–427. JSTOR 116842.
  15. ↑ Oryoie, Ali Reza; Alwang, Jeffrey; Tideman, Nicolaus (2017-12-01). "Child Labor and Household Land Holding: Theory and Empirical Evidence from Zimbabwe". World Development. 100: 45–58. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.025. ISSN 0305-750X.
  16. ↑ Boyden, Jo (September 1994). "The Relationship between Education and Child Work" (PDF). UNICEF. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  17. ↑ Siddiqi, Faraaz; Patrinos, Harry Anthony (1999). "CHILD LABOUR: ISSUES, CAUSES AND INTERVENTIONS" (PDF). The World Bank. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  18. ↑ D'Avolio, Michele (Spring 2004). "Child Labour and Cultural Relativism: From 19th Century America to 21st Century Nepal". Pace International Law Review. 16 (1): 109–145. doi:10.58948/2331-3536.1160 Check |doi= value (help). S2CID 152411350.
  19. ↑ Galbi, Douglas (1997). "Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills" (PDF). Journal of Population Economics. 10 (4): 357–375. doi:10.1007/s001480050048. PMID 12293082. S2CID 5858814.
  20. ↑ "Working children out of school vs Hours worked by children". Our World in Data. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
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