Akai Akai

A cikin nahawu, frequentative form (ana taƙaita shi da FREQ ko FR) na wata kalma yana nuna aiki da ake maimaitawa sau da yawa, amma bai kamata a rikita shi da iterative aspect ba.

Frequentative form na iya zama wata kalma ce daban amma ba cikakkiyar kalma mai zaman kanta ba, ana kiranta frequentative.

A cikin harshen Turanci, frequentative baya kasancewa abin da ake ƙirƙira sabo yanzu (ba ya da productivity), sabanin wasu rukunin harsuna kamar:

Finno-Ugric
Balto-Slavic
Turkic

Ga muhimman kalmomi daga rubutun da fassararsu:

Grammar – Nahawu (ilimin yadda ake tsara jimloli da kalmomi).
Frequentative form – Siffar maimaituwa (siffa da ke nuna aiki da ake yawan maimaitawa).
Abbreviated – Takaitacce.
Repeated action – Aiki da ake maimaitawa.
Iterative aspect – Yanayin maimaiton aiki (amma daban yake da frequentative).
Independent word – Kalma mai zaman kanta.
Productive (linguistics) – Ikon ƙirƙirar sabbin kalmomi a harshe.
Finno-Ugric – Rukunin harsuna irin su Finnish da Hungarian.
Balto-Slavic – Rukunin harsunan Baltic da Slavic (kamar Lithuanian, Russian).
Turkic – Rukunin harsunan Turkawa (kamar Turkish, Uzbek, Kazakh).

Kana so in ba ka misalai na frequentative a Turanci (kamar drip → dribble, pat → patter) tare da fassarar su a Hausa?

Turanci

duba.-linkid="21" href="./English_language" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="English language">Turanci yana da -le da -Er a matsayin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden. Wasu kalmomin da ke rayuwa a cikin Turanci, kuma kalmomin iyayensu an jera su a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu kalmomin da ke faruwa akai-akai an kafa su ne ta hanyar sake maimaitawa ma'anar ma'anar (misali, coo-cooing, duba murmur na Latin). Sau da yawa ana kirkirar sunayen da aka saba amfani da su ta hanyar hada nau'ikan wasali daban-daban guda biyu na kalma ɗaya (kamar a cikin teeter-totter, pitter-patter, chitchat.)

akai-akai	asali	ƙayyadaddun
blabber	blab	-er
Bobble	Bob	-le
clamber	hawa	-er
rikice-rikice	ƙuƙwalwa	-er
ƙuƙwalwa	fashewa	-le
rushewa	fashewa	-le
kafada	couth (ME. cudde, cuþed, OE. cúð)	-le
ƙuƙwalwa	curd	-le
dabble	dabba	-le
dribble	drip	-le
janyewa, janyewagadon da aka yi	jan hankali	-le
dazzle	daze	-le
fashewa	fashewa	-le
flitter	flit	-er
flutter	jirgin ruwa	-er
fondle	baya	-le
Haske	ya yi haskakawa	-er
cin abinci	gobara	-le
rashin jin daɗi, rashin jin daɗi	grunt	-le
Haɗuwa	hag = hew, hack	-le
jiggle	jig	-le
jostle	joust	-le
rikice-rikice	laka	-le
nestle	gida	-le
wuyan wuyan wuyansa	hanci	-le
Ruwa	Ruwa	-le
tsari	pat	-er
prattle	prate	-le
tsinkaye	prick	-le
mai tsalle-tsalle	karamin karamin karamipoke	-er
putter	sanya	-er
gwagwarmaya	gwagwarmaya	-le
jirgin ruwa	scud	-le
slither	zane-zane	-er
Jiki	Rashin ƙanshi	-le
snuffle	snuff	-le
ƙin yarda	snug	-le
Haske	hasken wuta	-le
faɗuwa	tsagewa	-er
ƙuƙwalwa	tsinkaye	-le
shimfiɗa	Mataki	-le
shayarwa	ya sha	-le
takalma	swathe	-le
Girman kai	swag	-er
yaudara	swindan (OE. cognate, 'don ɓata')	-le
tsinkaye	tsutsa	-le
faduwa	saman	-le
dukansu	tease (ba'a)	-le
trample	yaudara	-le
canzawa	janyewa	-le
faɗuwa	tumben (Tsakiyar Turanci)	-le
twinkle	karkatarwa	-le
Wutar da aka yi	wade	-le
yawo	wag	-le
gwagwarmaya	wring	-le
gwagwarmaya	gwagwarmaya	-le

Finnish

A cikin Finnish, kalma mai maimaitawa tana nuna wani mataki guda da aka maimaita, "a kusa da wurin" a sararin samaniya da kuma na ɗan lokaci. Cikakken fassarar zai zama "tafiye - kewaye ba tare da wata manufa ba". Akwai babban jerin nau'o'i daban-daban, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar alamun haɗin Kalmomin. Gabaɗaya, ɗaya mai maimaitawa -shi- -:i-, kuma wani -ele-, amma kusan koyaushe ana haɗa shi da wani abu. Wasu siffofi:

sataa - sadella - satelee "zuwa ruwan sama - zuwa ruwan sama a wasu lokuta - ruwan sama a lokuta"
ampua - ammuskella - ammuskelen "don harbi - tafi harbi a kusa - Ina zuwa harbi a ko'ina"
juosta - juoksennella - juoksentelen "don gudu - don gudu a kusa (zuwa da baya) - Ina gudu a kusa"
Yana da amfani da shi don yin rubutu - don yin rubutu (wani abu gajere) a wasu lokuta - ina rubuta "a kusa"
Don yin amfani da shi don yin amfani da su don yin amfani le shi don yin tsari a kai a kai, don yin wasa a kusa da su don sanya su cikin tsari.
shi ne - heittelehtiä - heittehledit "don jefa - don karkatarwa - kuna karkatarwa"
loikata - loikkia - loikin "don tsalle sau ɗaya - don tsalle (sake) - Na tsalle (sau da yawa) "
istua - istuksia - istuksit "don zama - don zama (ba zato ba tsammani a wani wuri), loiter - kuna zama a can ta wurin zama"

Akwai nau'o'i masu yawa, waɗanda aka nuna a sama; waɗannan suna shafar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kamar yadda aka nuna. Ma'anarsu sun ɗan bambanta; duba jerin, an shirya su da ƙayyadaddun ~ na mutum:

-ella~-el-: ba -ta da izini ba.
-skella~-skele-: kalma mai maimaitawa, inda aikin yake da gangan (daidaitawa)
-stella~-stele-: mai haifar da shi da yawa, inda batun ke haifar da wani abu da aka nuna a cikin tushen, kamar "umurni" vs. "don ci gaba da ƙoƙarin sanya wani abu a cikin tsari".
-nnella~-ntele-: mai maimaitawa, inda ake buƙatar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Alamar -nt- tana nuna ci gaba da ƙoƙari, saboda haka -ntele- tana nuna jerin irin waɗannan ƙoƙarin.
-elehtia~-elehdi-: motsi wanda ba zato ba tsammani ne kuma mai tilastawa, kamar a ƙarƙashin ciwo, misali vääntelehtiä "yi a cikin ciwo", ko heittelehtiä "don karkatar"
-:ia-~-i-: ci gaba da aiki tabbas a wani lokaci, inda aka sake maimaita aikin ko ƙoƙari.
-ksia~-ksi-: iri ɗaya da -i-, amma ba daidai ba, cf. -skella

Ana iya haɗa maimaitawa tare da momentanes, wato, don nuna maimaitawar ɗan gajeren lokaci, aikin kwatsam. Ana iya gabatar da -ahta- tare da -ele- mai yawa don samar da morpheme -ahtele-, kamar yadda a cikin Täristä "don girgiza (ci gaba) " → tärähtää "don girgizar ba zato ba tsammani sau ɗaya" → tärähdellä "don girji, ta yadda ake maimaita girgizar ɗaya, ba zato ba zato bawon". Misali, bambancin da ke tsakanin waɗannan shi ne cewa ƙasa tana girgiza (maa tärisee) a kai a kai lokacin da babban mota ke wucewa, ƙasa tana girga sau ɗaya (maa tärähtää) lokacin da bindigogi ke ƙonewa, kuma ƙasa tana girgizar ba zato ba tsammani amma akai-akai (Ma'a tärähtelee) lokacin da batirin bindigogi yake harba.

Tunda maimaitawa kalma ce, ba bambancin ilimin lissafi ba, mai yiwuwa ya faru.

Ana sanya Kalmomin aro a cikin nau'in maimaitawa, idan aikin ya kasance haka. Idan aikin ba zai iya zama wani abu ba sai dai mai yawa, "tsarin asali" ba ya wanzu, kamar "zuwa sayayya".

surffata - surffailla "don hawan igiyar ruwa - zuwa hawan igiya (a kusa da net) "
*shopata - shoppailla "*don sayayya sau ɗaya - don zuwa sayayya"

Adjectives na iya karɓar alamomi masu yawa: iso - isotella "babban - don magana babba", ko feikkailla < Turanci karya "don zama karya, bayyane kuma koyaushe".

Girkanci

A cikin Homer da Herodotus, akwai wani abu da ya gabata, yawanci ana kiransa "mafi girma da ya gabata", tare da ƙarin -sk- a gaban ƙarshen.

Ana amfani da wannan ma'anar a cikin kalmomin da aka fara amfani da su a cikin Tsohon Girkanci da Latin.

Infix na iya faruwa a cikin siffofin -σκ-, -ασκ-, da -εσκ-. Homer a kai a kai yana watsi da karuwa. Sauye-sauye yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin ajizanci, amma kuma a cikin aorist.

Harshen Hungary

A cikin Harshen Hungary ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma a yau da kullun a yi amfani da shi akai-akai.

Ana samar da kalmomi masu yawa tare da -gat (-get bayan wasula na gaba; duba jituwa ta wasula). Har ila yau -kai abin da ake kira Dokar Template, wanda ke tilasta wani wasali a tsakanin ma'anar ma'anar da ke haifar da kalma da ke dauke da akalla kalmomi uku. Kalmomin magana (coverbs) ba sa ƙidaya a matsayin syllable.

Wasu nau'ikan aikatau masu yawa sun sami ma'anar da ba ta maimaitawa ba. A cikin waɗannan lokuta ba a amfani da ka'idojin guda uku ba saboda ba a ɗaukar nau'in a matsayin mai maimaitawa. Wadannan kalmomi za a iya sanya su tare da -gat kuma don ƙirƙirar ma'anar maimaitawa.

A lokuta masu wuya ana iya sanya kalmomin da ba na kalmomi ba ta hanyar -gat don ba su irin wannan gyare-gyare a ma'anar aikatau. A mafi yawan lokuta waɗannan kalmomin da ba na aikatau ba suna da alaƙa da wasu ayyuka, kamar sakamako ko abu na yau da kullun. Kalmar da ta samo asali tana da ma'anar iri ɗaya kamar dai an sanya ma'anar da ta shafi -gat.

Canjin ma'anar ma'anar maimaitawa idan aka kwatanta da tushe na iya zama daban dangane da tushe: -gat na iya canza abubuwan da suka faru ko tsananin ko duka biyu na aikin. Lokaci-lokaci yana samar da takamaiman ma'ana wanda ke da alaƙa amma ya bambanta da asalin asali.

Misalan:

akai-akai	tushen	fassarar tushen	fassarar -gat form	Bayani
Rarraba	Nether	don biyan	biyan kuɗi na dogon lokaci tare da yiwuwar ƙarancin ƙarfi	jituwa ta sautin da aka tilasta -GAT don ɗaukar nau'in -get
kerget	ker	don tambaya	yin bara don rayuwa	saboda kalmar da ta samo asali dole ne ta kasance aƙalla kalmomi uku tsawo an kara sabon wasali ga kalmar: kér-e-get
kiütöget	(ki) Demoni	bugawa (fita)	ya buga sg. Sau da yawa	prefixed coverb "ki" (out) ba ya ƙidaya a matsayin syllable don haka an kara karin wasali: (ki)
Ya kasance a cikin	Ya kasance	saurara	saurara sau da yawa amma tare da yiwuwar ƙarancin ƙarfi	aikatau na asali "hallgat" (don sauraro) wani nau'i ne na "hall" (don ji)
rángat	Rashin shiga	don shiga tsakani	ga kowa	wannan wani nau'i ne na banbanci ga dokar syllable guda uku, duk da haka "rántogat" (ránt-o-gat) ba sananne ba ne amma yana da inganci, kuma yana da ɗan ƙarami a kan yanayin daban na kowane janyewa maimakon ci gaba da girgiza kamar a cikin "rángat"
Jarya	Rashin ja	uchu (kiran)	don ihu "jaj" sau da yawa, watakila saboda ciwo	kalmar asali ba aikatau ba ce, don haka ba a amfani da ƙa'idar syllable guda uku
b alhakin	ƙudan zuma	baa (onomatopoeia don tumaki)	don yin ihu ba sau da yawa	kamar yadda yake a sama
mosogat	mos	don wankewa	yin jita-jita	nau'in da ke faruwa akai-akai (mos-o-gat) yana da ma'anar da ba ta saba da ita ba
mosogatgat	mosogat	yin jita-jita	yin jita-jita a hankali kuma ba tare da ƙoƙari ba	kamar yadda "mosogat" mai yawa yana da ma'anar da ba mai yawa ba, ana iya sanya shi ta hanyar -GAT don sanya shi mai yawa
Ya zama	Ayyuka	don aiki	don yin aiki tare da ƙarancin ƙofar da ƙarfi, kamar yadda yake a cikin: "Ők netgetnek, én-suna" (Sun yi kamar suna biya ni, ina yi kamar ina aiki.)	"-ik" a ƙarshen "dolgozik" ƙarshen ba daidai ba ne wanda ke da tasiri ne kawai a cikin mutum na uku, don haka -GAT yana manne wa "dolgoz" wanda shine tushen kalmar

Latin

A cikin Latin, kalmomin da ke faruwa akai-akai suna nuna maimaitawa ko aiki mai tsanani. Yawancin lokaci ana kirkirar su ne daga tsutsa tare da -āre da aka kafara.

cantāre, ' (ci gaba da) raira waƙa' (< canere, 'raira waƙa"). (An yi amfani da wannan nau'in sau da yawa don ya sauya kuma ya fitar da nau'in asali zuwa halaka a cikin harsunan Romance na zamani.)
cursāre 'tsere a kusa' (< currere, 'tsere')
dictāre 'dictate' (< dīcere, 'yi magana, ka ce")
dormītāre 'yi barci, yi barci' (< dormīre, 'yi barci')
iactāre, 'taunawa, damuwa' (< iacere, ' jefawa, jefawa")
pulsāre, 'bugawa' (< pellere, 'buɗewa")
saltāre, 'race, tsalle' (< salīre, 'tsalle')
spectāre, 'duba' (< specere, mafi yawanci aspicere, 'dube')
versāre, 'juyawa sau da yawa, ci gaba da juyawa' (< vertere, 'juyawa")

Wadannan, musamman, shine 3rd conjugation:

vīsere, 'duba da hankali, ziyarci' (< vidēre, 'dubawa')

Wani lokaci, duk da haka, an kafa su ba daga supine ba amma daga tushe na yanzu -itaire da -itāre.

agitāre, 'sanya motsi' (< agere, 'yi, fitarwa")
clāmitāre, 'ci gaba da ihu' (< clāmāre, 'shout')
habitāre, 'zauna, zama (wani wuri) ' (< habēre, 'kashe', a lokutan da suka gabata yana da ma'anar zama, zama )
Minārī, 'ci gaba da barazana' (< minārī, 'tsoron')
vocitāre, 'ya saba kira' / 'ci gaba da kira' (< vocāre,' kira')

Abubuwan da ke biyowa ba daidai ba ne tun lokacin da supine na nāre shine nātum tare da dogon ā:

natāre, 'yin iyo, iyo' (< nāre, 'yi iyo, iyo')

Za'a iya yin aikatau mai maimaitawa sau biyu ta hanyar ƙara -itāre zuwa supine:

cursitāre 'tsere a nan da can' (< currere, 'tsere')
dictitāre 'yi magana sau da yawa ko kuma da hankali' (< dīcere, 'yi magana, ka ce")
ventitāre, 'ku zo akai-akai ko akai-akai' (< venīre, 'ko"; duba Catullus 8, layi 4)
vīsitāre, 'tafiye' (< vidēre, 'duba')

Wasu kalmomi masu yawa ba su da tsari mai sauƙi:

gustāre, 'ɗanɗano'
Hortari, 'gargari'

Yaren Lithuania

Lithuanian yana da maimaitawa (ko maimaitawa), wanda ke aiki don bayyana wani mataki guda da aka maimaita a baya. Farawa –dav– ƙayyadaddun ba tare da -ti ba, an kafa shi ta hanyar ƙara ma'anar -dav- wanda ya biyo bayan ma'anar ma'anar da ta gabata ta farko. Misali, слабо·ti ("aiki", kalma ta farko), wanda a bayyane yake a baya ne слабо·au ("Na yi aiki" ko "Na yi aiki"), yana da maimaitawa na baya na weak·dav·au ("Ina amfani da aiki"). Hanyar mutum da lambar taswirar a kan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadamsun ƙayƙwalwa guda biyar; babu bambancin ƙayyadayyadaddur na ƙayyadyadaddun a cikin mutum na uku, ko kuma na aji na haɗuwa gaba ɗaya.

		Ma'anar ("aiki") ("to work")	norėti ("to want")	Ya kuma yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna "karanta".("to read")
Mutum na farko	singular	dirb·dav·au	norė·dav·au	skaity·dav·au
Mutum na farko	plural	dirb·dav·ome	norė·dav·ome	skaity·dav·ome
Mutum na biyu	singular	dirb·dav·ai	norė·dav·ai	skaity·dav·ai
Mutum na biyu	plural	dirb·dav·ote	norė·dav·ote	skaity·dav·ote
Mutum na uku		dirb·dav·o	norė·dav·o	skaity·dav·o

Dangi mafi kusa na Lithuanian, Latvian, da kuma Yaren Samogitian na yaren, ba shi da wani lokaci na baya don nuna alamar maimaitawa; a wurinsa, duk da haka, duka biyu na iya bayyana shi ta hanyar periphrasis. Wani kalma mai taimako - mēgt a cikin Latvian da liuobėti a cikin Samogitian - sa'an nan kuma zai mamaye cibiyar magana ta kalma (mai la'akari da conjugation), yana rage babban aikatau don bin shi a matsayin (invariant) ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden.

Ka yi la'akari da fassarori uku masu zuwa na jumlar Turanci "Mun saba karantawa da yawa".

Lithuanian: Ni 'yar skaitydavome.
Samogitian: Ɗan nan kuma ya fi so.
Latvian: therma mēdzām ya yi lasīt.

Yaren mutanen Poland

A cikin yaren Polish, wasu kalmomin da ba su da cikakkun bayanai da suka ƙare a cikin -ać suna nuna maimaitawa ko aikin al'ada.

jeść (don cin abinci) → j Colorado (don cinyewa a al'ada)
Aikin (tafiya) → Chadzać.
Harkokin kiɗa (don ga) → widywaćwidy
pisać (don rubutawa) → pisywaćshinge mai laushi
Yanayin (don karantawa) → Yanayin (nuna) Yanayi mai laushi

Interfix -yw- da aka yi amfani da shi don samar da kalmomi masu yawa yana da aiki daban-daban don kalmomin da suka dace: yana aiki don ƙirƙirar kwatankwacin su marasa kyau. Misali, rozczytywać (don ƙoƙarin karanta wani abu da ba a iya karantawa ba) kawai wani abu ne mara cikakke daidai da rozczy Nathan (don cin nasara a karanta wani abu mai ƙarancin karantawa).

Rasha

A cikin Harshen Rasha, ana samar da nau'ikan aikatau masu yawa don nuna maimaitawa ko aikin al'ada ta hanyar saka ƙayyadaddun -ива-/-ыва-, -ва- ko -а́-, sau da yawa tare da canji a cikin tushen kalmar (canjin sautin, canjin tushen ƙarshe) da kuma canjin damuwa.

gani (don gani) → gani (don kallo akai-akai)
Kujerar zama → zama
tafiya (to walk) → rayuwa
Saukewa (don sawa) → sutura
gyaran (don bugun jini) → gyaran
Sanin (sanin) → sanin
cin abinci → cin abinci
rubutawa (don rubutawa) → rubutawa

Misali mai ban sha'awa shine tare da kalmar брать (don ɗaukar); amfani da archaic da aka rubuta tsakanin mafarauta, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin lokacin da ya gabata, a cikin alfaharin mafarauta: biрал, biрывал ma'anar "an yi amfani da shi don ɗaukar (kadan) trophies".

Maimaitawa

Hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don samar da maimaitawa ita ce reduplication, ko dai na dukan kalma ko na ɗaya daga cikin sautin sa. Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Harsunan Austronesian kamar Niuean, kodayake sake maimaitawa yana aiki don haɓaka da ƙarfafa sunaye da adjectives.

Dubi kuma

Abubuwan ci gaba da ci gaba
Kalmomin da ke motsawa

Manazarta

Tushen