Al'adun Larabawa

Yin kafet na Larabawa a Algiers, 1899

Al'adun Larabawa
group of cultures by ethnic group (en) da culture of an area (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Semitic culture (en) da culture of the Earth (en)
Fuskar	Arab world (en)
Indigenous to (en)	Arabia (en)
Karatun ta	Arabic studies (en)
Wuri
10°30′N 15°30′E

Al'adun Larabawa al'adun Larabas ne, daga Tekun Atlantika a yamma zuwa Tekun Larabawa a gabas, a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka da aka sani da Duniyar Larabawa. Addinai daban-daban da Larabawa suka karɓa a cikin tarihin su da kuma mulkoki da mulkoki daban-daban waɗanda suka yi mulki kuma suka jagoranci wayewa sun ba da gudummawa ga ethnogenesis da kuma kafa al'adun Larabawa na zamani. Harshe, wallafe-wallafen, gastronomy, fasaha, gine-gine, kiɗa, ruhaniya, falsafar da mysticism duk suna cikin al'adun al'adun Larabawa.

Kasashen Larabawa, daga Maroko zuwa Iraki, suna da al'ada, al'adu, yare da tarihi wanda ke ba yankin bambancin ainihi kuma ya bambanta shi daga wasu sassan Duniyar Musulmi. Duniyar Larabawa wani lokacin ana raba ta zuwa yankuna daban-daban dangane da al'adu daban-daban, yare da al'adun, kamar Yankin Larabawa (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa), Masar, Levant (Lebanon, Siriya, Falasdinu da Jordan), Maghreb (Libya, Tunisiya, Aljeriya, Morocco da Mauritania), Mesopotamiya (Irak), da Sudan.

Littattafai

Littattafan Larabci sune rubuce-rubucen da aka samar, duka rubutu da shayari, ta masu magana da Harshen Larabci. Kalmar Larabci da aka yi amfani da ita don wallafe-wallafen ita ce Adab wanda aka samo daga kalmar da ke nufin "kira wani don abinci" kuma yana nuna ladabi, al'ada da wadata. Littattafan Larabci sun fito ne a karni na 6, tare da raguwa kawai na harshen da aka rubuta kafin lokacin. Alkur'ani, daga karni na 7, yana da tasiri mafi girma kuma mafi tsawo a kan al'adun Larabci da adabi.

Antara da Abla

Mu'allaqat

Mu'allaqat (Arabic) shine sunan da aka ba jerin waƙoƙin Larabci bakwai ko Kasida waɗanda suka samo asali kafin lokacin Islama. Kowane waka a cikin saiti yana da marubuci daban-daban, kuma an dauke shi mafi kyawun aikin su. Mu'allaqat yana nufin "The Suspended Odes" ko "The Hanging Poems," kuma ya fito ne daga waƙoƙin da aka rataye a bango a cikin Kaaba a Makka.

Marubutan bakwai, waɗanda suka ɗauki kusan shekaru 100, sune Imru' al-Qais, Tarafa, Zuhayr, Labīd, 'Antara Ibn Shaddad, 'Amr ibn Kulthum, da Harith ibn Hilliza. Dukkanin Mu'allaqats suna dauke da labaru daga rayuwar marubutan da siyasar kabilanci. Wannan saboda an yi amfani da shayari a lokacin kafin Islama don tallata ƙarfin sarki na kabilar, dukiya da mutane.

Dubban dare daya (Arabic) tarin tatsuniyoyi ne na zamani wanda ke ba da labarin Scheherazade, sarauniyar Sassanid wacce dole ne ta danganta jerin labaran mijinta, Sarki Shahryar (Šahryār), don jinkirta kisan ta. Ana ba da labaran a cikin dare dubu daya da daya, kuma kowace dare tana kawo karshen labarin tare da halin da ake ciki, yana tilasta wa Sarki ya ci gaba da rayuwa har kwana daya. An kirkiro labaran mutum a cikin ƙarni da yawa, ta mutane da yawa daga ƙasashe daban-daban.

A lokacin mulkin Khalifa na Abbasid Harun al-Rashid a karni na 8, Baghdad ta zama muhimmiyar birni ta duniya. An sami 'yan kasuwa daga Farisa, China, Indiya, Afirka, da Turai a Bagadaza. A wannan lokacin, yawancin labarun da suka kasance labarun gargajiya na asali ana zaton an tattara su ta baki tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma daga baya an tattara shi cikin littafi ɗaya. Mai tarawa kuma mai fassara na ƙarni na tara zuwa Larabci an san shi da mai ba da labari Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar . Labarin Shahrzad da alama an kara shi a karni na 14.

Wani mutum-mutumi na mawaki na Larabawa na zamanin Abbasid Al-Mutanabbi

Misali na shayari na zamani a cikin salon Larabci na gargajiya tare da jigogi na Pan-Arabism shine aikin Aziz Pasha Abaza . Ya fito ne daga dangin Abaza wanda ya samar da sanannun marubuta na Larabci ciki har da Ismail Pasha Abaza, Fekry Pasha Abaza, marubucin Tharwat Abaza, da Desouky Bek Abaza, a tsakanin sauransu.

Waƙoƙi

Fresco daga Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbî, Siriya, Fadar Khalifa Ummayad, wanda aka gina a farkon karni na 7.

kiɗa na Larabci kiɗa ne na mutanen Larabci, musamman waɗanda ke kewaye da yankin Larabawa. Duniya ta kiɗa ta Larabawa ta mamaye Alkahira, cibiyar al'adu, kodayake sababbin kiɗa da salon yanki sun cika daga Tunisiya zuwa Saudi Arabia. Beirut, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta zama babbar cibiyar kiɗa ta Larabci. Waƙoƙin Larabawa na gargajiya sun shahara sosai a duk faɗin jama'a, musamman ƙananan taurari da aka sani a duk faɗuwar Larabawa. Hanyoyin yanki na shahararrun kiɗa sun haɗa da Iraqi el Maqaam, Aljeriya raï, Kuwait sawt da Masar el gil .

"Halin da aka saba amfani da shi wanda ya bunkasa yawanci ana kiransa 'Islama' ko 'Larabci', kodayake a zahiri ya wuce iyakokin addini, kabilanci, ƙasa, da harshe" kuma an ba da shawarar cewa a kira shi da Near East (daga Morocco zuwa Afghanistan).

Habib Hassan Touma ya lissafa "abubuwa biyar" wanda "ya nuna kiɗa na Larabawa:

1. Tsarin sautin Larabawa (tsarin Sautin kiɗa) tare da takamaiman tsarin lokaci, wanda al-Farabi ya kirkira a karni na 10 (shafi na 170). 
2. Tsarin rhythmic-temporal wanda ke samar da nau'ikan rhythmic iri-iri, awzan, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tafiya tare da nau'in murya da kayan aiki kuma ya ba su tsari.
3. Kayan kiɗa da ake samu a duk faɗin duniyar Larabawa kuma suna wakiltar Tsarin sautin da aka daidaita, ana kunna su tare da dabarun aiki da aka daidaita su, kuma suna nuna irin wannan cikakkun bayanai a cikin gini da ƙira.
4. Takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa don yin kiɗa, inda za'a iya rarraba Nau'ikan kiɗa a matsayin birane (kiɗa na mazaunan birni), ƙauyuka (kiɗa ya mazaunan ƙasar), ko Bedouin (kiɗa ta mazaunan hamada).
5. Halin kiɗa wanda ke da alhakin daidaito mai kyau na tsarin sauti-space da rhythmic-lokaci a cikin kiɗa na Larabawa, ko an hada shi ko kuma an shirya shi, kayan aiki ko murya, na duniya ko mai tsarki. An bayyana tunanin kiɗa na Larabawa ta hanyar: Abin da ya faru na maqām . Mafi yawan kiɗa na murya. Sha'awar ƙananan kayan aiki. Mosaiclike stringing tare da siffofin kiɗa, wato, tsari a cikin jerin ƙananan abubuwa masu ƙanƙanta, da maimaitawa, haɗuwa, da permutation a cikin tsarin tsarin tonal-spatial model. Rashin polyphony, polyrhythm, da ci gaban motivic. Kiɗa na Larabawa, duk da haka, ya saba da ostinato, da kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta yin kiɗa. Canjin tsakanin tsarin rhythmic-temporal da tsayayyen yanki na sararin samaniya a gefe guda da kuma tsayayyen rhythmic'temporal da kuma tsarin sautin sararin samaniya kyauta a ɗayan. Wannan sauyawa... yana haifar da bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa. "
   1. Abin da ya faru na maqām.
   2. Mafi yawan kiɗa na murya.
   3. Sha'awar ƙananan kayan aiki.
   4. Mosaiclike stringing tare da siffofin kiɗa, wato, tsari a cikin jerin ƙananan abubuwa masu ƙanƙanta, da maimaitawa, haɗuwa, da permutation a cikin tsarin tsarin tonal-spatial model.
   5. Rashin polyphony, polyrhythm, da ci gaban motivic. Kiɗa na Larabawa, duk da haka, ya saba da ostinato, da kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta yin kiɗa.
   6. Canjin tsakanin tsarin rhythmic-temporal da tsayayyen yanki na sararin samaniya a gefe guda da kuma tsayayyen rhythmic'temporal da kuma tsarin sautin sararin samaniya kyauta a ɗayan. Wannan sauyawa... yana haifar da bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa. "

Yawancin waƙoƙi Larabci ana nuna su ta hanyar jaddada waƙoƙi da rhythm maimakon jituwa. Don haka yawancin kiɗa na Larabci suna da alaƙa da yanayi. Wasu nau'ikan kiɗa na Larabci suna da polyphonic - kamar yadda kayan aikin Kanoun ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin kunna ƙididdigar sautin biyu - amma a zahiri, kiɗan Larabci yana da waƙa.

Zai zama ba daidai ba duk da cewa a kira shi modal, domin tsarin Larabci ya fi rikitarwa fiye da na yanayin Girkanci. Tushen kiɗa na Larabci shine maqam (pl. maqamat), wanda yayi kama da yanayin, amma ba daidai ba ne. Maqam yana da bayanin "tonal" wanda dole ne yanki ya ƙare (sai dai idan sauyawa ya faru).

Ana amfani da Qanun sosai a cikin kiɗa na Larabci

Maqam ya ƙunshi akalla jins biyu, ko sassan sikelin. "Jins" a cikin Larabci ya fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci ta dā "genus," ma'anar nau'in. A aikace, jins (pl. ajnas) ko dai trichord ne, tetrachord, ko pentachord. Trichord shine bayanin kula uku, tetrachord hudu, da pentachord biyar. Maqam yawanci yana rufe octave ɗaya kawai (jingi biyu), amma wani lokacin yana rufe fiye da octave guda ɗaya. Kamar ƙananan sikelin waƙoƙi da ragas na Indiya, wasu maqamat suna da nau'ikan atriya daban-daban, kuma ta haka ne bayanin kula, yayin saukowa ko hawa. Saboda ci gaba da kirkire-kirkire na jins kuma saboda yawancin malaman kiɗa ba su yarda da lambar da ke takwas ba, yana da wahala a ba da ainihin adadin jins. Duk da haka, a aikace yawancin mawaƙa za su yarda da 8 da aka fi amfani da su akai-akai: Rast, Bayat, Sikah, Hijaz, Saba, Kurd, Nahawand, da Ajam - da kuma wasu daga cikin nau'ikan da aka fi sani da su: Nakriz, Athar Kurd, Sikah Beladi, Saba Zamzama. Mukhalif wani nau'i ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ake amfani da shi ne kawai a Iraki, kuma ba ya faruwa a hade da wasu atriyas.

Babban bambanci tsakanin sikelin chromatic na yamma da sikelin Larabci shine kasancewar bayanan da yawa a tsakanin, wanda wani lokacin ana kiransa sautunan kwata don karewa. Koyaya, yayin da a wasu jiyya na ka'idar ma'auni na kwata ko duk sautuna ashirin da huɗu ya kamata su kasance, a cewar Yūsuf Shawqī (1969) a aikace akwai ƙananan sautuna.

Dubi kuma

• Duniyar Larabawa
• Babban Birnin Al'adu na Larabawa