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Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka

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Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka
Bayanai
Gajeren suna EAC, CAE, 東共體, 东共体, CAO, CAO, CAO, CAO, OAG, CAO, ВАС, САС, ŞAC, OAK da CAO
Iri intergovernmental organization (en) Fassara da international organization (en) Fassara
Aiki
Mamba na International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (mul) Fassara
Mulki
Hedkwata Arusha (en) Fassara
Subdivisions
Burundi
Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango
Kenya
Ruwanda
Somaliya
Sudan ta Kudu
Tanzaniya
Uganda
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 7 ga Yuli, 2000

eac.int


Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka ( EAC ) kungiya ce ta gwamnatoci a gabashin Afirka . Ƙungiyar EAC ta ƙunshi jihohi takwas: Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tarayyar Somaliya, Jamhuriyar Burundi, Kenya, Ruwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda, da Tanzaniya . [1] William Ruto, shugaban Kenya, shi ne shugaban EAC na yanzu. An kafa kungiyar a cikin 1967, ta rushe a 1977, kuma an sake farfado da ita a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2000. [2] Babban manufar EAC ita ce haɓaka haɗin gwiwar tattalin arzikin yanki.

A shekara ta 2008, bayan tattaunawa da kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka (SADC) da kuma babbar kasuwar gabashi da kudancin Afirka (COMESA), EAC ta amince da fadada yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci da ya hada da kasashe mambobin dukkanin kungiyoyi uku. EAC wani muhimmin bangare ne na Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka .

EAC dai wata hanya ce mai yuwuwa don kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, kungiyar da ke shirin kafa kungiyar ta zama kasa daya mai cin gashin kanta . A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari don kayayyaki, aiki, da babban birnin a cikin yankin, tare da manufar samar da kuɗin bai ɗaya kuma a ƙarshe cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa tare da babban birninta a Arusha, Tanzania. A cikin 2013, an rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ke bayyana shirinsu na ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar kuɗi a cikin shekaru 10. A watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samuwar da sake fasalin

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Daga hagu zuwa dama: Shugaba Yoweri Museveni na Uganda, Mwai Kibaki na Kenya, da shugaban Tanzaniya Jakaya Kikwete a lokacin taron EAC karo na takwas a Arusha, Nuwamba 2006.

Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda sun hada kai da juna tun farkon karni na 20. Hukumar Kula da Kudade ta Gabashin Afirka ta samar da kudin bai daya daga 1919 zuwa 1966. Kungiyar kwastam tsakanin Kenya da Uganda a shekarar 1917, wadda Tanganyika ta shiga a shekarar 1927, sai kuma Hukumar koli ta Gabashin Afrika (EAHC) daga 1948 zuwa 1961, kungiyar hada-hadar hada-hadar kudi ta Gabashin Afrika (EACSO) daga 1961 zuwa 1967, da EAC [3] daga 1967 zuwa 1977. Burundi da Rwanda sun shiga kungiyar EAC a ranar 6 ga Yuli 2009. [4]

Haɗin kai tsakanin yankuna tsakanin Kenya Colony, Uganda Protectorate, da Tanganyika Territory an tsara shi a cikin 1948 ta EAHC. Wannan ya samar da ƙungiyar kwastam, kuɗin fito na gama gari, kuɗi, da aikawasiku. Har ila yau, ta yi hulɗa da sabis na gama gari a cikin sufuri da sadarwa, bincike, da ilimi. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an sake gina waɗannan ayyukan haɗin gwiwar kuma an maye gurbin EAHC da EACSO, wanda masu lura da al'amura da yawa ke ganin zai haifar da haɗin gwiwar siyasa tsakanin yankuna uku. Sabuwar kungiyar ta shiga cikin wahalhalu saboda rashin tsarin tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwa da manufofin kasafin kudi, da manufofin siyasa daban, da kuma matsayin kasar Kenya mai karfin tattalin arziki. A cikin 1967, EACSO ta maye gurbin EACSO. Wannan kungiya na da nufin karfafa alakar da ke tsakanin mambobin ta hanyar kasuwar bai daya, harajin kwastam na bai daya, da kuma ayyuka iri-iri don samun daidaiton ci gaban tattalin arziki a yankin. [5]

A cikin 1977, EAC ta rushe. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rugujewar sun hada da bukatar Kenya na samun kujeru fiye da Uganda da Tanzaniya wajen yanke shawara, [6] rashin jituwa da dan mulkin kama-karya na Uganda Idi Amin wanda ya bukaci Tanzania a matsayinta na mamba ta EAC kada ta dauki sojojin da ke fafutukar hambarar da gwamnatin wata kasa memba, da tsarin tattalin arzikin gurguzu a Tanzaniya da tsarin jari hujja a Kenya. [7] Kasashe uku membobi sun yi asarar hadin gwiwa sama da shekaru sittin da kuma fa'idojin tattalin arziki, ko da yake wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kenya sun yi bikin rugujewar kasar da shampen.

Shugaban kasar Kenya Daniel arap Moi, Ali Hassan Mwinyi na Tanzaniya, da Yoweri Kaguta Museveni na Uganda sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta gabashin Afirka a Kampala a ranar 30 November 1993 tare da kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa tsakanin bangarori uku. [8] An fara aiwatar da wani tsari na sake hadewa kan shirin hadin gwiwa tsakanin bangarori uku a fannonin siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, bincike da fasaha, tsaro, tsaro, da shari'a da shari'a.

An sake farfado da EAC a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1999, lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sake kafa ta. Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2000, shekaru 23 bayan rugujewar al'ummar da ta gabata da sassanta. An rattaba hannu kan wata kungiyar kwastam a watan Maris na shekarar 2004, wadda ta fara a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2005. Kasar Kenya wadda ita ce kasar da ta fi fitar da kayayyaki a yankin, ta ci gaba da biyan haraji kan kayayyakin da ke shiga sauran kasashe hudu a kan raguwa, har zuwa shekarar 2010. Tsarin haraji na bai ɗaya zai shafi kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga ƙasashe na uku. [9] A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2016 an bayyana cewa manufar nan take ita ce tarayya maimakon tarayya.

Shiga Sudan ta Kudu

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Shugabannin kasashen Kenya da Rwanda sun gayyaci gwamnatin Sudan ta Kudu mai cin gashin kanta don neman zama memba bayan samun 'yancin kan Sudan ta Kudu a shekarar 2011, kuma an ruwaito cewa Sudan ta Kudu ta kasance wata kasa mai neman shiga a tsakiyar watan Yulin 2011. [10] Manazarta sun ba da shawarar cewa kokarin da Sudan ta Kudu ta yi tun farko na hada ababen more rayuwa, da suka hada da layin dogo da bututun mai, tare da tsarin a Kenya da Uganda ya nuna aniyar Juba ta kawar da dogaro ga Sudan da kuma EAC. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya dauki Sudan ta Kudu a matsayin wanda ya fi dacewa da dan takara na fadada kungiyar EAC a cikin gajeren lokaci, da kuma wata kasida a cikin jaridar Tanzaniya The Citizen da ta ruwaito kakakin majalisar dokokin gabashin Afrika Abdirahin Haithar Abdi ya ce Sudan ta Kudu tana da 'yancin shiga EAC' ya tabbatar da cewa masu sharhi sun yi imanin kasar nan ba da jimawa ba za ta zama cikakkiyar mamba a kungiyar yankin.

A ranar 17 ga watan Satumban 2011, jaridar Daily Nation ta ruwaito wani dan majalisar dokokin Sudan ta Kudu yana cewa, yayin da gwamnatinsa ke sha'awar shiga kungiyar ta EAC, mai yiwuwa za ta jinkirta zama mamba saboda damuwar da ake da ita cewa tattalin arzikinta bai wadatar da zai yi gogayya da kasashe mambobin kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma zai iya zama wurin zubar da kayayyakin da ake fitarwa a kasashen Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda. Shugaban kasar Salva Kiir Mayardit ya musanta hakan, wanda ya sanar da cewa Sudan ta Kudu ta fara aiwatar da aikace-aikacen bayan wata guda. [11] EAC ta jinkirta aikace-aikacen a cikin Disamba 2012, duk da haka abubuwan da suka faru tare da ma'aikatan boda-boda na Uganda a Sudan ta Kudu sun haifar da tashin hankali na siyasa kuma yana iya jinkirta tsarin.

A watan Disambar 2012, Tanzaniya ta amince da yunkurin Sudan ta Kudu na shiga kungiyar EAC, wanda ya share fagen sabuwar kasa a duniya ta zama mamba ta shida a kungiyar. A watan Mayun 2013 EAC ta ware dalar Amurka $82,000 domin shigar Sudan ta Kudu shiga kungiyar duk da cewa ba za a samu shiga ba har sai 2016. Tsarin da za a fara bayan taron majalisar ministocin EAC a watan Agustan 2013, an yi hasashen zai dauki akalla shekaru hudu. A babban taron koli karo na 14 da aka gudanar a birnin Nairobi a shekara ta 2012, shugabannin kasashen EAC sun amince da rahoton tantancewa da majalisar ministocin kasar ta gabatar, sannan suka umarce ta da ta fara shawarwari da Sudan ta Kudu.

An kafa wata tawaga domin tantance yunkurin Sudan ta Kudu; duk da haka, a cikin Afrilu 2014, al'ummar kasar sun nemi jinkiri a cikin tsarin shigar da su, mai yiwuwa saboda rikice-rikice na cikin gida da ke gudana . [12] [13]

Ministan harkokin wajen Sudan ta Kudu, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, ya yi ikirarin a bainar jama'a a watan Oktoban 2015 cewa, bayan tantancewa da tarukan da wani kwamitin fasaha na musamman ya yi a watan Mayu, Yuni, Agusta, Satumba da Oktoba, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar a bar Sudan ta Kudu ta shiga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka. Waɗannan shawarwarin, duk da haka, ba a fitar da su ga jama'a ba. An ba da rahoton cewa za a iya karbar Sudan ta Kudu tun a watan Nuwamban 2015 lokacin da shugabannin kasashen gabashin Afirka suka yi taronsu.

Daga karshe Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da zama mamba a kungiyar a watan Maris na 2016, kuma ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shiga cikin watan Afrilun 2016. Yana da watanni shida don tabbatar da yarjejeniyar, wanda ya yi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, inda ta shiga cikin al'umma a hukumance. Har yanzu bai shiga daidai da sauran membobin ba.

Jamhuriya Demokaradiyyar Kwango ta shiga

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A shekara ta 2010, jami'an Tanzaniya sun nuna sha'awar gayyata DR Congo shiga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka. DRC ta nemi izinin shiga EAC a watan Yuni 2019. A watan Yunin 2021, taron kolin EAC ya kaddamar da aikin tantancewa don tantance cancantar DRC don shiga cikin al'umma, kuma tun daga lokacin ta tsara rahoto kan binciken da suka yi wanda ke shirin mikawa majalisar ministocin EAC. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2021: Ministoci masu kula da al'amuran yankin Gabashin Afirka (EAC) sun ba da shawarar shugabannin kasashen EAC su duba rahoton tawagar tabbatar da bukatar jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) ta shiga cikin al'umma. A cikin Fabrairun 2022, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta ba da shawarar a shigar da DRC a matsayin sabuwar ƙasa memba ta EAC. A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2022, Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki ya tabbatar da cewa shugabannin kasashen za su amince da shigar a ranar 29 ga Maris 2022. An shigar da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo a matsayin memba na EAC a ranar 29 ga Maris 2022, a wani taron koli na shugaban kasa karkashin jagorancin Uhuru Kenyatta na Kenya, kuma a hukumance ta zama memba na kungiyar Gabashin Afirka a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022 bayan ajiye kayan aikin amincewa da Sakatare Janar na EAC a hedkwatar kungiyar a Arusha, Tanzania. Shigar da DRC ta ba EAC tashar jiragen ruwa ta farko a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka .

Shiga Somaliya

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Wakilan Somaliya sun nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012. [14] Shugabannin EAC sun yi la'akari da aikace-aikacen a cikin Disamba 2012, wanda ya bukaci Majalisar EAC ta yi aiki tare da Somaliya don tabbatar da aikace-aikacen su. [15] A cikin watan Fabrairun 2015, EAC ta sake yin shawarwari kan lamarin amma ta dage yanke shawara saboda ba a fara tantancewa ba kuma ba a kammala shirye-shirye da gwamnatin Somaliya ba. [16] A yayin taron shugabannin kasashen kungiyar EAC karo na 22 a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2022, shugabannin kasashen EAC, sun bayyana cewa, ana bukatar kammala aikin tantance kasar Somaliya don shiga cikin al'umma cikin hanzari. A shekarar 2023, Sakatare-janar na kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka (EAC), Peter Mathuki, ya ce Somaliya ta dauki muhimmin mataki na zama mamba na takwas a kungiyar, tare da yin shawarwari kan shigar da kasar daga ranar 22 ga watan Agusta zuwa 5 ga watan Satumba. A ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamban 2023 ne aka gayyace Somaliya ta shiga cikin taron shugabannin kasashe karo na 23, biyo bayan ganawar sirri da aka yi ta tsawon sa'o'i biyar. A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2023 ne aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shiga kasar a fadar shugaban kasa da ke Kampala, Uganda, inda kasar Somaliya ke da watanni 6 kafin ta kammala amincewa da yarjejeniyar bayan haka za ta zama mamba a hukumance. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2024, majalisar dokokin Somaliya ta amince da yarjejeniyar shiga kasar. Somalia ta ajiye kayan aikinta na amincewa a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba na takwas a cikin kungiyar.

Jihohin Abokan Hulda

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Bayanin Jihohin Abokan Hulda a cikin Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka
Ƙasa Babban birni Shiga Yawan jama'a[17] Yanki (km2) GDP
(US$ bn)[18] 		GDP
kowace mutum
(US$) 		GDP PPP
(US$ bn)[18] 		GDP PPP
kowace mutum
(US$)
 Burundi Gitega 2007 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 3.075 Samfuri:Nts 12.241 900.73
Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango Kinshasa 2022 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 73.761 639.16 160.197 Samfuri:Nts
 Kenya Nairobi 2000 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 104.001 Samfuri:Nts 365.854 Samfuri:Nts
Ruwanda Kigali 2007 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 13.701 Samfuri:Nts 46.658 Samfuri:Nts
Somaliya Mogadishu 2024 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 12.804 983.62 34.027 Samfuri:Nts
Sudan ta Kudu Juba 2016 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 6.517 513.00 7.031 553.46
 Tanzania Dodoma 2000 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 79.605 Samfuri:Nts 244.363 Samfuri:Nts
 Uganda Kampala 2000 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 56.310 Samfuri:Nts 156.696 Samfuri:Nts
Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts 349.774 Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts Samfuri:Nts

Fadada Mai Yiwuwa

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Comoros

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A watan Yulin 2023, Shugaban Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da batun Comoros shiga EAC yayin rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya don zurfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kenya da Comoros. Comoros da mamba mai ci Tanzania suna da iyaka ta ruwa.[19]

Djibouti

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Tare da Somalia da aka saita don shiga ƙungiyar a cikin Oktoba 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya bayyana, "Hangen nesa na shugabanninmu shine samun kasuwa na mutane miliyan 800. Kuma hakan zai yiwu idan muka haɗa dukkan ƙasashen da ke cikin ƙahon Afirka muka zama babbar kasuwa guda ɗaya," yana mai nuni da yiwuwar shigar Djibouti da Ethiopia.[20]

Habasha

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Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC don haɗawa da jihohin Afirka ta Tsakiya, Arewa, da Kudancin Afirka, kamar Habasha.[21] Yiwuwar shigar Habasha cikin EAC zai kawo yawan jama'a zuwa kusan miliyan 460.[17] Da yake magana a wurin buɗe tashar iyaka ta Tsaya Ɗaya a Moyale a cikin 2020, Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed na Habasha ya tabbatar da jajircewarsa ga haɗin gwiwar yanki yana mai cewa mutanen gabashin Afirka mutane ɗaya ne kuma haɗin tattalin arziki shine babban buri ga yankin ya cimma don buɗe damarsa.[22][23] Tare da sauran ƙasashen ƙahon Afirka kamar Somalia da ke shiga EAC da buɗe sassan Habasha kamar banki da sadarwa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kasancewa wani ɓangare na EAC nan ba da jimawa ba zai iya zama fifiko don hanzarta samun ci gaban tattalin arziki.[24] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar cewa EAC ya kamata ya yi la'akari da karɓar Habasha bayan shigar Somalia.[25] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2024, Ministan Ma'aikatar EAC Arid da Yankunan Semi-arid da Sakataren Majalisar Ministocin Ci Gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ya yi iƙirarin cewa EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakai na ƙarshe na tattaunawa don shiga cikin ƙungiyar.[26] Daga baya wannan ya ci karo da kakakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla wanda ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata buƙata ta shiga EAC ba kuma "bayanan ba su da tushe."[27]

Malawi

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A cikin 2010, jami'an Tanzaniya sun nuna sha'awar gayyatar Malawi don shiga EAC. Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Wajen Malawi Etta Banda ta ce, duk da haka, babu wata tattaunawa a hukumance da ke gudana game da zama memba na Malawi.[28]

Sudan

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Sudan ta nemi shiga EAC a cikin 2011, tare da Burundi, Kenya, da Rwanda suna goyon bayan zama memba, yayin da Tanzaniya da Uganda suka nuna adawa da hakan. Sun yi jayayya cewa saboda rashin iyaka kai tsaye da Sudan ke da shi da EAC a lokacin, ayyukanta na nuna wariya ga mutanen baƙar fata, tarihin take haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma tarihin husuma da Sudan ta Kudu da Uganda, Sudan ba ta cancanci shiga ba kuma an ƙi amincewa da buƙatar su a cikin Disamba 2012.[29][30]

Sassan Kungiyar EAC

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Yarjejeniyar Kafa Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) ta kafa sassa bakwai na EAC don gudanar da ayyukan kungiyar.

Taron Koli (The Summit)

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Lokaci Shugaba
2012–2013 Uganda Yoweri Museveni
2013–2015 Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta
2015–2017 Tanzania John Magufuli
2017–2019 Uganda Yoweri Museveni
2019–2021 Paul Kagame
2021–2022 Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta
2022–2023 Burundi Évariste Ndayishimiye
2023–2024 Salva Kiir Mayardit
2024-Yanzu Kenya William Ruto

Taron Koli ya kunshi shugabannin kasashe membobi daban-daban. Taron Koli yana ba da "shawara mai zurfi game da cimma burin da manufofin Kungiyar," kuma yana haduwa sau daya a shekara, tare da karin tarurruka idan duk wani memba na Taron Koli ya bukata. Ana yanke shawarwarin Taron Koli ta hanyar amincewar kowa.[31] Shugaban Taron Koli yana da wa'adin shekara daya kuma ana juya shi tsakanin kasashe mambobi. A tarurrukan Taron Koli, Taron Koli yana nazarin rahotannin ci gaba na shekara-shekara da sauran rahotanni daga Majalisar. Taron Koli yana nada alkalai na Kotun Shari'a ta Gabashin Afirka, yana amincewa da kudirori, kuma yana karbar sabbin membobi ko kasashe masu sa ido. Taron Koli na iya mika yawancin ikonsa, amma ba duka ba, ga kananan sassan gwamnati bisa ga ikon Taron Koli. Shugaban Kenya, William Ruto, shi ne shugaban Taron Koli na EAC a halin yanzu.[32]

Majalisar (The Council)

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Majalisar ta kunshi Ministan da ke da alhakin harkokin EAC na kowace kasa memba, duk wani Minista na kasa memba da kasa memba ta zaba; da Babban Lauyan kowace kasa memba. Majalisar tana haduwa sau biyu a shekara, sau daya kai tsaye bayan Taron Koli kuma sau daya daga baya a cikin shekara.[31] Majalisar kuma na iya haduwa bisa bukata daga Shugaban Majalisar ko kasa memba. Babban aikin Majalisar shine aiwatar da shawarwarin da Taron Koli ya yanke. Majalisar tana gabatar da kudirori ga Majalisar Dokoki, tana ba da umarni ga kasashe mambobi, kuma tana tsara dokoki, tana ba da umarni, kuma tana ba da shawarwari ga dukkan sauran sassan (sai dai Taron Koli, Kotu, da Majalisar Dokoki).[31] Majalisar kuma na iya kafa Kwamitocin Sassa daga cikin membobinta don aiwatar da takamaiman umarni. Deng Alor Kuol, Ministan Harkokin Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin EAC a halin yanzu.[33] Wannan matsayi na Shugaban Majalisar an zabe shi ne ta Shugaban Kasa, kuma ana canza shi kowace shekara.[31]

Kwamitin Gudanarwa (The Coordination Committee)

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Kwamitin Gudanarwa ya kunshi Sakatarorin Din-din-din na harkokin EAC a kowace kasa memba da duk wani Sakataren Din-din-din kamar yadda kasa memba ta tantance. Kwamitin Gudanarwa yana haduwa a kalla sau biyu a shekara kafin tarurrukan Majalisar. Kwamitin Gudanarwa yana aiwatar da umarnin da Majalisar ta yanke kuma yana ba da shawarar kafa Kwamitocin Sassa ga Majalisar.[31] Babban Sakatare mai rikon kwarya na Kwamitin Gudanarwa a halin yanzu shine Dr. Kevit Desai na Kenya.[34]

Kotun Shari'a ta Gabashin Afirka (East African Court of Justice)

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Kotun Shari'a ta Gabashin Afirka (EACJ) ita ce bangaren shari'a na kungiyar kuma ta kunshi Sashen Farko (First Instance Division) da Sashen Daukaka Kara (Appellate Division). Alkalai ana nada su ne ta Taron Koli daga 'yan takarar da kasashe membobi suka bada shawarar, idan dai babu alkalai fiye da biyu daga kasa memba daya a Sashen Farko kuma babu alkali fiye da daya daga kasa memba daya a Sashen Daukaka Kara.[31] Kotun ta kunshi alkalai mafi yawa goma sha biyar, tare da mafi yawa goma a Sashen Farko kuma mafi yawa biyar a Sashen Daukaka Kara. Kowanne Alkali na iya yin aiki ba fiye da shekaru bakwai ba kuma yana rike da mukami har sai wannan lokacin ya kare, mutuwa, kai shekaru saba'in, ko kuma cirewa saboda rashin da'a ta Taron Koli bayan tattaunawa daga kotun shari'a, fatarar arziki, ko kuma hukunci.[31] Bayan dakatarwa, kasa memba ta alkali tana bada shawarar dan takara mai cancanta don nadawa a matsayin alkali na wucin gadi. Idan alkali yana da rikicin sha'awa, yana buƙatar bayar da rahoto ga shugabansa don tuba game da ikonsa na yin hukunci daidai.[31] Kotun tana da hurumi a kan shari'o'in da suka shafi fassarawa da amfani da yarjejeniyar, sauran hurumin kamar yadda Taron Koli ya tsara, kasashe membobin da suka ga wata kasa memba ko Kungiyar EAC sun kasa cika wajibai a karkashin yarjejeniyar, da kuma rikice-rikice tsakanin EAC da ma'aikatanta.[31] Taron Koli, Majalisar, ko kasa memba kuma na iya neman Kotu ta ba da shawara kan wata matsala game da Yarjejeniyar. A halin yanzu, kotun tana haduwa duk kwata — Sashen Farko sau hudu a shekara kuma Sashen Daukaka Kara sau hudu a shekara. Wannan jadawalin da aka rage saboda matsalolin kasafin kudi ya haifar da tarin shari'o'i 260.[35]

Majalisar Dokoki ta Gabashin Afirka (East African Legislative Assembly)

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File:East African Legislative Assembly.jpg|left|thumb|Majalisar Dokoki ta Gabashin Afirka ta 2010 tana karbar bakuncin Taron Kasa da Kasa kan HIV/AIDS na Sojoji Majalisar Dokoki ta Gabashin Afirka (EALA) ita ce bangaren dokoki na kungiyar. EALA tana da membobi 27 wadanda duk Majalisun Kasa ko Majalisun Dokoki na kasashe membobin kungiyar suka zaba.[31] EALA tana da ayyukan sa ido kan duk abubuwan da suka shafi aikin kungiyar kuma ayyukanta sun hada da tattaunawa da amincewa da kasafin kudin kungiyar, tattauna duk abubuwan da suka shafi kungiyar da bayar da shawarwari ga majalisar kamar yadda ta ga dama don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar, hadin gwiwa da Majalisun Kasa ko Majalisun Dokoki kan abubuwan da suka shafi kungiyar da kafa kwamitoci don irin wadannan dalilai kamar yadda ta ga dama.[31] Wakilan Majalisar suna da wa'adin shekaru biyar kuma iyakar wa'adi biyu. EALA tana haduwa a kalla sau daya a shekara kuma tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da ita a shekarar 2001, EALA ta gudanar da tarurruka da yawa a matsayin cikakkiyar taro a Arusha, Kampala, da Nairobi. Duk wani memba na iya gabatar da kudiri kuma bayan kuri'ar rinjaye mai sauki, kudirin yana ci gaba zuwa shugabannin kasashe inda idan duk wani shugaban kasa ya ki amincewa cikin watanni uku, kudirin yana komawa EALA don gyara.[31]

Kamar yadda yake a watan Agustan 2024, Shugaban Majalisar shine Dan Kidega daga Uganda. Ya maye gurbin tsohuwar Shugabar Majalisar kuma dan Majalisar Uganda Margaret Zziwa bayan tsige ta.[Ana bukatan hujja] Ta gaji Abdirahin Haithar H. Abdi daga Kenya. An yaba wa majalisar da kudirori masu mahimmanci, musamman wadanda suka shafi kasuwancin yanki da na kasa da kasa, ciki har da matsayin EAC kan batutuwa kamar Kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da sufuri a Tafkin Victoria.[36]

Sakatariya (The Secretariat)

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Lokaci Sakatare-Janar
2000–2001 Kenya Francis Muthaura
2001–2006 Uganda Amanya Mushega
2006–2011 Tanzania Juma Mwapachu
2011–2016 Richard Sezibera
2016–2021 Burundi Libérat Mfumukeko
2021–2024 Kenya Peter Mathuki
2024–yanzu Kenya Veronica Nduva

Sakatariya ita ce bangaren zartarwa na EAC. Babban ofishin Sakatariya shine Sakatare-Janar. Sakatare-Janar ana nada shi ne ta Taron Koli bisa ga shawarar shugaban kasa mai juya-juyawa a halin yanzu kuma yana yin wa'adi daya na shekaru biyar.[31] Sakatariya kuma tana dauke da ofisoshin Mataimakan Sakatarorin Janar da Taron Koli ya nada kuma karkashin ikon Sakatare-Janar. Babban aikin Sakatariya shine aiwatar da shawarwarin Taron Koli da Majalisar tare da sauran ayyuka ciki har da bincike kan hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don cimma burin yarjejeniyar EAC, gudanar da kudade, da binciken harkokin EAC.[31] Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC a halin yanzu,[32] an nada ta ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 bayan Kenya ta janye tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki saboda zargin almundahanar miliyoyin kudin Asusun Zaman Lafiya a Sakatariya.[37]

Cibiyoyin EAC (EAC Institutions)

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Akwai shugabannin cibiyoyin EAC guda takwas a halin yanzu. Vivienne Yeda Apopo ta Zambia ita ce Daraktar-Janar mai rikon kwarya ta Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Gabashin Afirka kuma ta rike wannan matsayi tun 2009.[38] Dr. Novat Twungubumwe na Burundi shine Babban Lauyan mai rikon kwarya kuma Sakatare-Janar na Hukumar Binciken Lafiya ta Gabashin Afirka.[39] Dr. Sylvance Okeyo Okoth shine Sakatare-Janar na Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Gabashin Afirka (EASTECO).[40] Dr. Caroline Asiimwe ta Uganda ita ce Sakatariya mai aiki ta Hukumar Kiswahili ta Gabashin Afirka. `

Matasaloli

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Taimako

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani kwamitin haɗin kan siyasa na EAC ya gudanar da bincike kan goyon bayan shirin haɗin kan siyasa a jihohi biyar na wancan lokacin daga 2007 zuwa 2009. Ban da Tanzaniya, waɗannan kwamitoci sun gano cewa yawancin al'ummarsu sun goyi bayan ƙarin haɗin kai. Yayin da kwamitin ya ci gaba da nazarin haɗin kai har zuwa 2012, sha'awar ra'ayin ta ragu.[41]:13.9–13.10

Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15)
Ƙasa EAC
"yana
taimako
sosai" 		EAC
"yana
taimako
kaɗan" 		EAC
"yana
taimako
ɗan
kaɗan" 		EAC
ba
ya
yi
komai 		Ban
sani
ba
Uganda 20% 21% 15% 7% 37%
Kenya 16% 28% 27% 8% 20%
Tanzaniya 16% 28% 13% 16% 28%

Binciken Tanzaniya a cikin 2012 ta ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta Afrobarometer ya nuna cewa kashi 70% na Tanzaniyawa sun amince da 'yancin motsi na mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka.[42] A halin yanzu, kashi 55% na Tanzaniyawa sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da shirin haɗin kan kuɗi.[42] A kan dukkan batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun 2008 wanda ke nuna ƙarin yawan shigar jama'a a cikin batutuwan EAC.[42] Amincewa da sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, tare da yawancin (53%) har yanzu suna kin amincewa.[42] A Kenya, amincewa da 'yancin motsi na mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka ya kai kashi 52% tun daga 2021.[43] Goyon bayan haɗin kan kuɗi ya kasance a kashi 49%, tare da kashi 44% suna kin amincewa.[43] Kashi 65% na waɗanda ba su taɓa talauci ba sun amince da manufar 'yancin motsi yayin da kashi 44% na waɗanda ke da babban talauci kawai suka goyi bayanta.[43] Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi a duk faɗin iyakokin yankin.[44] A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi a tsakanin yankin.[44] Haɗin kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimako sosai", "yana taimako kaɗan", ko "yana taimako ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.[44] Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimako ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na Tanzaniyawa sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimako ta wata hanya.[44][note 1] Sanin ƙungiyoyin EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su taɓa jin komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "mai yawa".[43] Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan EALA kai tsaye maimakon zaɓaɓɓun Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.[43] Yawancin goyon bayan haɗin kan Gabashin Afirka ya fito ne daga manyan jami'an ƙasa. Waɗanda suka tsufa da zasu iya tunawa da tsohuwar EAC, da yawa suna jin daɗin wancan lokaci na siyasar Gabashin Afirka kuma suna nadamar rushewarta.[45] Duk da haka, kashi 61% na mutanen da ke tsakanin shekaru 18-25 sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi a Kenya yayin da kashi 43% na mutanen da ke tsakanin shekaru 46-55 kawai suka goyi bayanta.[43] Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ƙara yawan jin daɗin Gabashin Afirka a cikin matasa da ke tasowa daga sadarwar zamani.[45] Rukunin da ke da goyon bayan 'yancin motsi a Kenya shine waɗanda ke da ilimin manyan makarantu, tare da kashi 73% suna goyon baya.[43] A takaice, binciken da aka gudanar daga 2007 zuwa 2015 ya nuna bambance-bambance a goyon bayan haɗin kan EAC a tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Yayin da yawancin ƙasashe (banda Tanzaniya a farko) sun goyi bayan ƙarin haɗin kai, sha'awa ta ragu bayan 2012. Bayanan da aka tattara daga Afrobarometer sun nuna cewa goyon bayan 'yancin motsi na mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka ya kasance mai ƙarfi a Tanzaniya (70% a 2012), Uganda (69% a 2015), da Burundi (64% a 2015), yayin da Kenya ta ga goyon baya na 52% a 2021. Goyon bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da haɗin kan kuɗi shima yana da ƙarfi, musamman a Tanzaniya. Sanin kungiyoyin EAC kamar EALA yana da ƙasa, musamman a Kenya. An lura cewa yawancin goyon baya ga haɗin kai yana fitowa daga manyan jami'ai, waɗanda ke da sha'awar sake farfado da tsohuwar EAC. Duk da haka, an lura da karuwar goyon baya daga matasa a Kenya, wanda ke nuna yiwuwar tasirin sadarwar zamani.

Rashin daidaiton kasafin kuɗi

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EAC tana fama da ƙarancin kuɗi saboda ƙasashe mambobi da ke bin bashin ta. Kenya, Tanzaniya da Somalia ne kawai ƙasashe mambobi waɗanda ba su da wani bashi. Uganda ta biya kashi 99% na kuɗin da take bin ta. Duk sauran ƙasashe mambobi suna da manyan bashin fita na wani nau'i: tun daga Afrilu 2025, DRC tana bin Dala miliyan 20.7, Burundi Dala miliyan 16, Sudan ta Kudu Dala miliyan 15.1, Rwanda Dala miliyan 2.[35] DRC wacce, duk da shiga a 2019, har yanzu ba ta biya ko kwabo ba har sai da ta biya Dala miliyan 1 ga EAC a 2024.[46] A cikin shekarar kasafin kuɗi ta 2023–24, bashin ya kai sama da Dala miliyan 35.[47] Dalilai na waɗannan basusuka galibi saboda abubuwa biyu ne:

  • Rashin aiwatar da gudummawa ta hanyar takunkumi da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar
  • Gudummawar ƙasashe mambobi ga kasafin kuɗi daidai ne duk da girman su daban-daban da GDP

An karɓi samfurin raba-daidai lokacin da EAC ke da Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda kawai, kuma bazai dore ba yanzu.[48] An gabatar da wani samfurin biyan kuɗi madadin wanda kashi 65% na kasafin kuɗin ake bayarwa daidai, yayin da sauran kashi 35% ake bayarwa bisa ga matsakaicin GDP na nominal na kowace ƙasa memba a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.[48] Shugaban Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi na EALA Ken Mukulia ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata gyare-gyare ga kayan aikin doka na EAC don raba iko bisa ga girman gudummawa su raka sabon tsarin samar da kuɗi.[48] Bugu da ƙari, an ba da shawarar siyar da kayayyaki da suka makale a tashar jiragen ruwa na Dar es Salaam da Mombasa waɗanda aka keɓe ga manyan masu laifi uku a matsayin hanyar biyan bashin su.[49] Duk Mukulia da Shugaban Rwanda Paul Kagame sun ba da shawarar sanyawa ƙasashe mambobi da suka gaza biyan bashin takunkumi.[48][50] Duk da kiran gyara, kasafin kuɗi na shekarar kasafin kuɗi ta 2024/2025 na EAC za a biya daidai.[47] Kashi 61% na wannan kasafin kuɗin za a biya daidai daga ƙasashe mambobi ko kuma a tara su ta hanyar kuɗin shiga na ciki yayin da kashi 39% za a samo su daga abokan ci gaba.[47] Kasafin kuɗi na shekarar kasafin kuɗi ta 2024/25 shine Dala miliyan 112.98, karuwar kashi 8.7% daga shekarar kasafin kuɗi da ta gabata.[47] Yawancin wannan karuwar an danganta shi ga shigar Somalia.[51] Tun daga 25 Nuwamba 2024, Dala miliyan 13.3 kawai na kasafin kuɗin Dala miliyan 89.5 na shekarar kasafin kuɗi ta 2024/2025 aka biya.[46] Shugaban Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi na EALA Ayason Mukulia ya bayyana cewa rashin biyan kuɗin na iya fitowa daga rashin son kai bayan rashin raba dala miliyan 6 na kuɗin daga Sakatariya ta tsohon Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki.[46] An ruwaito cewa ƙasashe mambobi sun ƙi biyan kuɗin har sai an gudanar da cikakken bincike.[46] Rage kasafin kuɗi ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan al'umma. EALA ta shiga zaman da ta kamata ta gudanar saboda rashin kayan aiki kuma EACJ tana da shari'o'i 260 da ba a warware ba saboda tsarin taronsu na lokaci-lokaci. Saboda rashin kuɗi, EACJ tana ganawa ne kawai a kowane wata uku — Sashin Farko na Farko yana ganawa sau huɗu a shekara kuma Sashin Ƙoli shima sau huɗu a shekara. Akwai guraben ma'aikata 150 kuma an daskare hayar tun 2024. Wasu manyan jami'ai 30 kuma za su tashi a watan Yuli bayan kwangilar su ta kare.[35] A takaice, EAC tana fuskantar matsalar ƙarancin kuɗi mai tsanani, tare da yawancin ƙasashe mambobi suna bin bashin kuɗin shiga. DRC, Burundi, Sudan ta Kudu, da Rwanda duk suna da manyan basusuka, yayin da Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Somalia ne kawai suka biya kuɗin su gabaɗaya. Dalilai na wannan rashin kuɗi sun haɗa da rashin aiwatar da takunkumi da kuma tsarin raba-daidai na gudummawa, wanda ba ya dorewa ga ƙasashe mambobi daban-daban. An ba da shawarar sabon tsarin biyan kuɗi dangane da GDP da kuma yiwuwar sanyawa ƙasashe masu bin bashin takunkumi. Duk da waɗannan kiran gyara, kasafin kuɗi na 2024/2025 har yanzu yana dogara ne akan tsarin raba-daidai. Rashin kuɗi ya haifar da jinkirin ayyukan EAC, gami da dakatar da zaman EALA da kuma tarin shari'o'i a EACJ.

Rikicin DRC-EAC

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harin M23

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Main article: Harin M23 (2022–yanzu)

Kungiyar 23 ga Maris, ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen soja ta Kongo da aka fi sani da Tutsi,[52] ta gudanar da tawaye a arewa maso gabashin DRC daga 2012 zuwa 2013. An kafa M23 ne ta hanyar sojojin da suka gudu daga Rundunar Sojojin DRC (FARDC) waɗanda a baya sun kasance mambobi na ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen CNDP kuma ba su gamsu da yanayin aikin su ba. Dukkan CNDP da kuma tawayen farko na M23 sun sami goyon bayan Rwanda da Uganda.[53][54] Rahoton Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya gano cewa Rwanda ce ta ƙirƙira kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen M23.[55] Rwanda ta daina goyon bayanta saboda matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma cin zarafi na soja daga DRC da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a 2013.[56] Bayan sun amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, an rushe M23 sosai, an kwance wa mayakanta makamai kuma an tura su sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Uganda.[53] A 2017, wani ɓangare na M23 ya gudu daga Uganda zuwa Kivu don ci gaba da tayar da hankali,[57] duk da haka, aikin bai yi wani tasiri ba saboda M23 ba ta da goyon bayan ƙasa da ƙasa. Uganda da DRC sun inganta dangantaka sosai, suna haɗin gwiwa kan abokin gaba ɗaya a cikin Allied Democratic Forces[57] yayin Operation Shujaa. A farkon 2022, ƙaruwar adadin mayakan M23 sun fara barin sansanonin su kuma sun koma DR Congo; [53] ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen ta kai ƙarin hare-hare a watan Fabrairu 2022, amma an fatattake su.[57] Shugabancin M23 ya yi jayayya cewa sassan motsinsu sun ci gaba da tayar da hankali saboda gwamnatin DRC ba ta girmama sharuddan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2013 ba.[53][54] 'Yan tawayen sun kuma yi jayayya cewa suna ƙoƙarin kare 'yan tsiraru na Tutsi na Kivu daga hare-hare daga mayakan Hutu kamar Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR).[58] Wannan yana biye da dogon zango na tashin hankali tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi, wanda kisan kare dangi na Burundi na 1993 da Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda na 1994 suka misalta shi, wanda Shugaban Rwanda na yanzu Paul Kagame, Tutsi ne wanda ya ci gaba da mulki a ƙasar da Hutu ke da rinjaye tun bayan ƙarshen kisan kare dangi, ya dakatar da shi.

Harin M23 tun daga 21 Fabrairu 2025

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2022, FARDC ta ƙi duk wata tattaunawa da sojojin M23 da ke DR Congo, kuma ta fara kai farmaki.[59] Duk da haka, yayin da FARDC ke ƙara rasa ƙasa ga 'yan tawaye, gwamnatin DRC da wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun gudanar da tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Nairobi a ƙarshen Afrilu, kawai don ci gaba da kai farmaki a watan Mayu.[59] A ƙarshen Mayu, 'yan tawaye sun kwace Rumangabo na ɗan lokaci kafin FARDC ta sake kwacewa. A cewar masu bincike masu zaman kansu, sojojin Rwanda sun goyi bayan 'yan tawaye a lokacin yaƙin Rumangabo.[60] Bayan watanni na ƙoƙari, a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2022, M23 ta kama garin Bunagana. Kakakin FARDC Sylvain Ekenge ya bayyana cewa faduwar Bunagana ta zama "ba komai ba face mamayewa" ta Rwanda.[61] Manyan jami'an tsaro na Kongo biyu da mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Kongo sun kuma zargi Uganda da goyon bayan harin 'yan tawaye.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc". Eac.int. 25 November 2023.
  2. ↑ "East African Community – Quick Facts". Eac.int. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  3. ↑ "From Co-operation to Community". eac.int. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008.
  4. ↑ "EAC Update E-newsletter". eac.int. Directorate of Corporate Communications and Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  5. ↑ "East African Economic Community". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  6. ↑ "– Born in anonymity". Ms.dk. Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  7. ↑ East African trade zone off to creaky start, Christian Science Monitor, 9 March 2006
  8. ↑ "History of the EAC". EAC. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  9. ↑ John Eudes Invalid |url-status=Ottervanger (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named en.igihe.com
  11. ↑ "South Sudan readies for EAC membership". Archived from the original on 21 October 2011.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  12. ↑ "allAfrica.com: East Africa: EAC to Decide On South Sudan Admission by April 2014". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  13. ↑ "South Sudan defers EAC admission". The Observer. Observer Media Ltd. 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  14. ↑ "Somalia applies to join EAC bloc » Capital News". Capital News (in Turanci). 6 March 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "Communiqué of the 14th ordinary summit of EAC heads of state". 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  16. ↑ "Not yet, S. Sudan and Somalia told by East Africa Community – Daily Nation". 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIAPop
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named imf
  19. ↑ Aggrey Mutambo (8 Yuli 2023). "Ruto ya lallashi Comoros ta shiga EAC a cikin neman fadada kungiyar". The EastAfrican. Retrieved 12 Yuli 2023. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  20. ↑ Said, Mariam (5 Oktoba 2023). "Habasha, Djibouti za su shiga EAC – Daily News" (in Turanci). Retrieved 10 Oktoba 2023. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  21. ↑ "Ajandar EAC ta Kenyatta: A shigar da ƙarin ƙasashe cikin ƙungiyar yanki". The East African (in Turanci). 6 Satumba 2021. Retrieved 25 Maris 2022. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  22. ↑ "Uhuru na Kenya & Abiy na Habasha Sun Buɗe Tashar Iyaka ta Tsaya Ɗaya ta Moyale – Taarifa Rwanda" (in Turanci). 9 Disamba 2020. Archived from the original on 31 Mayu 2022. Retrieved 8 Afrilu 2022. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, and |archive-date= (help)
  23. ↑ Jawabin PM Abiy Ahmed na Habasha a sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu a gundumar Lamu (in Turanci), 9 Disamba 2020, retrieved 8 Afrilu 2022 Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  24. ↑ "Habasha za ta Buɗe Sashin Banki ga Gasar Ƙasashen Waje – Kenyan Wallstreet". 23 Maris 22. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ↑ Mathuki, Peter (1 Afrilu 2023). "Peter Mathuki: Me ya sa muke son Addis ta shiga EAC bayan Somalia". The East African (Interview). Interviewed by Jackson Mutinda. Retrieved 12 Yuli 2024. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  26. ↑ "An saita Habasha don shiga EAC, in ji CS Malonza". KBC. 8 Afrilu 2024. Retrieved 15 Yuni 2024. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  27. ↑ Barden, Andrew (12 Afrilu 2024). "Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Habasha Ta Musanta Rahotannin Shiga EAC". The Kenyan Wall Street. Retrieved 12 Yuli 2024. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  28. ↑ "Daily Times | Labaran Malawi | Sunday Times | The Weekend Times". The BNL Times. 11 Maris 2010. Archived from the original on 10 Maris 2012. Retrieved 1 Yuli 2010. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, and |archive-date= (help)
  29. ↑ Ihucha, Adam (18 Satumba 2011). "EAC ta rabu kan yunkurin Khartoum na shiga cikin al'umma". The EastAfrican. Retrieved 18 Satumba 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  30. ↑ "Me ya sa aka ƙi amincewa da buƙatar EAC ta Sudan". 5 Disamba 2011. Archived from the original on 5 Yuli 2013. Retrieved 4 Yuli 2013. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, and |archive-date= (help)
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 Cite web |date=20 August 2007 |orig-date=30 November 1999; amended later |title=The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community |url=https://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |publisher=East African Legislative Assembly
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 cite web |title=Veronica Nduva sworn in as EAC Secretary-General |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/3110-new-eac-secretary-general-sworn-in-at-state-house-in-juba,-south-sudan |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=eac.int
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1022
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Cite news |last=Anami |first=Luke |date=27 April 2025 |title=Broke EAC grapples with financial and staffing crisis |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/broke-eac-grapples-with-financial-and-staffing-crisis-5017650 |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The EastAfrican
  36. ↑ cite web |title=Removal of NTBs top priority for EAC |url=http://www.eala.org/new/magazine/file |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050628/http://www.eala.org/new/magazine/file |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=23 December 2015
  37. ↑ Cite web |title=Peter Mathuki recalled |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/peter-mathuki-recalled-from-post-as-secretary-general-of-east-african-community-4561812 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Nation|date=19 March 2024
  38. ↑ Cite web |title=Ms Vivienne Yeda Apopo |url=https://www.eac.int/profiles/53-50-737-ms-vivienne-yeda-apopo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429045801/https://www.eac.int/profiles/53-50-737-ms-vivienne-yeda-apopo |archive-date=29 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eac.int
  39. ↑ Cite web |title=Dr Novat Twungubumwe | EA Health |url=https://www.eahealth.org/dr-novat-twungubumwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523084411/https://www.eahealth.org/dr-novat-twungubumwe |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=eahealth.org
  40. ↑ Cite web |title=Message from Executive Secretary |url=https://easteco.org/about-easteco/executive-secretary-message/ | access-date=15 June 2024 |website=eac.int
  41. ↑ Kasaija Phillip Apuuli (1 June 2023), "Neman Haɗin Kan Siyasa a Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC)" (PDF), GGW Africa Symposia Issue, 1
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Knowles, Josie (July 2014). "Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Sanin Tanzaniya Game da Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Siyasa Ya Kasance Maras Inganci, Amma Akwai Ƙarin Goyon Bayan Haɗin Kan Siyasa" (PDF). Afrobarometer (146).
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 Kaburu, Mercy; Logan, Carolyn (23 August 2022). "Haɗin kan jihohi ko haɗin kan mutane? 'Yan Kenya ba su ji da yawa game da shirin Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka ba" (PDF). Afrobarometer (544).
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Olapade, Markus; Selormey, Edem E.; Gninafon, Horace (25 May 2016). "Haɗin kai na yanki ga Afirka: Shin ƙarfin goyon bayan jama'a zai iya canza 'magana zuwa gaskiya'?" (PDF). Afrobarometer (91).
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 David Booth, Diana Cammack, Thomas Kibua and Josaphat Kwek (2007) Haɗin kan Gabashin Afirka: Ta yaya zai iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Gabashin Afirka? Archived 23 Satumba 2020 at the Wayback Machine Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kasashen Waje
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Anami, Luke (25 November 2024). "EAC@25: Bloc mai banƙyama ya ci gaba, yana murnar cinikin nasara". The EastAfrican. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Anami, Luke (30 June 2024). "Mambobin EAC za su ba da kuɗi mafi yawa na kasafin kuɗin bloc na dala miliyan 112". The EastAfrican. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Anami, Luke (8 June 2024). "Nduva ta fara aiki, amma tana da cikakken aiki a hedikwatar EAC". Daily Nation. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  49. ↑ Onyango-Obbo, Charles (8 June 2024). "Ga yadda za a magance masu laifin EAC, DR Congo, Sudan ta Kudu da Burundi". The EastAfrican. Retrieved 9 July 2024.[permanent dead link]
  50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DRC not chair
  51. ↑ Anami, Luke (6 July 2024). "Somalia ta biya dala miliyan 7.8 ga kasafin kuɗi na EAC". The EastAfrican. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  52. ↑ "Rashin zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Dimokiraɗiyya ta Kongo". Mai Bibiyar Rikicin Duniya (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 "'Yan tawayen M23 a DR Congo sun musanta harbo jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya". BBC. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Martina Schwikowski (8 April 2022). "'Yan tawayen M23 sun sake fitowa a DR Congo". DW. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  55. ↑ "Paul Kagame, Mai Laifin Yaƙi?". Newsweek (in Turanci). 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
  56. ↑ "Zaman Kwamitin: Ci Gaban Rwanda - Kwamitin Harkokin Waje". Kwamitin Harkokin Waje (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-07-15. http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA16/20150520/103498/HHRG-114-FA16-Transcript-20150520.pdf shafi na 74
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Simone Schlindwein (30 March 2022). "Sabbin faɗa a Gabashin Kongo: Sojojin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun mutu". taz (in German). Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  58. ↑ "DR Congo: Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta la'anci hare-haren 'yan tawayen M23 a kan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a Arewacin Kivu". Africa News. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Sauƙaƙa Rikicin a Gabashin DR Congo da Manyan Tafkuna" (PDF). Takaitaccen Bayani na Rikicin Afirka. Nairobi, Brussels: Kungiyar Rikicin Duniya (181). 25 May 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  60. ↑ "Rwanda Cikin DRC, Tana Taimakon M23 - Rahoto". VOA. 4 August 2022. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  61. ↑ Al-Hadji Kudra Maliro; Justin Kabumba (13 June 2022). "Sojojin Kongo sun zargi Rwanda da mamayewa; 'yan tawaye sun kama gari". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.


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