Al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi

Al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi sune hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a na kan layi da ke da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya. Da farko suna ba da hanyar ga marasa lafiya da iyalansu don koyo game da cututtuka, neman da bayar da tallafin zamantakewa, da kuma haɗi tare da wasu a cikin irin wannan yanayi. Wadannan kungiyoyin kan layi na iya kunshe da mutane da ke fama da cututtuka, kungiyoyin masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya da ke da sha'awa, masu kulawa da marasa sana'a da dangin marasa lafiya, ko haɗuwa.[1] Kalmar nan "al'umma ta kiwon lafiya ta kan layi" ita ce yaren ilimi.

Canje-canje a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya tare da karuwar shiga da amfani da Intanet sun haifar da dogaro da Intanet don cututtuka da ilimin kiwon lafiya. Kashi tamanin cikin dari na masu amfani da Intanet na Amurka a halin yanzu suna zuwa kan layi don neman bayanan kiwon lafiya ga kansu da ƙaunatattun su, tare da binciken kiwon lafiya ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun amfani da Intanets.[1] Bugu da ƙari, 1 cikin 4 na mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya sun tafi kan layi don neman wasu mutanen da ke da irin wannan kwarewa.[2]

Kowane mutum yana samun damar waɗannan al'ummomin neman albarkatu iri-iri. Shafukan yanar gizo na kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya, kamar su WebMD da Health Cloud, [1] sun fahimci cewa za su sami karin baƙi idan sun ba da fasalulluka na al'umma kamar tattaunawa ko dandalin Intanet. Dangane da takamaiman al'umma, marasa lafiya da masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya suna iya shiga cikin halaye kamar raba abubuwan da suka faru na rashin lafiya, musayar ilimi, da haɓaka ƙwarewar ƙwarewar cututtuka.[2]

Har ma fiye da haka, waɗannan al'ummomin kan layi suna ba masu amfani da fa'idodin zamantakewa waɗanda zasu iya zama masu amfani kai tsaye ga lafiyarsu. Wadannan al'ummomin sun kasance masu amfani sosai wajen samar da goyon baya na motsin rai da bayanai ga waɗanda ke da cututtuka daban-daban kamar su ciwon daji, [1] HIV / AIDS, [2] rashin haihuwa, [3] ciwon sukari, [4] da sauran cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba. [5] [6] Bincike ya kuma nuna rawar da 'superusers' ke takawa - membobin da ke aiki sosai a cikin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi - waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka haɗin kai, samar da tallafi, da kiyaye tattaunawa a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi.[7]

Wadannan al'ummomin sun bambanta da al'ummomi na kan layi gabaɗaya saboda suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke kewaya duniya ta cututtuka, rashin lafiya, da magani a halin yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, sun bambanta da sauran shafukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke ba masu amfani damar dawo da bayanai. Babban alamar waɗannan al'ummomin shine cewa suna ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin mutane da yawa. Wannan ya ce, suna iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin iyakarsu.

Tarihi

Tare da kirkirar imel don ARPANET a cikin 1972, sadarwa ta hanyar kwamfuta zuwa yankuna masu nisa ya zama da sauƙi. Listservs, wanda ke ba da damar masu amsawa da yawa su yi hulɗa tare da zaren imel da Bulletin Boards, wakilcin kan layi na allon sanarwar al'umma da aka saba samu a makarantun, an gabatar da su na zamani tare da juna. Wadannan kayan aiki guda uku tare da USENET sun samar da kayan aiki ga al'ummomin kan layi na yau da kullun don fara haɗuwa a kan batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

A cikin 1991 CERN dakunan gwaje-gwaje sun gabatar da World Wide Web, suna ba da damar tattauna ƙarin wakilci na batun. Wannan canjin ya rage shingen sadarwa da haɓaka ginin al'umma. Misali, yiwuwar ci gaba daga layi zuwa lissafi ya yiwu ta hanyar wannan canji da farko saboda masu sauraro na iya samun damar abubuwan da ke cikin sauƙi ba tare da ilimin marubucin ko daidaitawa a lokaci ba. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin hoto na Yanar Gizo na Duniya ya sa musayar bayanan da suka dace da kiwon lafiya ya fi sauƙi. A ƙarshe, yaduwar amfani da Yanar Gizo ta Duniya a cikin PC da aka yi a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya sa fasahar ta kasance ga masu sauraro da yawa fiye da fasahar da ta gabata. A shekara ta 1997, Gidan yanar gizo na Duniya shine babban matsakaici don al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi don samarwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Har ma fiye da haka, tare da juyin halitta na aikin yanar gizo 2.0 da shiga Intanet a cikin shekarun 2000, shirye-shiryen yanar gizo sun zama ana amfani da su sosai a matsayin hanyar da za a haɗa hanyoyin sauya halin zamantakewa, hulɗa, da jagorantar halayyar. Yawancin waɗannan halaye ga marasa lafiya da masu ba da kiwon lafiya sun ƙara mayar da hankali kan musayar ko bayanan kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Yayin da waɗannan al'ummomin suka fito, an gudanar da bincike da yawa don kimanta fa'idodi, rikitarwa, da sauran fasalulluka. Yawancin wannan binciken sun goyi bayan fa'idodi masu fa'ida. A sakamakon waɗannan fa'idodi, kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun fara hada da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan tallafin marasa lafiya. Misalan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Kaiser Permanente, Johns Hopkins, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cleveland, da Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta MD Anderson . ^[1] A halin yanzu, cibiyoyin sadarwar kiwon lafiya na kan layi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, asibitocin jama'a, har ma da kungiyoyin zamantakewa masu rarraba suna cikin ɓangaren yau da kullun na kwarewar rashin lafiya ga mutane da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Fa'idodi

Muhimmancin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ya nuna ta hanyar shahararsu, da kuma tasirin da suke da shi a rayuwar membobinsu. Wannan ya ce, akwai iyakantaccen yarjejeniya game da ayyukan da suka fi dacewa a cikin ƙirar al'ummar kiwon lafiya ta kan layi, kuma bincike kan fa'idodin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi yana da iyaka. Duk da wannan rashin bincike mai zurfi game da fa'idodi, har yanzu akwai yanayi da yawa inda al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi suka bayyana don taimakawa marasa lafiya da masu sana'a. Bugu da ƙari, ana ganin yawancin waɗannan fa'idodi a cikin takamaiman cututtuka, kuma sun fi fa'ida ga wasu mutane, kuma in ba haka ba ba za a iya samun su ba a waje da mahallin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi.^[2]

Amfanin tunani

Akwai abubuwa masu yawa na tunanin mutum waɗanda aka nuna don amfana daga al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi. Wannan jerin sun gano sakamako masu fa'ida daban-daban daga abubuwan da aka fi nazarin su akai-akai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Taimako na zamantakewa

A cikin cututtuka masu tsanani da masu tsanani, al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi sun nuna sakamako mai kyau ga tallafin zamantakewa.^[3] Wannan tallafin na iya zama mai fa'ida ga marasa lafiya a hanyoyi da yawa, kamar taimaka musu su daidaita da damuwa na wani yanayi.^[4] Tallafi kuma alama ce mai daidaituwa ta tsira ga yanayi da yawa.^[5] Marasa lafiya suna hulɗa da wasu a cikin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A sakamakon haka, nau'ikan tallafin zamantakewa daban-daban suna faruwa a cikin al'ummomi. Lokacin da masu amfani ke neman shawara, ilimi, ko turawa game da wani yanayi ko gogewa, suna samun tallafin bayanai. A madadin haka, lokacin da masu amfani ke neman abubuwa kamar ƙarfafawa, tausayi, tabbatarwa, ko tabbatarwa, suna samun goyon baya na motsin rai. A ƙarshe, lokacin da masu amfani ke shiga cikin halaye kamar tattaunawa ko ban dariya, suna samun tallafi ta hanyar abokantaka.

Ilimin cututtuka

Marasa lafiya da ke amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar kiwon lafiya na kan layi galibi suna fuskantar karuwar ilimin da ke tattare da cutar ko yanayin da suke fama da shi.^[6] Wannan karuwar ilimin cutar na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya su yanke shawara game da lafiyarsu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Jin tausayi

Marasa lafiya suna nuna karuwar fahimta game da tausayi sakamakon halin neman bayanai a kan al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi.^[1] Gabaɗaya, ana nuna ra'ayoyin tausayi suna da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa don tasiri ga nasarar kula da kiwon lafiya, da kuma tsarin warkarwa.^[7] Bugu da ƙari, tausayi na gargajiya na mai ba da magani yana da tsada kuma yana cin lokaci. Ra'ayoyin tausayi daga al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi na iya aiki a matsayin maye gurbin mai ba da tausayi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Fa'idodin halayyar

Al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ba kawai zasu iya samun fa'idodi na tunani ba, amma kuma suna iya samun fa-idodi ga halayen kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Biyan magani

Marasa lafiya da ke amfani da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi na iya ganin karuwar bin hanyoyin kiwon lafiya. Idan aka ba da albarkatun kamar tallafin zamantakewa da waɗannan al'ummomin ke bayarwa, sun fi iya sarrafa ayyukan da nauyin da maganin su ke buƙata.^[8]

Gudanar da kai

A al'ada, marasa lafiya ba su da isasshen kayan aiki don sarrafa cututtukan kansu. Abubuwan da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ke bayarwa sun rage kan bukatar ziyarar mutum tare da ƙwararrun likitoci kuma suna bawa marasa lafiya damar magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya da yawa da kansu.^[9]

Amfanin ma'aikata

Baya ga tasirin da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi zasu iya samu akan takamaiman sakamakon tunani da halayyar a cikin cututtuka daban-daban, akwai wasu fa'idodi masu yawa da za su iya samarwa ga ma'aikata da tsarin kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Haɗin gwiwar fannoni

Ga masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya, al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi na iya zama kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen inganta hadin gwiwar fannoni daban-daban a cikin cibiyoyi daban-daban. Wannan haɗin gwiwar na iya taimakawa ƙwararrun likitoci su samar da kulawa daban-daban da fa'ida ga marasa lafiya.^[9]

Ilimin ƙwararren likita

A cikin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi waɗanda suka hada da ƙwararrun likitoci, shiga na iya haifar da ƙarin musayar bayanan kiwon lafiya, da kuma karɓar takamaiman ilimin cutar da za a iya amfani da shi don sanar da magani da sauran yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya.^[9]

Kula da marasa lafiya

Kula da marasa lafiya shine dabarun kula da lafiya wanda aka mayar da hankali kan shigar da marasa lafiya don zama masu shiga cikin kula da lafiyar su.^[10] Amfani da wannan dabarar ya nuna don inganta ingancin kulawa, sadarwa tsakanin mai haƙuri da likita, bin magani, sakamakon kiwon lafiya, da rage yawan amfani da kiwon lafiya.^[9] Ta hanyar inganta damar samun bayanai na mutum, shiga cikin haƙuri, da goyon bayan motsin rai, al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi suna inganta ayyukan kulawa na haƙuri.^[9]

Amfani da kiwon lafiya

A halin yanzu, yawan marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman suna ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da wadatar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun waɗanda za su iya magance waɗannan buƙatu. A sakamakon haka, yawan amfani da albarkatun kiwon lafiya na yanzu ya fi girma fiye da yadda za'a iya sarrafawa. Koyaya, aiwatarwa na al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ana nuna su don haifar da raguwar amfani da kiwon lafiya ta gargajiya.^[11]

Kudin kiwon lafiya

Tare da karuwar amfani da kiwon lafiya, farashin samar da kiwon lafiyar yana ci gaba da tashi kuma yana iya zama ba za a iya biya shi ba sakamakon farashin ci gaba da kuma magani.^[12]^[13] Hakazalika, aiwatarwa na al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi sun haifar da raguwar farashin kiwon lafiya.^[11]

Amfanin rashin lafiya

Akwai al'ummomin kiwon lafiya iri-iri na kan layi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan al'ummomin suna da niyya sun bambanta da takamaiman yanayi, yayin da wasu suka fi budewa. Wannan ya ce, marasa lafiya tare da wasu yanayi an nuna su musamman suna amfana daga waɗannan al'ummomin. Gabaɗaya, marasa lafiya tare da yanayin da ba su da yawa ko masu tsanani na iya samun fa'idodi masu ƙarfi saboda al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi na iya samar da albarkatun da ba za su samu a wani wuri ba. Fiye da haka, an ga fa'idodin waɗannan al'ummomin a cikin yanayi daban-daban kamar ciwon daji, ^[14] HIV / Aids, ^[15] rashin haihuwa, ^[16] ciwon sukari, da sauran cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba.

Fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na zamantakewa

Kasancewa a cikin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ba wai kawai yana ba masu amfani da goyon baya na motsin rai da bayanai ba har ma yana taimaka musu fadada hanyoyin sadarwar su. Wadannan al'ummomin suna bawa mutane damar samar da alaƙa da wasu waɗanda ke da irin wannan abubuwan kiwon lafiya, suna haɓaka jin daɗin kasancewa da fahimtar juna. Wadannan alaƙa na zamantakewa na iya wucewa fiye da tattaunawar da ta shafi kiwon lafiya, wadatar da rayuwar jama'a ta masu amfani gaba ɗaya da kuma ba da gudummawa ga jin daɗin motsin zuciyarsu. An bayyana babban birnin kiwon lafiya na zamantakewa a matsayin fa'idodi da kowane mai amfani zai iya samu daga shiga cikin hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya ta yanar gizo suka bayar. Daga hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa, babban birnin kiwon lafiya na zamantakewa ya samo asali ne a cikin albarkatun da aka saka a cikin haɗin tsakanin masu amfani kuma ana iya samun su ta hanyar waɗannan haɗin. Wannan yana nufin ba kawai cewa masu amfani zasu iya amfana daga juna ba, har ma da cewa ko za su iya cire darajar daga juna ya dogara da yadda suke hulɗa.^[17]

Babban rawar da masu amfani da yawa ke takawa: Masu amfani da yawa - membobin da ke aiki sosai - suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi (OHCs). A cikin al'ummomin Asthma UK da British Lung Foundation, masu amfani da yawa suna wakiltar kashi 1% kawai na masu amfani amma sun samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk sakonni. Gudummawarsu ta yau da kullun tana inganta hadin kan al'umma, sauƙaƙe haɗin kai, da kuma samar da goyon baya na motsin rai da bayanai, wanda ke inganta sakamakon haƙuri da inganta shiga cikin aiki.^[18] Wani binciken da aka yi hira da masu amfani da su a cikin Asthma UK OHC ya gano cewa shiga cikin masu amfani da shi ya haifar da son sani game da asma da maganin likita, da kuma samun lokacin hutu don shiga lokacin da ba su aiki saboda ciwon asma ko kuma sun yi ritaya daga aiki. Haɗin gwiwarsu ya karu a tsawon lokaci yayin da mahalarta suka kara fahimtar su da OHCs da iliminsu game da asma da kuma kula da kansu. Sanarwar kudi ko zamantakewa game da rawar mai amfani ba ta da mahimmanci; lada sun fito ne daga taimakawa da hulɗa tare da wasu.^[19]

Ƙarfafa hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a: Kasancewa cikin OHCs yana inganta hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage jin kaɗaici da warewa, musamman ga mutanen da ke kula da yanayin dogon lokaci. Membobin suna amfana daga goyon bayan motsin rai, tabbatarwa, da kuma jin dadin kasancewa ta hanyar abubuwan da aka raba tare da wasu da ke fuskantar irin waɗannan ƙalubalen. Superusers suna inganta waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar samar da goyon bayan daidaitattun daidaito ta hanyar shawara, raba ilimi, da hulɗar tausayi. Gudummawarsu ba wai kawai ta haifar da yanayin tallafi ba, har ma ta karfafa wasu mambobi ta hanyar inganta iliminsu game da yadda za a sarrafa yanayinsu, da kuma gina amincewa da iyawar kula da kansu. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana ƙarfafa dorewar cibiyar sadarwa, yana bawa mahalarta damar sauyawa daga neman taimako zuwa ba da shi, yayin da yake motsa kyakkyawan sakamako na kiwon lafiya da bin tsarin magani.^[18]

Bambancin cibiyar sadarwa da alaƙa mai rauni: Nazarin inganci na mutanen da ke kula da yanayin numfashi na yau da kullun, kamar asma da COPD, sun ba da shawarar cewa hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa na kan layi da na waje suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga ingantaccen gudanar da kai. Cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban, gami da haɗin kai tare da dangi, abokai, da membobin al'umma na kan layi suna da alaƙa da samun damar samun damar jin daɗi da albarkatun bayanai. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun ba da rahoton cewa al'ummomin kan layi sun ba da ra'ayoyi da tallafi na musamman, musamman a lokacin warewa, kamar asibiti ko kulle-kulle (a lokacin annobar COVID-19). Wadannan hulɗar kan layi sun haɗa da alaƙar kan layi, suna ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi. Binciken ya kuma nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ke tattare da alaƙa marasa ƙarfi - haɗin kai tare da mutanen da ba a saba da su ba - wanda ya ba da sabon bayani da dabarun sarrafa cututtuka. Irin wannan hulɗar ta wadatar da hanyoyin sadarwar mahalarta, inganta ingancin kansu da ikon sarrafa yanayinsu yadda ya kamata.^[20]

Wanene ya fi amfana?

Duk da yake al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi na iya samar da fa'idodi na gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, akwai wasu mutane waɗanda zasu iya amfana da su. Musamman, al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi suna da fa'ida musamman idan aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar da za ta ba da damar haɗin kai da albarkatun da ba za su kasance ba. Misali, yayin da membobin ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta kan layi na iya sanin juna, ainihin ƙarfin su da fa'idar su shine cewa za su iya haɗa mutanen da ba za su iya yin hakan ba. Akwai wasu mutane waɗanda zasu iya samun ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwar mutum waɗanda zasu iya magance bukatun kiwon lafiya. Sabili da haka, ga waɗannan mutane, hanyoyin sadarwar kiwon lafiya na kan layi na iya zama da fa'ida sosai. Musamman, kasancewar al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi musamman ana godiya da su ga mutanen da ke da rauni, yiwuwar yanayin kiwon lafiya, ko nauyin mai kulawa wanda zai iya hana su karɓar isasshen tallafin likita da motsin rai.

Bayan wannan, akwai dalilai da yawa da aka gano don kimanta abubuwan da suka faru na haƙuri tare da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi da kimanta wanda suke amfana. Manyan fannoni huɗu da ke ba da gudummawa ga kwarewar mai haƙuri tare da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi sun haɗa da: pragmatic, tausayi, zamantakewa, da amfani. Matsayin pragmatic yana nufin burin mai amfani, kuma idan amfani da al'umma yana taimakawa cimma burin waɗannan burin. Yanayin tausayi yana nufin ji da motsin zuciyar tausayi da ake ji yayin hulɗa da al'umma. Yanayin zamantakewa yana nufin kwarewar zamantakewa gaba ɗaya da mai haƙuri ke ji yayin hulɗa da al'umma. A ƙarshe, girman amfani yana nufin kwarewar mai haƙuri yana da ita yayin kewaya fasalulluka na al'umma. Tare waɗannan fasalulluka na iya taimakawa wajen gano waɗanne marasa lafiya da waɗanne dandamali za a ga fa'idodi mafi girma.^[21]

Matsalolin

Duk da fa'idodin da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi zasu iya samarwa, akwai kuma matsaloli da yawa da zasu iya haifar da su.

Bayani mara kyau

Idan aka ba da cewa daya daga cikin manyan amfani da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi shine musayar bayanan kiwon lafiya tsakanin mutanen da ba a horar da su ba. A lokuta da yawa, mutane ba sa amfani da hukunci mafi kyau yayin raba da dogaro da bayanai a cikin al'ummomin kan layi, amma sakamakon bayanan maras kyau ya dogara da abin da bayanin yake da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi. Bayanan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako lokacin da aka karɓi shawara mara kyau ko kuma an yi amfani da shi ba daidai ba; ko kuma lokacin da ba a nemi magani na ƙwararru. Muhimmancin bayanan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya yana buƙatar la'akari da yadda za a tsara don amfani da zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya da iyalansu na iya kasancewa cikin damuwa kuma nauyin motsin rai, wanda zai iya rage ilimin kiwon lafiya, yana buƙatar ƙira da ƙididdiga. Bugu da kari, cututtuka da rashin lafiya ba su da iyaka, kuma mahalarta a cikin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi na iya bambanta sosai a cikin ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya, ilimin kiwon lafiya. Don yaki da bayanan da ba daidai ba a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, wasu al'ummomin sun haɗa da masana kiwon lafiya don daidaita abun ciki don daidaito. Duk da yake irin waɗannan matakai na iya zama masu fa'ida, suna kuma riƙe da nasu tasirin ga yanayin al'umma.^[22]

Amincewa da aminci

Raba duk wani Bayani na sirri a cikin al'umma sau da yawa yana tasiri ta hanyar amincewar da membobin al'umma ke da ita ga juna. Rarraba bayanan sirri na iya haifar da sakamako da yawa idan ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba. Ba wai kawai yana rage tsaro ba, amma kuma yana iya yin barazana ga lafiyarsu. A cikin al'ummomin mutum, ana gina amincewa sau da yawa a tsawon lokaci, kuma yana iya haifar da musayar bayanai masu mahimmanci waɗanda zasu iya sauƙaƙa musayar tallafi da sauran albarkatu. Koyaya, a cikin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi, mutane da yawa ba su san juna da kansu ba, kuma suna fahimtar bayanan kiwon lafiyar su a matsayin batun sirri da na sirri. Don mutane su sami fa'idodin da aka tattauna a baya, suna buƙatar shawo kan wannan shingen a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar kiwon lafiya na kan layi kuma su gina jin dadin amincewa. A cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa, abubuwan da za su iya taimakawa ga jin dadin fahimta da amincewar motsin rai sun haɗa da ɗaukar hangen nesa, ingancin kai, da yawan cibiyar sadarwa.^[23]

Samun tallafi da shiga

An sami karɓar al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi da sauri daga yawan marasa lafiya. Koyaya, wasu daga cikin fa'idodi mafi girma ana samun su lokacin da ƙwararrun likitoci ke amfani da waɗannan al'ummomi. Ga marasa lafiya, akwai kyakkyawar motsawa don kara bayanai, tallafi, da kulawa ta hanyar waɗannan al'ummomin. Koyaya, akwai ƙarancin ƙarfafawa ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya don shiga. Likitoci na iya zama da jinkiri don karɓar fasahar da ke karkatar da ko rushe tsarin su na yau da kullun don samar da kulawa. Ƙarin lokaci da alhakin alkawura da manyan shingen karɓar waɗannan al'ummomin ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya.^[9]^[24]

Bugu da ƙari, batun da aka saba da shi tare da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi shine rashin haɗin kai daga waɗanda ke da yanayin kiwon lafiya, koda bayan sun yanke shawarar karɓar fasahar. Masu amfani sau da yawa ba sa jin cewa suna da wajibai don raba ko ƙirƙirar sabon abun ciki, koda kuwa suna cinye abun ciki daga wasu mutane. Babban dalilai guda biyu na wannan hali sune (1) rashin alhakin zamantakewa don ba da gudummawa, da kuma (2) damuwa game da yadda wasu zasu iya fahimtar su idan sun yanke shawarar ba da gud gudummawa. Zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don magance wannan an nuna su da tasiri. Misali, idan mutane suna tare da "aboki" na kan layi a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'umma mafi girma, suna iya ba da gudummawa saboda yana iya taimakawa ba da babbar ma'anar alhakin zamantakewa.^[25] Duk da haka, tallafi da haɗin kai shine babban abin da ke tattare da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya da yawa a kan layi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Samun dama

Don fa'idodin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi don tarawa, dole ne a haɓaka tsarin da ke da sauƙi, maraba, sauƙin kewayawa da amfani, kuma suna iya taimaka wa membobin su gane ingancin bayanai da hulɗa tare da wasu mahalarta a hanyoyi masu ma'ana. Za a sauƙaƙa nasarar ƙirar irin waɗannan tsarin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin likitoci, masu zanen da aka sani, da marasa lafiya. Kwararrun masu kiwon lafiya da marasa lafiya na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana matakan jiki da na motsin rai da mutane ke wucewa da zarar an gano su da wani cuta. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya sun fahimci haɗarin bayanan da ba daidai ba da kuma rawar da masu ba da kiwon lafiya ke buƙatar takawa. Marasa lafiya sun fahimci bayanai masu amfani game da jimrewa da cuta da muhimmancin tallafin zamantakewa da tausayi. Ana buƙatar masu zanen kaya da masu haɓakawa don fahimtar da bayyana zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha da ke akwai ga al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi da kuma tasirin takamaiman zaɓin ƙira. Ana buƙatar irin wannan haɗin gwiwa don bincika batutuwa waɗanda da alama babu hikima mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda yanayin cutar ko rashin lafiya ke tasiri ga ƙirar al'ummar kiwon lafiya ta kan layi; yadda za a inganta ilimin kiwon lafiya; kuma wane daga cikin fasahar haɗin gwiwa da ke akwai mafi kyawun tallafawa hulɗar tsara. A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a bi da kuma kimanta sabbin fasahohi, kamar Web 2.0, don fahimtar lokacin da kuma yadda za a tura fasahar da ke taimakawa da inganta sadarwar lafiyar tsara. A lokaci guda, samun dama da amfani mai inganci ta wasu na iya ƙuntatawa saboda al'adu, harshe, da sauran batutuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Kasancewa

Wani abu a bayyane ga kowane al'umma na kan layi shine sarrafa sa hannun mai amfani, shiga, da halayyar. Mutane daban-daban suna da gogewa daban-daban tare da al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi, wanda zai iya haifar da tasiri daban-daban da tasirin. Wasu mutane suna nuna babban shiga, yayin da wasu suka fi yin amfani da su (lurkers). Tabbas, mutanen da suka nuna matakan da suka fi girma na sadaukarwa suna samun fa'idodi mafi girma a sakamakon kamar goyon bayan motsin rai, taimakawa bayarwa, da kuma nuna motsin rai.^[26] Wannan ya ce, har ma masu ɓoyewa na iya ganin wasu matakan da suka dace na goyon bayan tsara daga al'ummomin kan layi.^[26]

Fiye da yadda mutane ke shiga cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, akwai kuma bambanci a cikin nau'in aikin da waɗanda ke shiga cikin aiki ke gani. Wasu mutane galibi suna raba bayanan kiwon lafiya kamar bayanan asibiti, tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da halayen kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, wasu mutane sun zaɓi raba takamaiman ilimin kamar bayanan kiwon lafiya na sirri. Bayanan sirri na iya zama mafi mahimmanci ga wasu marasa lafiya. Koyaya, yana da wuyar raba fiye da ilimi na gaba ɗaya. Ba tare da la'akari da irin ilimin da aka raba ba, suna, goyon bayan zamantakewa da kuma jin dadin kai duk suna da alaƙa da ƙarin rabawa. Bugu da ƙari, damuwa da fuska, wanda shine yadda mutum ya darajar kariya da inganta matsayinsa na zamantakewa, ^[27] yana inganta raba ilimi gaba ɗaya kuma yana hana raba masu zaman kansu. Motsin rai, lokaci, da ƙoƙari wasu daga cikin manyan shingen samar da ilimin sirri.^[28] Baya ga waɗannan abubuwan, akwai kuma wasu dalilai daban-daban na tsari waɗanda zasu iya tasiri ga shiga cikin al'umma da shiga. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

A wasu al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi, an haɗa masana kiwon lafiya a matsayin masu gudanarwa don samar da mutane da cikakken ilimin asibiti.^[22] Haɗuwa da shiga daga masu gudanarwa na iya taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar al'adun al'umma masu tausayi. Koyaya, haɗa masu daidaitawa na iya ba masu amfani jin rashin daidaito idan sakonni ba su sami amsoshi daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyade wane post yana buƙatar ƙwarewar asibiti, kuma wanda zai isa tare da ƙwarewar al'umma ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin batutuwa. Daga wannan, lokacin da masu amfani suka sami amsa zai iya yaudarar su game da irin shawarwarin da suke karɓa.^[22]

Duk da yake ana sanya masu gudanarwa sau da yawa don taimakawa jagorantar tattaunawa da kwararar bayanai a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, akwai kuma masu amfani da ke ɗaukar wannan rawar a wasu lokuta. Wadannan masu amfani masu tasiri sun tara iko don yin tasiri sosai ga wasu masu amfani da al'umma gaba ɗaya.^[29] Misali, masu amfani masu tasiri na iya taimakawa wajen gina da sarrafa al'umma, samar da tallace-tallace, fara kamfen ɗin da al'umma ke jagoranta, da rarraba bayanai.^[30]

Duk da yake waɗannan abubuwan suna taimakawa wajen bayyana kwarewar da shiga cikin masu amfani a lokacin wani lokaci a rayuwarsu, akwai kuma dalilai da yawa da za a yi la'akari da kwarewar marasa lafiya waɗanda suka daina amfani ko shiga cikin waɗannan al'ummomin a tsawon lokaci. Dangane da fa'idodin da waɗannan al'ummomin zasu iya bayarwa, cire kanka daga gare su na iya hana tasirin da ke da fa'ida. Akwai dalilai da yawa da suka sa wani zai iya daina shiga cikin al'umma, kamar rashin buƙata, ƙwarewa mara kyau, ko gazawar ƙirar rukunin yanar gizo. Koyaya, wasu suna jayayya cewa sau da yawa waɗannan yanayi suna haifar da ci gaba mai ma'ana na canje-canje na rayuwa yayin da kwarewar mutum da aka ba shi tare da yanayinsa ya samo asali. Ba tare da la'akari da dalilan barin ba, duka shiga da rashin shiga na membobin al'umma wani muhimmin abu ne da za a yi la'akari, saboda yana da tasiri mai karfi ga nasarar al'umma gaba ɗaya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Haɗin kai tare da tsarin kiwon lafiya

Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a Burtaniya ya samar da wani shiri na kulawa na farko wanda aka tsara don inganta aikin mai haƙuri tare da al'ummar kiwon lafiya ta kan layi don asma. Wannan binciken bincike, wanda aka gudanar tare da marasa lafiya na kulawa ta farko da likitoci a London, sun haɓaka tsarin shawarwari don gabatar da marasa lafiya ga al'ummar asma ta kan layi ta Asthma + Bung UK. Binciken ya kuma nuna bukatar magance shingen ilimin dijital da tabbatar da haɗin gwiwar mai haƙuri.^[31] A halin yanzu ana gudanar da gwajin yiwuwar shiga tsakani, tare da shirye-shiryen gwaji mai sarrafawa na gaba. Inganta amfani da OHCs a cikin saitunan kulawa na farko yana gabatar da ƙalubalen ɗabi'a da shugabanci na musamman. Batutuwan da suka fi dacewa sun haɗa da: tabbatar da sirrin bayanai; samun izinin da aka sani; da kuma magance haɗarin haɗarin shiga likitanci a cikin gabatarwar OHC. Ana buƙatar yin amfani da tsoma baki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki, suna ba da tallafi mai kyau da sadarwa mai kyau game da amfani da bayanai don kula da amincewar haƙuri da haɓaka haɗin kai tare da waɗannan dandamali na dijital. Irin waɗannan la'akari suna da mahimmanci ga nasarar hadewar OHCs a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya don inganta sakamakon mai haƙuri ba tare da lalata ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a ba.^[32]

Hanyoyi

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, waɗannan al'ummomin sun bambanta da al'ummomi na kan layi gabaɗaya saboda suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda a halin yanzu ke kewaya duniya ta cututtuka, rashin lafiya, da magani. Bugu da ƙari, sun bambanta da sauran shafukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke ba masu amfani damar dawo da bayanai. Babban alamar waɗannan al'ummomin shine cewa suna ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin mutane da yawa. Wannan ya ce, suna iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin iyakarsu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Wadannan al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi za a iya kafa su a cikin nau'ikan dandamali daban-daban na sadarwa kamar su shafukan yanar gizo, tattaunawa, forums, wikis, da shafukan sada zumunta. Muddin mutane suna iya sadarwa da juna ta hanyar intanet game da yanayin kiwon lafiya, ana iya amfani da duk wani dandalin sadarwa da aka ba shi don ƙirƙirar al'ummar kiwon lafiya ta kan layi. Baya ga dandalin da aka yi amfani da shi, al'ummomi na iya bambanta dangane da yadda suke budewa da kuma samun dama. Wasu al'ummomi suna buɗewa da jama'a ga duk wanda ke da sha'awar, yayin da wasu masu zaman kansu ne. Bugu da ƙari, wasu al'ummomi suna mai da hankali kan yanayi da yawa, yayin da wasu ke mai da hankali da farko akan ɗaya. A ƙarshe, yawan masu amfani da aka yi niyya na iya bambanta tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Misali, wasu al'ummomi an yi niyya ne ga tsofaffi, yayin da wasu kawai ga matasa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Abubuwan da ke ciki

Dangane da aiki, akwai siffofi na farko da yawa waɗanda yawancin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ke da su. Babban fasalin da yawancin hanyoyin sadarwar kiwon lafiya na kan layi ke da shi sune waɗanda ke tallafawa ilmantarwa da sadarwar jama'a. Sadarwa shine ainihin waɗannan al'ummomin. Wannan sadarwa na iya ɗaukar nau'in sadarwa ɗaya-zuwa-ɗaya da sadarwa ɗaya-da-da-manyan. Sau da yawa suna nuna tattaunawa game da matsalolin da mutane ke fuskanta a lokacin yanayinsu kamar baƙin ciki, tasirin magunguna, da dai sauransu da amsoshin waɗancan matsalolin da wasu mambobi suka bayar.^[33]

Wani nau'in fasalin da yawancin kwamitocin kiwon lafiya na kan layi ke da shi sune wadanda ke ba da damar rarraba bayanai. Wadannan fasalulluka galibi na iya ɗaukar nau'in blog, yankin labarai, rubutun ma'aikata, ko ma wasikar imel da aka tsara akai-akai. Wadannan fasalulluka na iya ba da damar musayar muhimman bayanai kamar shawarwari da ra'ayoyi game da wasu magunguna ko hanyoyin kiwon lafiya.^[33]

Wani nau'i na uku na yau da kullun shine waɗanda ke ba da izinin jagora. Wadannan fasalulluka na jagora galibi suna amfani da fasalullukan sadarwa guda ɗaya zuwa ɗaya da yawa da aka ambata a baya. Wasu al'ummomi suna da takamaiman fasalulluka waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa jagora daga ƙwararrun likitoci, yayin da wasu ke ba da takamaicin jagora ko horo.^[33]

Duk da yake ba a saba da shi ba, nau'ikan fasalin na huɗu wanda yake samuwa a wasu lokuta a cikin al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi sune waɗanda aka tsara don fitar da ƙarin haɗin mai amfani. Misalan waɗannan nau'ikan fasalulluka sun haɗa da fasalullwa kamar gamification ko sanarwa ta zamantakewa.^[33]

A ƙarshe, wani nau'in fasalin da ba a saba gani ba shine waɗanda ke ba da damar raba bayanan kiwon lafiya na mutum. Wasu shafukan yanar gizo na al'umma suna bawa masu amfani damar shiga ko loda takamaiman bayanan kiwon lafiya, kuma su raba hakan tare da wasu masu amfani. Irin wannan fasalin na iya haifar da wasu damuwa game da sirri da aminci ga wasu, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa ba ya zama ruwan dare kamar wasu fasalulluka na yau da kullun.^[33]

Misali al'ummomi

Marasa lafiya masu basira
Marasa lafiya kamar ni
Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya
Taimako na MedHelp
Ƙarfin yau da kullun
WebMD
Bayar da Bayani
Lafiya Unlocked
Ƙarfafawa

Dubi kuma

Cibiyar Hannun Ciwon Cutar (Social Networking)
Lafiyar al'umma

Bayanan da aka ambata

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↑ Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings
↑ Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings
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↑ Meier, Andrea; Lyons, Elizabeth J; Frydman, Gilles; Forlenza, Michael; Rimer, Barbara K; Winefield, Helen (2007-05-14). "How Cancer Survivors Provide Support on Cancer-Related Internet Mailing Lists". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 9 (2). doi:10.2196/jmir.9.2.e12. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 1874721. PMID 17513283.
↑ Mo, Phoenix K. H.; Coulson, Neil S. (June 2008). "Exploring the Communication of Social Support within Virtual Communities: A Content Analysis of Messages Posted to an Online HIV/AIDS Support Group". CyberPsychology & Behavior. 11 (3): 371–374. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0118. ISSN 1094-9313. PMID 18537512.
↑ MALIK, SUMAIRA H.; COULSON, NEIL S. (October 2011). "A Comparison of Lurkers and Posters Within Infertility Online Support Groups". Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 29 (10): 564–573. doi:10.1097/ncn.0b013e318224b31d. ISSN 1538-2931. PMID 21709546. S2CID 21124184.
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↑ Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings
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↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 ^33.4 Ho, Yun-Xian; O'Connor, Brendan H.; Mulvaney, Shelagh A. (October 2014). "Features of Online Health Communities for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes". Western Journal of Nursing Research. 36 (9): 1183–1198. doi:10.1177/0193945913520414. ISSN 0193-9459. PMC 4112166. PMID 24473058. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content

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Patient Power LLC Jagoran Amurka a shirye-shiryen sauti da bidiyo na kan layi don marasa lafiya wanda Andrew Schorr, ɗan jaridar likita kuma mai tsira daga cutar sankara mai shekaru 14. Abubuwan da za a iya dogara da su na Patient Power sun haɗa, suna ilmantarwa, da kuma ba da damar marasa lafiya su taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kiwon lafiyar su.
Al'ummomin Lafiya na kan layi Mai Bincike Musayar da aka adana 2008-07-05 a

[:3-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Nambisan, Priya (2011-05-01). "Information seeking and social support in online health communities: impact on patients' perceived empathy". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 18 (3): 298–304. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2010-000058. ISSN 1527-974X. PMC 3078657. PMID 21486888. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content

[2] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[Lasker_e10-3] Lasker, Judith N; Sogolow, Ellen D; Sharim, Rebecca R (2005-03-31). "The Role of an Online Community for People With a Rare Disease: Content Analysis of Messages Posted on a Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Mailinglist". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 7 (1). doi:10.2196/jmir.7.1.e10. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 1550634. PMID 15829472.

[4] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

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[6] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[7] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[8] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[:2-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 van der Eijk, Martijn; Faber, Marjan J; Aarts, Johanna WM; Kremer, Jan AM; Munneke, Marten; Bloem, Bastiaan R (2013-06-25). "Using Online Health Communities to Deliver Patient-Centered Care to People With Chronic Conditions". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 15 (6): e115. doi:10.2196/jmir.2476. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 3713879. PMID 23803284. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content

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[:9-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Munneke, Marten; Nijkrake, Maarten J; Keus, Samyra HJ; Kwakkel, Gert; Berendse, Henk W; Roos, Raymund AC; Borm, George F; Adang, Eddy M; Overeem, Sebastiaan; Bloem, Bastiaan R (January 2010). "Efficacy of community-based physiotherapy networks for patients with Parkinson's disease: a cluster-randomised trial". The Lancet Neurology. 9 (1): 46–54. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70327-8. ISSN 1474-4422. PMID 19959398. S2CID 12208881. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content

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[:4-14] Meier, Andrea; Lyons, Elizabeth J; Frydman, Gilles; Forlenza, Michael; Rimer, Barbara K; Winefield, Helen (2007-05-14). "How Cancer Survivors Provide Support on Cancer-Related Internet Mailing Lists". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 9 (2). doi:10.2196/jmir.9.2.e12. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 1874721. PMID 17513283.

[:5-15] Mo, Phoenix K. H.; Coulson, Neil S. (June 2008). "Exploring the Communication of Social Support within Virtual Communities: A Content Analysis of Messages Posted to an Online HIV/AIDS Support Group". CyberPsychology & Behavior. 11 (3): 371–374. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0118. ISSN 1094-9313. PMID 18537512.

[:6-16] MALIK, SUMAIRA H.; COULSON, NEIL S. (October 2011). "A Comparison of Lurkers and Posters Within Infertility Online Support Groups". Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 29 (10): 564–573. doi:10.1097/ncn.0b013e318224b31d. ISSN 1538-2931. PMID 21709546. S2CID 21124184.

[17] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[:11-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Joglekar, Sagar; Sastry, Nishanth; Coulson, Neil S; Taylor, Stephanie JC; Patel, Anita; Duschinsky, Robbie; Anand, Amrutha; Jameson Evans, Matt; Griffiths, Chris J; Sheikh, Aziz; Panzarasa, Pietro; De Simoni, Anna (2018-07-11). "How Online Communities of People With Long-Term Conditions Function and Evolve: Network Analysis of the Structure and Dynamics of the Asthma UK and British Lung Foundation Online Communities". Journal of Medical Internet Research (in Turanci). 20 (7): e238. doi:10.2196/jmir.9952. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 6060304. PMID 29997105. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content

[19] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[20] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[21] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[:0-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Huh, Jina; McDonald, David W.; Hartzler, Andrea; Pratt, Wanda (2013-11-16). "Patient Moderator Interaction in Online Health Communities". AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2013: 627–636. ISSN 1942-597X. PMC 3900205. PMID 24551364. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[23] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

[24] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

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[:1-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Setoyama, Yoko; Yamazaki, Yoshihiko; Namayama, Kazuhiro (2011-12-29). "Benefits of Peer Support in Online Japanese Breast Cancer Communities: Differences Between Lurkers and Posters". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 13 (4): e122. doi:10.2196/jmir.1696. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 3278108. PMID 22204869.

[27] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

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[29] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

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[31] Online Health Search 2006 Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Summary of Findings

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[:8-33] 33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 ^33.4 Ho, Yun-Xian; O'Connor, Brendan H.; Mulvaney, Shelagh A. (October 2014). "Features of Online Health Communities for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes". Western Journal of Nursing Research. 36 (9): 1183–1198. doi:10.1177/0193945913520414. ISSN 0193-9459. PMC 4112166. PMID 24473058. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content

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