Al-Attarine Madrasa

Madrasa al-Attarine
مدرسة العطارين
Medina of Fez
More pictures
Wuri
Fes, Morocco
Coordinates	34°03′55″N 4°58′25″W
History and use
Opening	1320 (Gregorian)
Heritage

' Al-Attarine ko Medersa al-Attaril ta kasance makaranta ce da ke garin Fes na kasar Maroko, kusa da Masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin. Sarkin Marinid Uthman II Abu Said (r. 1310-1331) ne ya gina shi a shekara ta 1323-5. Madrasa ta samo sunanta daga kasuwar Souk al-Attarine, kasuwar kayan yaji da turare. Ana la'akari da ɗayan manyan nasarorin gine-ginen Marinid saboda kyawawan kayan ado da jituwa da ingantaccen amfani da ƙarancin sarari.

Tarihi

Hoton zauren Wurin salla na madrasa a cikin shekarun 1920, tare da mihrab da asalin tagulla da ke bayyane

Yanayi: Madrasas na Marinid

Marinids sun kasance masu gina Madrasas, wani nau'in ma'aikata wanda ya samo asali ne a arewa maso gabashin Iran a farkon karni na 11 kuma an ci gaba da karɓar shi zuwa yamma.[1] Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi aiki don horar da Masanan Islama, musamman a cikin dokar Islama da shari'a (fiqh). Madrasa a cikin duniyar Sunni gabaɗaya ta saba wa koyarwar addinai "marasa kyau", gami da koyarwar da Daular Almohad ta goyi bayan. Saboda haka, ya bunƙasa ne kawai a Maroko a ƙarƙashin daular Marinid wanda ya gaji Almohads.[1] Ga Marinids, madrasas sun taka rawar gani wajen karfafa halattaccen siyasa na daularsu. Sun yi amfani da wannan tallafi don karfafa amincin masu rinjaye amma masu zaman kansu na addini da kuma nuna kansu ga jama'a a matsayin masu karewa da masu gabatar da addinin Sunni na Orthodox.[1][2] Madrasas sun kuma yi aiki don horar da malamai da fitattun da ke gudanar da tsarin mulki na jihar su.[2]

Al-Attarine Madrasa, tare da sauran madrasas da ke kusa da su kamar Saffarin da Mesbahiyya, an gina su ne kusa da Masallacin al-Qarawiyyin / Jami'ar, babban cibiyar ilmantarwa a Fes kuma a tarihi shine cibiyar ilimi mafi muhimmanci a Maroko. Madrasas sun taka rawar goyon baya ga Qarawiyyin; ba kamar masallacin ba, sun ba da masauki ga ɗalibai, musamman waɗanda ke fitowa daga waje da Fes. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan dalibai sun kasance matalauta, suna neman isasshen ilimi don samun matsayi mafi girma a garuruwan su, kuma madrasas sun ba su abubuwan da ake bukata kamar masauki da burodi. Koyaya, madrasas ma suna koyar da cibiyoyin da kansu kuma suna ba da nasu darussan, tare da wasu Masanan Islama suna yin sunansu ta hanyar koyarwa a wasu madrasas.

Gine-gine da aiki na madrasa

Gidan madrasa a 1916

An gina madrasa na al-Attarine tsakanin 1323 da 1325 bisa umarnin sultan na Marinid Abu Sa'id Uthman II. Mai kula da ginin shi ne Sheikh Beni Abu Muhammad Abdallah ibn Qasim al-Mizwar . A cewar Rawd el-Qirtas (tarihin tarihi), sultan da kansa ya lura da kafa harsashin madrasa, tare da Ulema na gida.

Halitta madrasa, kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan cibiyoyin addinin Musulunci da na sadaka na lokacin, ya buƙaci bayar da sabon abu, amintaccen sadaka wanda yawanci ya kunshi kadarorin mortmain, wanda ya ba da kudaden shiga don ci gaba da ayyukan madrasa da kiyayewa, wanda aka kafa akan umarnin sultan. Wannan ya samar da madrasa don karbar bakuncin imam, muezzins, malamai, da masauki ga dalibai 50-60 . Yawancin ɗalibai a wannan madrasa sun fito ne daga garuruwa da birane a arewa maso yammacin Morocco kamar Tangier, Larache, da Ksar el-Kebir.

An rarraba madrasa a matsayin abin tunawa na tarihi a Maroko tun 1915. Tun daga wannan lokacin an mayar da madrasa sau da yawa, amma a hanyar da ta dace da salon gine-ginen ta na asali. A yau yana buɗewa a matsayin wurin tarihi da kuma jan hankalin yawon bude ido.

Gine-gine

Yanayi

Madrasa gini ne mai hawa biyu wanda ake samun damar shiga ta hanyar ƙofar da aka yi da siffar L a ƙarshen gabashin titin Tala'a Kebira . Gidan yana kaiwa ga babban farfajiyar ginin, ya shiga ta hanyar hanyar hanyar da ke da allon katako (mashrabiya). Yankin kudu da arewacin farfajiyar suna cike da tashoshi tare da ginshiƙai biyu na murabba'i da ƙananan ginshiƙan marmara guda biyu, waɗanda ke tallafawa arches na katako guda uku a tsakiya da ƙananan arches na muqarnas a bangarorin. Sama da waɗannan tashoshin akwai bangarorin bene na biyu da aka yi alama da windows suna kallon cikin farfajiyar. Wannan bene na biyu, wanda aka isa ta hanyar matakala daga gefen kudu na ƙofar ƙofar, yana da ɗakuna 30 waɗanda suka zama wuraren barci ga ɗalibai. Wannan ya haifar da tsari na gaba ɗaya mai kama da Madrasa as-Sahrij da ya gabata. Har ila yau, ƙofar ƙofar tana ba da damar zuwa mida'a (gidan wanka) wanda ke gefen arewacinsa.

A gefen gabas na farfajiyar akwai wata hanyar da aka yi wa ado wacce ke ba da ƙofar zauren addu'a. Yawancin madrasas na zamanin Marinid an tsara su ne don a ba da izinin babban ginin tare da qibla (hanyar addu'a), yana ba da izini ga mihrab (ƙofar da ke nuna qibla) na zauren addu'a tare da ƙofar babban farfajiyar. Koyaya, sararin da aka gina Madrasa na al-Attarine a bayyane ba ya ba da izinin wannan tsari, kuma a maimakon haka mihrab ya tafi gefe a bangon kudancin zauren addu'a, a kan wani axis madaidaici ga babban axis na ginin. Gidan addu'a da kansa yana da siffar rectangular, amma wani tashar da ke da kusurwa uku a gefen arewacinsa ya ba da damar gine-gine su sanya murabba'in katako a kan babban sarari a gaban mihrab. Wannan mafita mai ban mamaki amma mai kyau ga iyakantaccen sararin samaniya da ke akwai don gini yana nuna basira da hanyar da ta dace don tsarawa wanda gine-ginen Marinid suka samu a wannan lokacin.

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  Wooden roof and stucco decoration over the street in front of the madrasa's entrance
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  Wooden mashrabiya screen at the entrance of the courtyard
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  Western side of the courtyard, looking towards the entrance
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  One of the galleries along the sides of the courtyard
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  Eastern side of the courtyard, looking towards the entrance of the prayer hall
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  The prayer hall and mihrab
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  The former ablutions facility (mida'a)
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  The upper floors of the madrasa, where the student sleeping quarters are located

Kayan ado

Kodayake waje yana da cikakkiyar haske (kamar yawancin gine-ginen gargajiya na Maroko na irin sa), madrasa sananne ne ga kayan ado na ciki masu yawa da ƙwarewa, wanda ke nuna daidaituwa mai tsauri tsakanin abubuwa daban-daban, yana nuna lokacin mafi girma a cikin gine-ginin Marinid.  : 347, 360 Babban farfajiyar ta nuna wannan musamman. An rufe shimfidar bene da ƙananan ganuwar da ginshiƙai da Zellij (mosaic tilework). Duk da yake mafi yawan Zellij an shirya su don samar da alamu na lissafi da sauran abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, samansa, kusa da matakin ido, yana da ƙungiyar rubutun calligraphic a kan sgraffito-style tiles da ke gudana a kusa da farfajiyar. Sama da wannan, gabaɗaya, yanki ne mai faɗi da ƙirar ƙira, gami da wani nau'i na kayan ado na calligraphic, niches da arches da aka ƙera da muqarnas, da manyan farfajiyoyi da aka rufe da nau'ikan arabesques (alamu na furanni da kayan lambu) da sauran kayan Maroko. A ƙarshe, yankunan da ke sama gabaɗaya suna da farfajiyar itacen al'ul da aka sassaka, wanda ya ƙare a cikin katako na katako da aka zana a saman ganuwar. Har ila yau, zane-zane na katako yana cikin rufin katako na katako na pyramidal na zauren addu'a, wanda aka sassaƙa tare da tsarin tauraron lissafi (kamar wanda aka samo a cikin gine-ginen Moorish). Hoton katako da aka nuna a nan kuma ana ɗaukarsa misali ne na babban ma'anar zane-zane na Marinid.

Har ila yau, zauren addu'a yana da kayan ado masu yawa, musamman a kusa da ɗakin mihrab mai kayatarwa. Ƙofar zauren ta ƙunshi "lambrequin" - salon da aka sassaƙa intrados tare da muqarnas. Ganuwar saman ɗakin, a ƙasa da katako na katako, suma suna da windows na gilashin launi waɗanda aka saita a cikin grilles na gubar (maimakon grilles na stucco na yau da kullun na wannan lokacin) suna samar da ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ko furanni.: Ginshiƙan marmara (ko Onyx) da ginshiƙai da aka yi amfani da su a farfajiyar da zauren addu'a suma suna da kyawawan halaye masu kyau da aka sassaƙa da kyau, daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na irin su a wannan lokacin.

Madrasa kuma tana da sanannun misalai na kayan ado na zamanin Marinid. Ƙofofin ƙofar madrasa an yi su ne da itacen al'ul amma an rufe su da kayan ado na tagulla. Ƙofofin yanzu a wurin a yau sune kwatankwacin asali waɗanda yanzu ana kiyaye su a Gidan Tarihi na Dar Batha . Gilashin ya ƙunshi ɓangarori da yawa da aka haɗu tare don samar da tsarin lissafi mai kama da wanda aka samu a wasu siffofin fasahar Maroko na zamani kamar Alkur'ani ko kayan ado na hannu. Kowane yanki an zana shi tare da bango na arabesque ko kayan lambu, da kuma karamin rubutun Kufic a cikin kowane tauraron octagonal a cikin tsarin lissafi mai faɗi. Wannan ƙirar ta nuna juyin halitta da gyare-gyare na kayan ado na tagulla na zamanin Almoravid a ƙofofin Masallacin Qarawiyyin da ke kusa. Wani sanannen ƙarfe a cikin madrasa shine asalin tagulla wanda ke rataye a cikin zauren addu'a, wanda ya haɗa da rubutun da ke yabon wanda ya kafa madrasa.

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  Example of zellij tilework in the madrasa, with complex geometric patterns on the lower walls and a band of calligraphy above
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  Close-up of Arabic calligraphy in carved stucco (above) and glazed sgraffito-type tiles (below)
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  View of the small arches and blind arches (or niches) at the corners of the courtyard which are sculpted with muqarnas
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  Example of motifs in carved stucco around the courtyard
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  Details of the wood-carving along the top of the walls in the courtyard
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  Wooden cupola ceiling in the prayer hall
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  The "lambrequin" or muqarnas arch of the prayer hall's entrance
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  Details of the stucco decoration (and a marble engaged column) around the mihrab
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  Stucco decoration and coloured glass windows in the upper walls of the prayer hall
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  One of the intricately-carved marble capitals above the columns in the courtyard
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  The decorative bronze plating of the doors at the madrasa's entrance (replicas of the originals)
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  The Marinid-era bronze chandelier in the prayer hall

Haɗin waje

• 'Attarin Madrasa a Gidan Tarihi ba tare da iyakoki baGidan kayan gargajiya ba tare da iyakoki ba
• Attarine Madrasa فاس - مدرسة العطارين - Hotuna daga gidan adana hotuna na Manar al-Athar