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Al-Qaeda a cikin Maghreb na Musulunci

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Al-Qaeda a cikin Maghreb na Musulunci

Bayanai
Gajeren suna AQMI
Iri ƙungiyar ta'addanci da armed organization (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Aljeriya da Mali
Ideology (en) Fassara Salafi jihadism (en) Fassara da Islamism (en) Fassara
Aiki
Bangare na Al-Qaeda
Mulki
Shugaba Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi da Abdelmalek Droukdel
Hedkwata Kabylia (en) Fassara
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 2007
Wanda yake bi Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (en) Fassara da Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (en) Fassara

Al-Qa’ida a Ƙasashen Magrib na Musulunci ( Arabic القاعدة في بلاد المغرب الإسلامي , French ), ko AQIM, kungiya ce ta masu kishin Islama ( ta al-Qaeda ) da ke da nufin hambarar da gwamnatin Aljeriya da kafa daular Musulunci . [1] Don haka, sai ta shiga yakin tada kayar baya a yankunan Maghreb da Sahel .

Kungiyar ta'addancin ta samo asali ne da kungiyar Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). Tun daga lokacin ta bayyana aniyar ta na kai hari ga Turawa (ciki har da Mutanen Espanya da Faransanci) da Amurkawa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Australia, Canada, [2] Malaysia, Rasha, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Birtaniya da Amurka sun sanya kungiyar ta'addanci a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci .

Yawanci an zana membobinsu daga al'ummar Aljeriya da na yankin sahara (kamar Abzinawa da dangin Berabiche na Mali ), da kuma 'yan Morocco daga yankunan birni na ƙasar Arewacin Afirka. [3] Ana kuma zargin kungiyar da alaka da kungiyar ta'addanci ta Al-Shabaab da ke da hedkwata a yankin gabashin Afirka . AQIM ta mayar da hankali wajen yin garkuwa da mutane domin neman kudin fansa a matsayin hanyar tara kudade kuma an kiyasta ta tara sama da dala miliyan 50 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

A ranar 2 ga Maris 2017, reshen Sahara na AQIM ya hade tare da Macina Liberation Front, Ansar Dine, da Al-Mourabitoun, zuwa Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin . [4]

Suna

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Sunan kungiyar a hukumance shi ne Organization of al-Qa'eda in the Land of Islamic Magrib ( Qaedat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Maghrib al-Islami ), sau da yawa a takaice zuwa Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb ( AQIM, daga Faransa al-Qaida au Maghreb islamique, AQMI ). [1] Kafin Janairu 2007 an san shi da Ƙungiyar Salafiyya don Wa'azi da Yaƙi ( Arabic al-Jamā'ah as-Salafiyyah lid-Da'wah wal-Qiṭāl ) and the French acronym GSPC ( Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat ).à

Tarihi

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Fayil:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb fighters.jpg
Mayakan AQIM a cikin wani faifan bidiyo na farfaganda na 2015, wanda aka yi fim a cikin hamadar Sahara .

A cikin Janairun 2007, GSPC ta sanar da cewa a yanzu za ta yi aiki da sunan Al-Qaeda a Magrib (AQIM).

A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2009, jaridar The Sun ta kasar Birtaniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa, an samu bullar cutar bubonic a sansanin horar da kungiyar AQIM da ke lardin Tizi Ouzou a kasar Aljeriya. [5] Jaridar Washington Times, a cikin wata kasida da ta samo asali daga majiyar jami'an leken asirin Amurka, kwana daya bayan haka, lamarin ba shi da alaka da annoba ta bubo, amma hatsari ne da ya shafi ko dai kwayoyin halitta ko sinadarai .

Kungiyar Al Qaeda a yankin Magrib na daya daga cikin mafi arziki a yankin, kungiyoyin mayakan sa kai masu dauke da makamai, saboda biyan bukatun kudin fansa da kungiyoyin agaji da gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin duniya ke yi. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 90 cikin 100 na albarkatun AQIM na zuwa ne daga fansa da aka biya domin sakin mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su. [6] Omar Ould Hamaha ya ce:

The source of our financing is the Western countries. They are paying for jihad.[7]

A watan Disambar 2012, daya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin AQIM, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, ya balle daga AQIM ya tafi da mayakansa tare da shi, inda suka aiwatar da rikicin garkuwa da mutane In Amenas a Aljeriya makonni bayan haka, jim kadan bayan Faransa ta kaddamar da Operation Serval a Mali. Daga baya Belmokhtar ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi aiki a madadin Al Qaeda. [8] A cikin Disamba 2015, ƙungiyar Belmokhtar ta ɓarke, Al-Mourabitoun ta koma AQIM, bisa ga bayanan sauti da ƙungiyoyin biyu suka fitar.

A ranar 25 Fabrairun [9] sojojin Faransa da na Chadi suka kashe wani babban kwamandan AQIM Abdelhamid Abou Zeid a arewacin Mali.

Zargin son zuciya

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Cibiyar Yaki da Ta'addanci ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa AQIM ta yi kaurin suna wajen rike al'adu da kabilanci ga 'yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara. NCTC ta ci gaba da cewa wasu masu daukar ma'aikata "sun yi iƙirarin cewa AQIM na nuna wariyar launin fata ga wasu baƙar fata daga Afirka ta Yamma saboda an aika su ne kawai a kan ƙananan matakan." Sanarwar ta ci gaba da cewa, tsohon kwamandan AQIM Mokhtar Belmokhtar a watan Agustan 2009 ya bayyana cewa, "yana son jawo hankalin bakaken fata 'yan Afirka da za su dauka aiki saboda za su yarda da sauri fiye da Larabawa su zama 'yan kunar bakin wake kuma saboda rashin yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ya sa su zama cikakke don daukar ma'aikata." [10] [11]

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, AQIM ta dauki nauyin daukar dimbin matasa 'yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, tare da kai hare-hare irin na Grand-Bassam na shekarar 2016 a Ivory Coast da wasu bakaken fata AQIM suka yi. An nakalto kwamandan AQIM Yahya Abou El-Hammam, a wata hira da ya yi da wani gidan yanar gizo na kasar Mauritaniya, yana cewa "A yau, mujahidai sun gina birged da bataliyoyin da 'ya'yan yankin, 'yan uwanmu bakaken fata, Peuls, Bambaras da Songhai ". [12]

Jagoranci

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Manyan jagorori da jami'an wannan kungiya sun hada da Yahya Abu El Hammam, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jagoran kungiyar al-Qaeda a yankin Magrib (AQIM), yana tsara ayyuka da kuma yin garkuwa da Turawan Yamma a Arewa da Yammacin Afirka . Hukumar bayar da ladan Amurka ta nemi shi da ladan dala miliyan 5 kan kama shi. Hammam ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba da ci gaba da ayyukan ta'addancin AQIM a yammacin Afirka da Mali, ya kuma taka rawa wajen kai hare-haren ta'addancin AQIM a kasar Mauritaniya. A watan Disambar 2013 Yahya Abu Hammam ya yi wata hira da tashar Aljazeera inda ya yi barazanar tsoma bakin sojan Faransa a cikin sahara zai bude "kofofin jahannama ga mutanen Faransa".

A watan Yulin 2010, an ce Hammam na da hannu wajen kashe wani Bafaranshe mai shekaru saba'in da takwas da aka yi garkuwa da shi a Nijar. A shekara ta 2006 mahukuntan Aljeriya sun yanke wa Hammam hukuncin kisa bisa zargin ta'addanci. [13] Sojojin Faransa sun kashe Hammam a watan Fabrairun 2019. [14]

Hanyoyin haɗi na duniya

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Mayakan AQIM Abzinawa a Sahel, Disamba 2012.

Zargin tsoffin GSPCs na alaka da al-Qaeda ya kasance kafin harin 11 ga Satumba . A matsayinsu na masu bin tafarkin Qutbist na jihadin Salafiyya, an yi tunanin membobin GSPC suna da ra'ayin al-Qaeda gaba ɗaya. Bayan korar Hassan Hattab, shugabannin kungiyar daban-daban sun yi mubaya'a ga al-Qaeda.

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2007, hukumomin Najeriya sun kama wasu mutane biyar bisa zargin mallakar sandunan dynamite guda bakwai da wasu ababen fashewa. Masu shigar da kara na Najeriya sun yi zargin cewa uku daga cikin wadanda ake tuhumar sun yi horo na tsawon shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar Salafiyya mai wa'azi da yaki a kasar Aljeriya a lokacin.

A karshen shekara ta 2011, an kafa kungiyar 'Movement for Oneness and Jihad' a yammacin Afirka domin kara yada ayyukan jihadi zuwa yammacin Afirka. Shugaban sojojin su Omar Ould Hamaha, tsohon mayakin AQIM ne.

A cewar Janar Carter Ham, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Somalia Al-Shabaab, da kuma Boko Haram da ke Najeriya tun a watan Yunin 2012 suna kokarin daidaitawa da daidaita ayyukansu ta fuskar raba kudade, horo da abubuwan fashewa. Ham ya kara da cewa ya yi imanin cewa haɗin gwiwar ya kawo barazana ga tsaron gida na Amurka da kuma hukumomin gida. Duk da haka, a cewar kwararre kan yaki da ta'addanci Rick Nelson tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Kasa da Kasa ta Washington, babu wata shaida kadan da ke nuna cewa kungiyoyin uku na kai hari ga yankunan Amurka, saboda kowannensu yana da sha'awar kafa gwamnatocin 'yan kishin addini a yankunansu. [15]

A cikin wata hira da Al Jazeera ta 2013 a Timbuktu, kwamandan AQIM Talha ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyarsa ta je Nijar, Algeria, Burkina Faso da Najeriya, don tsara ƙungiyoyin AQIM. Ya bayyana dabarunsu: “Akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su da komai, kuma kuna iya isa gare su da kalmar Allah, ko kuma ta hanyar taimakonsu.

Kalamai

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Al Qaeda a yankin Magrib na Islama tana gudanar da wata kafar yada labarai da aka fi sani da Al-Andalus, wacce a kai a kai tana fitar da faya-fayan bidiyo na farfaganda da ke nuna ayyukan AQIM, garkuwa da mutane, da kuma kalamai daga mambobin kungiyar.

A cewar wani kamfanin bincike kan hadarin da ke da hedkwata a Landan Stirling Assynt, AQIM ta yi kira da a dauki fansa kan birnin Beijing saboda musgunawa tsirarun musulmin kasar bayan tarzomar Ürümqi na Yuli 2009 .

Kungiyar ta AQIM ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Tunisiya da Aljeriya a cikin wani faifan bidiyo da aka fitar a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2011. Al Qaeda ta ba da taimakon soji da horo ga masu zanga-zangar, tare da yin kira gare su da su hambarar da gwamnatin "masu cin hanci da rashawa, masu aikata laifuka da azzalumai" tare da yin kira da "ramuwar gayya" ga gwamnatin Tunisiya, tare da yin kira da a hambarar da gwamnatin Bouflikazi Aljeriya.

Shugaban kungiyar ta AQIM Abu Musab Abdul Wadud ya bayyana a cikin faifan bidiyon, yana kira da a kafa tsarin shari'ar Musulunci a Tunisiya . Kungiyar Al Qaeda ta fara daukar masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati, wadanda a baya wasunsu sun yi yaki da sojojin Amurka a Iraki da sojojin Isra'ila a Gaza .

Kungiyar AQIM ta amince da yunkurin hambarar da gwamnatin Kanar Muammar Gaddafi a Libya, duk da cewa har yanzu ba a san adadin mayakan da ke biyayya ga al-Qaeda ko kuma mambobinta ba. Gaddafi ya kame bisa nuna goyon baya da taimako ga yunkurin 'yan tawayen na zargin al-Qaeda da tayar da bore.

Lokacin hare-hare

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2007-09

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  • Afrilu 11, 2007: Wasu bama-bamai na mota guda biyu ne kungiyar ta tayar. Daya yana kusa da ofishin Firayim Minista a Algiers kuma fashewar ta kashe mutane fiye da 30 tare da raunata fiye da 150. [16]
  • Fabrairu 2008: An kama wasu 'yan Australiya biyu a Tunisia aka tafi da su ta Aljeriya zuwa Mali kuma aka sako su daga baya a waccan shekarar, an danganta sace mutanen da kungiyar Al-Qaeda a Magrib ta Islama [17]
  • Disamba 2008: An yi garkuwa da jami'an diflomasiyyar Kanada biyu tare da direbansu a kudu maso yammacin Nijar yayin da suke aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na warware rikicin arewacin Nijar. An sako direban ne a watan Maris din shekarar 2009. An sako jami'an diflomasiyyar ne a watan Afrilun 2009. An danganta satar da kungiyar Al-Qaeda a yankin Magrib na Islama.
  • 22 ga Janairu, 2009: An yi garkuwa da wasu Turawa hudu a lokacin da suke ziyartar bikin Andéramboukane a Nijar kusa da kan iyaka da Mali . AQIM ta bukaci gwamnatin Biritaniya ta saki Abu Qatada, kuma a ranar 31 ga Mayun 2009 aka fitar da wata sanarwa da ke cewa an kashe Edwyn Dyer, wanda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Gordon Brown ya tabbatar a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 2009. An sako dukkan sauran 'yan yawon bude ido daga karshe.
  • 30 Yuli 2009: Akalla sojojin Algeria 11 ne aka kashe a wani harin kwantan bauna a lokacin da suke raka ayarin sojoji a wajen garin Damous da ke gabar teku, kusa da Tipaza . [18]

2010-12

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  • Maris 2010: An yi garkuwa da wani ɗan ƙasar Italiya, Sergio Cicala, da matarsa. An sake su ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2010. [19]
  • 16 Satumba 2010: An sace ma'aikata bakwai daga Areva da Vinci a Arlit, Nijar (Faransa biyar, Togo daya da Malagasy daya). A ranar 21 ga Satumba ne AQIM ta yi ikirarin kama shi a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga a Al Jazeera. An saki uku daga cikin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2011. Sauran hudun kuma an sake su ne a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2013.
  • 25 Nuwamba 2011: An sace 'yan yawon bude ido uku na Yamma a Timbuktu : Sjaak Rijke daga Netherlands, Johan Gustafsson daga Sweden da Stephen Malcolm McGown daga Afirka ta Kudu. An kashe wani dan yawon bude ido na hudu dan kasar Jamus lokacin da ya ki ba da hadin kai ga wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika. An ceto Rijke a watan Afrilu 2015. An sake Gustafsson a watan Yuni 2017. An sake McGwn a watan Yuli 2017. [20] [21]
  • 9 Disamba 2011: AQIM ta buga hotuna guda biyu, da ke nuna wasu mutane biyar da aka yi garkuwa da su ‘yan asalin Turai ciki har da ‘yan yawon bude ido uku da aka sace a Timbuktu. An kashe dan kasar Faransa Philippe Verdon a watan Maris din shekarar 2013. An gano gawarsa a watan Yulin 2013. An sako dan kasar Faransa Serge Lazarevic da aka yi garkuwa da shi a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba. 2013. [22]

2013-2015

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  • 30 Satumba 2013: AQIM ta dauki alhakin harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai da mota a Timbuktu wanda ya kashe akalla fararen hula biyu. [23]
  • 20 Nuwamba 2015: AQIM da Al-Mourabitoun sun kai hari wani otal a Bamako, Mali. Sun yi garkuwa da mutane sama da 100, inda suka kashe 19 kafin jami’an tsaro su kawo karshen harin.

2016-2018

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  • 8 ga Janairu, 2016: Wasu 'yan bindiga sun yi garkuwa da wata yar kasar Switzerland Beatrice Stockly a Timbuctoo, Mali. AQIM ta dauki alhakin yin garkuwa da shi wata guda bayan haka kuma ta fitar da wani faifan bidiyo a watan Janairun 2017 da ke nuna Stockly yana raye. An kashe jarirai a watan Satumbar 2020. [24] [25]
  • 15 ga Janairu, 2016: 'Yan bindiga AQIM sun kai hari a Cappuccino da Splendid Hotel a Ouagadougou, inda suka kashe akalla mutane 28, suka jikkata akalla 56 tare da yin garkuwa da mutane 126. 200 kilomita zuwa arewa, an yi garkuwa da ma'auratan Australiya Ken da Jocelyn Elliott, likitocin likita. An saki Jocelyn bayan 'yan kwanaki saboda ja-gora daga shugabannin al Qaeda, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin wani rikodin da AQIM ta fitar (wanda AQIM ke ɗaukar alhakin sacewa). An sake Ken a watan Mayu 2023. [26]
  • 13 Maris 2016: AQIM ta kai hari a garin Grand-Bassam, a cikin Ivory Coast, inda ya kashe a kalla mutane 16, ciki har da sojoji 2, da kuma 'yan yawon bude ido na Turai 4. An kuma kashe maharan 6. [27] [28]
  • 1 ga Yuli, 2018: Wani dan kunar bakin wake ya tuka wata mota makare da bama-bamai a cikin sojojin da ke sintiri tare da tayar da ita a garin Gao na kasar Mali. Fararen hula 4 ne suka mutu yayin da wasu 31 da suka hada da sojojin Faransa hudu suka jikkata a harin, kungiyar AQIM ta dauki alhakin kai harin.
  • 8 Yuli 2018: Bataliyar Uqba bin Nafi, reshen Tunisiya na AQIM, ta dauki alhakin wani harin da ya kashe 'yan sandan Tunisiya shida a Ghardimaou, jihar Jendouba .

2019 - yanzu

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  • 20 ga Janairu, 2019: AQIM ta yi ikirarin kai hari kan dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 10 a Mali saboda maido da huldar da kasar Chadi ta yi da Isra'ila . [29]
  • 26 ga Afrilu, 2019: Wani Sojan Tunusiya ya mutu sannan uku sun jikkata a wani harin bam da aka kai a dajin Chaambi National Park, arewa maso yammacin Tunisia. Kungiyar ta AQIM ta ce mayakan ta na bataliya ta Uqba bin Nafi ne suka kai harin. [30]
  • A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2020, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun kai hari a sansanin sojojin kasar Aljeriya a Ain Defla, arewacin kasar Aljeriya, inda suka kashe soja daya. Wata kafar yada labarai mai alaka da al-Qa'ida ta yi ikirarin cewa AQIM ce ta kai harin. [30]
  • A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2020, an kashe jami'an Sojan Aljeriya biyu a wani bam da aka dasa a Ain Dalia, arewacin Algeria. Wata kafar yada labarai mai alaka da al-Qa'ida ta yi ikirarin cewa AQIM ce ta kai harin. [30]
  • A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2021, mutane biyar sun mutu a harin bam na Oueid Khenig-Roum . [31]
  • A ranar 25 zuwa 26 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, sojojin Faransa masu adawa da jihadi sun gudanar da wani samame a Mali wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar Yahia Djouadi, shugaban kungiyar ta AQIM mai kula da kudade da dabaru kuma tsohon "sarkin" ayyukan kungiyar a Libya.
  • A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan 2024, wata kungiyar al Qaeda a yankin Sahel na yammacin Afirka ta yi garkuwa da wasu 'yan kasar Rasha biyu a Nijar, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wani faifan bidiyo da Jama'a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin (JNIM) ta fitar. Mutanen da aka kama masu suna Yuri da Greg, suna aiki ne da wani kamfani na kasar Rasha a yankin Tillaberi mai arzikin zinari.

Magana

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  1. ↑ "Algeria". CIA. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  2. ↑ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. Government of Canada. 21 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  3. ↑ Dario Cristiani; Riccardo Fabiani (April 2011). "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM): Implications for Algeria's Regional and International Relations" (PDF). IAI Working Papers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  4. ↑ "Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region". Newsweek. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  5. ↑ "Black Death 'kills al-Qaeda operatives in Algeria'". The Daily Telegraph (in Turanci). 2009-01-19.
  6. ↑ Sidibé, Kalilou (August 2012). "Security Management in Northern Mali: Criminal Networks and Conflict Resolution" (PDF). Institute of Development Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Kidnapping dec 13".
  8. ↑ "ICCT". Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  9. ↑ "Africa – AQIM confirms Zeid died in Mali battle". France 24. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  10. ↑ "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb" (PDF). Centre for Strategic and International Studies. September 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  11. ↑ "Terrorism Bulletin Says Highlighting Al Qaeda Racism Could Deter African Recruits". ABC News. 24 July 2010. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  12. ↑ "Jihadist recruiters cast wide net in West Africa". AFP. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  13. ↑ "Rewards for Justice - Wanted". US State Department. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  14. ↑ "French forces kill senior jihadist leader in Mali - Xinhua | English.news.cn". Archived from the original on 23 February 2019.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Atgstcus".
  16. ↑ Steinberg, Guido; Isabelle Werenfels (November 2007). "Between the 'Near' and the 'Far' Enemy: Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb". Mediterranean Politics. 12 (3): 407–13. doi:10.1080/13629390701622473. S2CID 153848665.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "keenan".
  18. ↑ "At least 11 Algerian soldiers killed by Islamist militants in ambush". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. 2009-07-31. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  19. ↑ "Italian held by Qaeda makes plea to Berlusconi govt I". Inquirer. 28 February 2010. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  20. ↑ "Al Qaeda Hostage Sjaak Rijke Freed by French Forces in Mali". NBC News. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  21. ↑ "SA hostage in Mali released". News24 (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  22. ↑ "Al-Qaeda Media Arm to Answer Questions on Twitter". Asharq al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  23. ↑ "News – msn". Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  24. ↑ "UPDATE: 1 year on, new video of kidnapped Swiss missionary in Mali". 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  25. ↑ "Switzerland says Swiss hostage in Mali has been killed". AP NEWS. 2021-04-28. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  26. ↑ "88-year-old Australian doctor freed 7 years after kidnapping by Islamic extremists in West Africa". Associated Press. 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  27. ↑ Michael Pearson; Mariano Castillo; Tiffany Ap & Tim Hume (13 March 2016). "Ivory Coast attack: 16 killed as gunmen strike hotels". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  28. ↑ "Al Qaeda claims responsibility for Ivory Coast hotel shooting in which 16 'including four Europeans' killed at resort". Telegraph. 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  29. ↑ "Al Qaeda: Chad Peacekeepers' murder backlash for renewed ties with Israel - World News - Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. 20 January 2019. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  30. 1 2 3 "Al-Qa'ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb". www.nationalsecurity.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  31. ↑ "Five civilians killed in Algeria roadside bomb blast". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-04.
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