Alamar Kasa da Kasa
 Alamar Kasa da Kasa | |
|---|---|
sign language (en)  , pidgin da modern language (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
sign language (en) |
| Gajeren suna | IS |
| Ethnologue language status (en) |
9 Second language only (en) |
| Described at URL (mul) | langmaker.github.io… |
Alamar Duniya ( IS ) harshen alamar pidgin ne wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin yanayi daban-daban, musamman a matsayin harshen taimako na duniya a tarurruka kamar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kurame (WFD), a wasu wurare na Tarayyar Turai [1], [2] [3] [4] a wasu tarurrukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [2] [4] da kuma wasu tarurrukan ilimi, [5] a tarurruka kamar Deaflympics, Miss & Mister Deaf World, da Eurovision, [6] da kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba lokacin tafiya da hulɗa.
Masana harsuna ba su yarda da ma'anar kalmar "International Sign" daidai ba, kuma ƙamus ɗin da aka samo daga gwaji ba su da su.
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da cewa kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya, wani lokacin ana kiranta da Gestuno, ko Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya Pidgin da Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya (IG). Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya (IS) kalma ce da Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Duniya (WFD) da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ke amfani da ita.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kurame a ƙasashen Yamma da Gabas ta Tsakiya sun taru suna amfani da harshen kurame tsawon shekaru 2,000. Lokacin da kurame daga asalin harsunan kurame daban-daban suka haɗu, nau'ikan harsunan kurame iri-iri suna tasowa ne daga wannan hulɗa, ko dai a cikin yanayi na sirri ko kuma a cikin yanayi na ƙasashen duniya. Saboda haka, kurame sun yi amfani da wani nau'in tsarin nunin hannu don sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a wuraren wasanni ko al'adu tun farkon ƙarni na 19. An tattauna buƙatar daidaita tsarin alamun ƙasa da ƙasa a taron kurame na farko na duniya a 1951, lokacin da aka kafa WFD. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an ƙirƙiri pidgin yayin da wakilai daga asalin harsuna daban-daban ke sadarwa da juna, kuma a 1973, kwamitin WFD ("Hukumar Haɗa Alamu") ya buga ƙamus na yau da kullun. Sun zaɓi "alamomi masu sauƙi da na halitta waɗanda kurame na ƙasashe daban-daban ke amfani da su akai-akai" don sauƙaƙa koya harshen. Wani littafi da hukumar ta buga a shekarar 1975, Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf, ya ƙunshi jerin kalmomi na alamomi 1,470. [7] An zaɓi sunan Gestuno, yana nuni ga motsin jiki da kuma haɗin kai .
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayyana Alamar Ƙasa da Ƙasa a matsayin nau'in sadarwa mai yawan canzawa da ake amfani da ita tsakanin masu sa hannu biyu waɗanda ba su da harshen kurame iri ɗaya. [8] [9] Yawancin ƙwararru ba sa ɗaukar IS a matsayin cikakken harshe a zahiri, [8] amma a maimakon haka wani nau'in sadarwa ne da ke tasowa a nan take. [9] Ana siffanta shi da mai da hankali kan tsarin alama ko na tunani ; masu sa hannun IS suma suna iya nuna abubuwan da ke kusa. [9] Duk da cewa wani matakin daidaito yana faruwa a abubuwan da suka faru kamar WFD da Tarayyar Kurame ta Turai, an iyakance shi ga ƙamus, ba nahawu ba. [9]
Babu wata yarjejeniya kan ainihin ma'anar Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya. Yana iya nufin ko dai yadda baƙi ke sa hannu da juna lokacin da ba su da yaren kurame iri ɗaya, ko kuma yana iya nufin sigar da aka saba amfani da ita da gungun mutane masu hulɗa akai-akai ke amfani da ita. Amfani da kalmar Alamar Ƙasashen Duniya na iya haifar da kuskuren fahimta cewa sigar sadarwa ce ta yau da kullun . [10]
Kurame yawanci suna san harshen kurame ɗaya kawai. [11] Masu sanya hannu daga ƙasashe daban-daban na iya amfani da IS ba zato ba tsammani tare da juna, tare da samun nasara. [11] Wannan nasarar sadarwa tana da alaƙa da abubuwa daban-daban. Na farko, mutanen da suka shiga IS suna da wani yanki na ilimin mahallin da aka raba. Na biyu, masu sanya hannu na iya amfani da ilimin da aka raba game da yaren da ake magana da shi, kamar Ingilishi. Na uku, sadarwa tana sauƙaƙa ta amfani da alamun alama da kuma pantomime. [11]
Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamus ɗin Alamun Ƙasashen Duniya ana yin sa ne ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin masu sanya hannu. An ruwaito cewa masu sanya hannu a IS suna amfani da jerin alamomi daga yaren alamar ƙasa da aka haɗa da manyan alamu waɗanda masu sauraro da yawa za su iya fahimta. [12] Da yawa, ba wai yawancinsu ba, an ɗauko alamun ne daga Yaren Alamar Amurka a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A shekara ta 1973, wani kwamiti ya ƙirƙiri kuma ya daidaita tsarin alamun ƙasashen duniya. Sun yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar alamun da suka fi fahimta daga harsunan alamar daban-daban don sauƙaƙa koyon yaren ba kawai ga Kurame ba har ma ga masu kula da wucin gadi da kuma mai lura da yau da kullun. [13] Mai fassara IS Bill Moody ya lura a cikin wata takarda ta 1994 cewa kalmomin da ake amfani da su a wuraren taro galibi sun samo asali ne daga harsunan alamar ƙasashen Yamma kuma ba su da sauƙin fahimta ga waɗanda suka fito daga asalin yaren alamar Afirka ko Asiya. Wani bincike na 1999 da Bencie Woll ya yi ya nuna cewa masu sanya hannu a IS galibi suna amfani da adadi mai yawa na ƙamus daga yaren asali, [14] suna zaɓar bambance-bambancen alamun da baƙo zai iya fahimta cikin sauƙi. Sabanin haka, Rachel Rosenstock ta lura cewa kalmomin da aka nuna a cikin bincikenta na International Sign galibi sun ƙunshi alamu masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare gama gari ga harsunan kurame da yawa:
manqzaarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Langensiepen, Katrin (15 September 2021). "EU State of the Union: Why no sign Language interpretation?". The Parliament Magazine. Merit Group. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- 1 2 "International Sign Interpreter". World Association of Sign Language Interpreters. WASLI. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ↑ Pelea, Alina. "International Sign: Interested in perfecting your skills as an interpreter in international sign". Knowledge Centre on Interpretation. European Commission. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- 1 2 de Wit, Maya; Crasborn, Onno; Napier, Jemina (25 January 2021). "Interpreting international sign: mapping the interpreter's profile". The Interpreter and Translator Trainer. 15 (2): 205–24. doi:10.1080/1750399X.2020.1868172. S2CID 234031206 Check
|s2cid=value (help).|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Kusters, Annelies (2021-06-19). "International Sign as a conference language". 10th Deaf Academics and Researchers Conference (Presentation) (in International Sign with spoken English interpretation). Montréal, Canada. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ "Eurovision 2016 to be broadcast with international sign performances". Eurovision Song Contest. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:5 - 1 2 Green, E. Mara (2014). "Building the tower of Babel: International Sign, linguistic commensuration, and moral orientation". Language in Society. 43 (4): 445–465. doi:10.1017/S0047404514000396. ISSN 0047-4045. S2CID 147662111.
- 1 2 3 4 Hiddinga, Anja; Crasborn, Onno (2011). "Signed languages and globalization" (PDF). Language in Society. 40 (4): 483–505. doi:10.1017/S0047404511000480. ISSN 0047-4045. S2CID 14010408. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-23.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - 1 2 3 Hiddinga, Anja; Crasborn, Onno (2011). "Signed languages and globalization" (PDF). Language in Society. 40 (4): 483–505. doi:10.1017/S0047404511000480. ISSN 0047-4045. S2CID 14010408. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-23.
- ↑ European Union of the Deaf. "International Sign". EUD. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
Experienced IS signers try to be as independent from one specific national sign language as possible, to ensure a large audience of varied backgrounds can understand the message to the fullest extent possible.
- ↑ Signs For Humanity (2018-07-24). "Deaf people from different countries can communicate with each other using something called International Sign!". Facebook. Length 1:34 minutes. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2018-11-19.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ↑ Sutton-Spence, Rachel and Woll, Bencie. (1999) The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction. p. 32. ISBN 0-521-63718-X