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Alamar cututtuka

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Alamar cututtuka
second-order class (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na class (en) Fassara, sign (en) Fassara da concern (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara health problem (en) Fassara
Has characteristic (en) Fassara symptom type (en) Fassara
Manifestation of (en) Fassara medical state (en) Fassara
A diagram of a human torso labelled with the most common symptoms of an acute HIV infection
Alamomin (gami da girman hanta da saifa ) da alamomin (gami da ciwon kai da amai) na kamuwa da cutar HIV mai tsanani

Alamomi da alamu alamu ne na ganewar rashin lafiya, rauni, ko yanayi. Duk da cewa alamun suna da ma'ana kuma ana iya ganin su a waje, alamun suna bayyana abubuwan da mutum ya fuskanta a zahiri.

Misali, wata alama na iya zama zafi ko ƙasa da na al'ada ko hawan jini, ko kuma wani abu da ba a saba gani ba da ke bayyana a hoton likita . Alamar wani abu ne da ba a saba gani ba wanda mutum ke fuskanta kamar jin zazzaɓi, ciwon kai ko wasu radadi a jiki. [1] [2] Alamomin na iya zama sakamakon martanin tsarin garkuwar jiki ga kamuwa da cuta, bayyanar yanayin jiki mara kyau, ko tasirin abu da aka sha. [3] [4] [5] Alamomin, kodayake galibi suna nuna tsarin cuta, ba koyaushe suke da alaƙa da ganewar asali ba, kuma suna iya zama rashin hankali a yanayi. [6]

Alamomi da Alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamar likita alama ce ta zahiri da za a iya gani ta wata cuta, rauni, ko yanayin lafiya da za a iya ganowa yayin gwajin jiki . [1] Waɗannan alamun na iya zama a bayyane, kamar kurji ko rauni, ko kuma a iya gano su ta hanyar amfani da na'urar auna jini ko ɗaukar hawan jini . Alamomin likita, tare da alamun, suna taimakawa wajen gano cutar . Wasu misalan alamun sun haɗa da ƙusoshin farce ko na farce [2] ko kuma tafiya mara kyau . [3]

Alamomin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamar wata alama ce da ake ji ko ake ji, kamar ciwo ko jiri. Alamomi da alamomin ba su da alaƙa da juna; misali jin zazzaɓi na mutum ɗaya ana iya lura da shi a matsayin alama ta amfani da na'urar auna zafi mai tsanani. [4] CDC ta lissafa cututtuka daban-daban ta hanyar alamunsu kamar na kyanda wanda ya haɗa da zazzabi mai zafi, ciwon ido, da tari, wanda bayan 'yan kwanaki sai kurji na kyanda ya biyo baya. [5]

Alamomin Cardinal da Alamominsu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin Cardinal da alamomin suna da takamaiman ma'ana har ma da ma'anar cutar . Alamar Cardinal ko alamar Cardinal suma na iya nufin babbar alama ko alamar cuta. [1] Reflexes marasa kyau na iya nuna matsaloli tare da tsarin jijiyoyi . Ana kuma amfani da alamomi da alamun ga yanayin jiki a waje da mahallin cutar, misali lokacin da ake magana game da alamun da alamun ciki, ko alamun rashin ruwa . Wani lokaci cuta na iya kasancewa ba tare da nuna wata alama ko alamu ba lokacin da aka san ta da rashin alamun cutar . [2] Ana iya gano cutar ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje gami da duban dan tayi. Kamuwa na iya zama ba tare da alamun cutar ba amma har yanzu ana iya yada ta . [2]

Ciwon

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Alamomi da alamun ba su da takamaiman takamaiman alamu, amma wasu haɗuwa na iya zama alamun wasu cututtuka, suna taimakawa wajen rage abin da ba daidai ba. Wani takamaiman jerin alamomi da alamun da za a iya dangantawa da cuta ana kiransa ciwo .

Kalmomi masu alaƙa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mai Alaƙa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Idan aka gano wata cuta ta hanyar alamunta, ana kiranta da alamun cutar . Akwai yanayi da yawa, ciki har da cututtukan da ba su da alaƙa da asibiti waɗanda ba su nuna alamun cutar ba, kuma ana kiransu da alamun cutar marasa alama .

Alamomi da alamun na iya zama masu sauƙi ko masu tsanani, na ɗan lokaci ko na tsawon lokaci idan sun ragu ( gyaran jiki ), ko kuma suka sake dawowa ( komawa ko dawowa ) wanda aka sani da fashewa . Fuskantar fashewa na iya nuna alamun da suka fi tsanani. [6]

Ana amfani da kalmar babban ƙara, wadda kuma ake kira "gabatar da matsala", don bayyana damuwar farko da mutum ke da ita lokacin da yake neman taimakon likita, kuma da zarar an lura da hakan a sarari, za a iya ɗaukar tarihin wannan rashin lafiya . Alamar da a ƙarshe ke haifar da ganewar asali ana kiranta da babbar alama. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Wasu alamun na iya zama masu ɓatarwa sakamakon ciwon da aka ambata, inda misali ciwon kafada ta dama na iya zama saboda kumburin gallbladder ba saboda yawan tsoka da ake tsammani ba. [7]

Prodrome

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cututtuka da yawa suna da matakin prodromal na farko inda wasu alamu da alamu na iya nuna kasancewar wata cuta kafin wasu takamaiman alamun su bayyana. Misali, kyanda tana da bayyanar prodromal wanda ya haɗa da tari mai kama da ƙura, zazzabi, da tabo na Koplik a baki. [8] Fiye da rabin cututtukan migraine suna da matakin prodromal. Schizophrenia tana da matakin prodromal mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda yake da ciwon hauka . [9]

Alamomin da ba su da takamaiman bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu alamun suna da takamaiman, wato, suna da alaƙa da yanayin lafiya guda ɗaya. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Alamomin da ba su da takamaiman takamaiman alamu, waɗanda wani lokacin ake kira alamun rashin daidaituwa, ba su da takamaiman takamaiman yanayi. Sun haɗa da rage nauyi ba tare da wani bayani ba, ciwon kai, ciwo, gajiya, rashin ci, gumin dare, da rashin lafiya . [10] An kira rukuni na alamomi guda uku na musamman waɗanda ba su da takamaiman alamu - zazzaɓi, gumin dare, da raguwar nauyi - tsawon watanni shida ana kiransu alamun B da ke da alaƙa da lymphoma kuma suna nuna rashin kyakkyawan hasashen cutar. [11]

Sauran nau'ikan alamomin sun haɗa da:

  • alamun da suka shafi lafiyar jiki gaba ɗaya ko ta jiki gaba ɗaya, kamar zazzabi;
  • alamomin da ke tare da juna, waɗanda sune alamomin da ke faruwa a lokaci guda da babban alamar;
  • alamun prodromal, waɗanda su ne alamun farko na manyan matsaloli;
  • alamun jinkiri, waɗanda ke faruwa bayan wani lokaci na abin da ya faru; da kuma
  • alamun da aka gano, waɗanda su ne alamun da mai kula da lafiya zai iya lura da su kuma ya tabbatar da wanzuwarsu.

Alamomi Masu Muhimmanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomi masu mahimmanci su ne alamomi guda huɗu da za su iya ba da ma'auni nan take na aikin jiki da yanayin lafiyarsa. Su ne zafin jiki, bugun zuciya, saurin numfashi, da hawan jini . Jerin waɗannan ma'aunai sun bambanta dangane da shekaru, nauyi, jinsi da lafiyar jiki gaba ɗaya. [12]

Cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana nuna yanayi da yawa ta hanyar rukuni na alamu ko alamu da alamu da aka sani. Waɗannan na iya zama rukuni na uku da aka sani da triad; rukuni na huɗu ("tetrad"); ko rukuni na biyar ("pentad"). [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Misali na triad shine triad na Meltzer wanda ke nuna purpura (kuraje), arthralgia (gabobin da ke ciwo), da myalgia (tsokoki masu ciwo da rauni). Triad na Meltzer yana nuna yanayin cryoglobulinemia . Cutar Huntington cuta ce ta neurodegenerative wacce ke da alamun motsa jiki, fahimta, da tabin hankali. [13] Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su iya zama alamun wata cuta ana kiransu da ciwo . Misali, Noonan syndrome, yana da saitin ganewar asali na siffofi na fuska da tsoka. [14] Wasu cututtuka kamar nephrotic syndrome na iya samun dalilai da yawa waɗanda duk suna da alaƙa da cututtukan da ke shafar koda . [15]

Wani lokaci yaro ko matashi na iya samun alamun da ke nuna wata cuta ta kwayoyin halitta wadda ba za a iya gano ta ba ko da bayan gwajin kwayoyin halitta . A irin waɗannan yanayi ana iya amfani da kalmar SWAN (ciwon da ba shi da suna). Sau da yawa ana iya yin ganewar asali a wani lokaci na gaba lokacin da wasu takamaiman alamu suka bayyana amma lokuta da yawa na iya zama ba a gano su ba. Rashin iya gano cutar na iya zama saboda haɗuwa ta musamman ta alamun ko haɗuwar yanayi, ko kuma saboda alamun ba su da alaƙa da wata cuta da aka sani, ko kuma saboda rashin lafiyar da ba ta da yawa. [16]

Yana yiwuwa mutumin da ke da wata cuta ta musamman ba zai iya nuna kowace alama da/ko alamun da ke haifar da/fahimtar wata cuta ba. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Mai kyau da mara kyau

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya bayyana alamun ji a matsayin alamun tabbatacce, ko kuma a matsayin alamun rashin kyau dangane da ko alamar tana da matsala kamar ƙaiƙayi ko ƙaiƙayi, ko kuma rashin isasshen lokaci kamar rashin wari . Ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomin don alamun rashin kyau: rashin isasshen lokaci wani ɓangare ne na rashin jin daɗi ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na matsakaici, kamar matsi, taɓawa, ɗumi, sanyi; Maganin sa barci shine cikakken rashin jin daɗi ga abubuwan da ke ƙarfafa ƙarfi, kamar pinprick; Maganin sa barci (analgesia) shine rashin jin daɗi ga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki masu zafi.

Ana kuma haɗa alamomin zuwa marasa kyau da marasa kyau ga wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar schizophrenia . [17] Alamomin da suka dace su ne waɗanda ke cikin wannan cuta kuma yawancin mutane ba sa fuskantar ta kuma suna nuna wuce gona da iri ko ɓarna na ayyuka na yau da kullun; misalai sune mafarki, ruɗani, da ɗabi'a mai ban mamaki. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Alamomi marasa kyau su ne ayyukan da aka saba samu amma waɗanda suka ragu ko ba sa nan, kamar a cikin rashin kulawa da rashin lafiyar jiki . [18]

Mai ƙarfi da kuma tsayayye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin da ke canzawa suna iya canzawa dangane da yanayi, yayin da alamun da ke canzawa ba sa canzawa ko kuma ba sa canzawa ba tare da la'akari da yanayi ba. Misali, alamun rashin haƙurin motsa jiki suna da ƙarfi yayin da motsa jiki ke haifar da su, amma ana rage su yayin hutawa. Rauni mai ƙarfi na tsoka alama ce ta tsaya cak domin tsokar za ta yi rauni ba tare da la'akari da motsa jiki ko hutawa ba. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Yawancin marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon zuciya na metabolism suna da abubuwan da suka faru na motsi maimakon na tsaye, galibi suna fuskantar rashin jurewar motsa jiki, ciwon tsoka, da kuma ciwon baya yayin motsa jiki maimakon rauni mai ƙarfi. [19] Waɗanda ke fama da ciwon zuciya na metabolic na cutar McArdle (GSD-V) da kuma wasu mutane da ke fama da ƙarancin phosphoglucomutase (CDG1T/GSD-XIV), da farko suna fuskantar rashin jurewar motsa jiki yayin motsa jiki mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, amma alamun suna raguwa bayan mintuna 6-10 a cikin abin da aka sani da " iska ta biyu ".

Ilimin Halayyar Jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin tabin hankali suna nan a cikin cututtuka da yawa da suka shafi lalacewar kwakwalwa, ciki har da cutar hauka, da cutar Parkinson . Alamomin sun haɗa da rashin kulawa, damuwa, da baƙin ciki . [20] Alamomin jijiyoyi da tabin hankali suma suna nan a cikin wasu cututtukan kwayoyin halitta kamar cutar Wilson . [21] Alamomin rashin aikin zartarwa galibi ana samun su a cikin cututtuka da yawa, ciki har da schizophrenia da ADHD . [22] [23]

Na'urar Radiology

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin rediyo sune sakamakon binciken lafiya marasa kyau akan na'urar daukar hoto . Waɗannan sun haɗa da alamar Mickey Mouse da alamar Golden S. Lokacin amfani da na'urar daukar hoto don gano dalilin ƙorafi, ana iya samun wani binciken da ba shi da alaƙa da wanda aka sani da binciken da ba a yi ba . [24]

Kadinal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin da alamomin Cardinal sune waɗanda za a iya gano su, kuma suna da alamun cutar - tabbas na ganewar asali. Misali, kumburi yana da rukuni na alamun cutar Cardinal, [25] kamar yadda yake faruwa da tashe-tashen hankulan mashako na yau da kullun, [26] da cutar Parkinson .

Sabanin alamar da ke nuna cewa akwai wata cuta ta musamman a cikin farji, rashin wata alama ko alama sau da yawa na iya kawar da wata cuta. Wannan an san shi da kalmar Latin sine qua non . Misali, rashin wasu sauye-sauye na kwayoyin halitta da aka sani musamman ga wata cuta ta gado zai kawar da wannan cuta. [27] Wani misali kuma shine inda pH na farji ya kasa da 4.5, za a cire ganewar cutar vaginosis ta ƙwayoyin cuta . [28]

Reflexes

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Reflex martani ne na atomatik a jiki ga wani abu mai motsa jiki. [29] Rashinsa, raguwar amsawar sa (hypoactive), ko kuma ƙarin amsawa (mai yawan aiki) na iya zama alamar lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya ko tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe . Misali, a cikin patellar reflex (gnee-jerk), raguwar sa ko rashinsa ana kiransa da alamar Westphal kuma yana iya nuna lalacewa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin motsi . Idan amsar ta wuce gona da iri, ana iya nuna lalacewa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin motsi na sama . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Facies

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai wasu cututtuka da dama da ke da alaƙa da bayyanar fuska ko kamanni da aka sani da fuska . [30] shine fuska mai kama da ...

Alamomin Zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin Zamani (daga anamnēstikós, ἀναμνηστικός, "iya tunawa") alamu ne da ke nuna yanayin da ya gabata, misali gurguwar hannu na iya nuna bugun jini da ya gabata. [31] :81

Ba shi da wata alama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu cututtuka, ciki har da ciwon daji da cututtuka, na iya kasancewa amma ba su nuna wata alama ko alamu ba kuma ana kiransu da alamun rashin nuna alama . [32] Dutse mai ƙaiƙayi na iya zama marar nuna alama kuma an gano shi ne kawai a matsayin abin da ya faru ba zato ba tsammani . [32] Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin yaɗuwa kamar COVID-19 na iya zama marasa nuna alama amma har yanzu ana iya yaɗuwa . [33]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamomin Alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamar (daga Girkanci σύμπτωμα, "haɗari, sa'a, abin da ya faru", [34] daga συμπίπτω, "Na faɗi", daga συν- "tare, tare da" da πίπτω, "Na faɗi") shine rabuwa daga aiki ko ji na yau da kullun. Alamomin cuta (wanda kuma ake kira semiology) reshe ne na magani wanda ke hulɗa da alamu da alamun cuta. [35] [36] Wannan binciken ya haɗa da alamun cuta . An fara bayyana shi a matsayin semiotics ta Henry Stubbe a cikin 1670 kalma da ake amfani da ita yanzu don nazarin sadarwa ta alamu . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Kafin ƙarni na sha tara, babu wani bambanci sosai a cikin ikon lura tsakanin likita da majiyyaci. Yawancin ayyukan likitanci ana gudanar da su ne a matsayin hulɗar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin likita da majiyyaci; wannan a hankali an maye gurbinsa da "ra'ayi ɗaya tilo da aka sanya daga cikin al'ummar masu binciken lafiya". [37] [38] Duk da cewa kowannensu ya lura da abubuwa iri ɗaya, likitan yana da fassarar da ta fi bayani game da waɗannan abubuwan: "likitoci sun san ma'anar binciken amma ba su san ma'anarsa ba". [31] :82

Ci gaban gwajin likita

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zanen René Laennec a shekarar 1816 ta amfani da hanyar farko ta auscultation ga wani mutum mai fama da tarin fuka

Yawancin ci gaba da aka gabatar galibi a ƙarni na 19 sun ba da damar ƙarin kimantawa ta gaskiya daga likita don neman ganewar asali da ƙarancin buƙatar taimako daga majiyyaci. [37] [38] [39] A cikin ƙarni na 20, gabatar da dabarun daukar hoto iri-iri da sauran hanyoyin gwaji kamar gwajin kwayoyin halitta, gwaje-gwajen sinadarai na asibiti, binciken ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun yi babban tasiri ga ƙwarewar ganewar asali. [40]

  • A shekara ta 1761, Leopold Auenbrugger ya gano dabarar bugun zuciya don gano yanayin numfashi. [41] Wannan hanyar taɓa ramukan jiki don lura da duk wani sauti mara kyau ta riga ta kasance a aikace na dogon lokaci a fannin cututtukan zuciya. [41] Busar ƙirji ta zama sananne sosai bayan 1808 tare da fassarar aikin Auenbrugger daga Latin zuwa Faransanci ta Jean-Nicolas Corvisart .
  • A shekarar 1819, gabatar da na'urar stethoscope ta René Laennec ya fara maye gurbin fasahar auditation nan take ta ƙarni da yawa - sauraron zuciya ta hanyar sanya kunne kai tsaye a kan ƙirji, tare da auditation ta hanyar amfani da na'urar stethoscope don sauraron sautunan zuciya da hanyoyin numfashi. An fassara littafin Laennec zuwa Turanci a shekarar 1824 ta hannun John Forbes .
  • Gabatarwa ta 1846 ta likitan fiɗa John Hutchinson (1811–1861) na na'urar spirometer, na'ura don tantance halayen injina na huhu ta hanyar auna fitar da iska da tilasta shaƙa. (An yi amfani da adadin huhu da aka rubuta da kuma yawan kwararar iska don bambance tsakanin cututtukan da ke hana numfashi (wanda yawan huhu ke raguwa: misali, cystic fibrosis ) da cututtukan da ke toshe numfashi (wanda yawan huhu yake daidai amma saurin kwararar iska yana da matsala; misali, emphysema ).)
  • Ƙirƙirar da Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) ya ƙirƙira a shekarar 1851, wadda ta ba likitoci damar duba cikin idon ɗan adam.
  • Da ( c. 1870 ) amfani da na'urar auna zafin jiki ta Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836–1925) mai inci shida (maimakon inci goma sha biyu) a asibiti nan take, wanda ya ƙirƙiro a 1867. [42] [43]
  • Gabatar da al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta a shekarar 1882 ta Robert Koch, wanda da farko ya yi don gano cutar tarin fuka, shine gwajin farko na dakin gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar ta ƙwayoyin cuta.
  • Amfani da hasken X a asibiti a shekarar 1895 wanda ya fara kusan nan da nan bayan da Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) ya gano su a wannan shekarar.
  • Gabatarwar na'urar auna hawan jini ta sphygmomanometer a shekarar 1896, wadda Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863–1937) ta tsara, don auna hawan jini .

Ganewar asali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gane alamun da kuma lura da alamun na iya haifar da ganewar asali. In ba haka ba, ana iya yin gwajin jiki da kuma ɗaukar tarihin likita . Ana iya buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwajen likita kamar gwaje-gwajen jini, hotunan hoto, da biopsy . Misali, nan ba da jimawa ba za a gano wani abin da ake zargin ya karye ƙashi . Wani muhimmin abu da aka gano yayin gwaji ko daga gwajin likita ana iya kiransa da binciken likita . [44]

Examples

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Duba kuma

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  • Biomarker (medicine) – Measurable indicator
  • Focal neurologic signs – Impairments in nervous system function affecting a specific region of the body

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Definition of Sign". Merriam-Webster (in Turanci). 20 June 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  2. ↑ Fawcett, Robert S.; Linford, Sean; Stulberg, Daniel L. (2004-03-15). "Nail Abnormalities: Clues to Systemic Disease". American Family Physician. 69 (6): 1417–1424. PMID 15053406. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  3. ↑ Nonnekes, Jorik; Růžička, Evžen; Serranová, Tereza; Reich, Stephen G.; Bloem, Bastiaan R.; Hallett, Mark (2020-06-16). "Functional gait disorders". Neurology. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). 94 (24): 1093–1099. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009649. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 7455329. PMID 32482839. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  4. ↑ Marie T. O'Toole, ed., Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th ed. (St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby, 2013), Kindle loc. 154641. ISBN 978-0323085410
  5. ↑ "Measles Signs and Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in Turanci). 5 November 2020. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  6. ↑ Shiel, William C. Jr. (2019-06-20). "Definition of Flare". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  7. ↑ (Anthony ed.). OCLC Longo Check |oclc= value (help). Invalid |url-access=Hauser (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ "Measles – Pediatrics". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Sherman C, Liu CS, Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL (February 2018). "Prevalence, neurobiology, and treatments for apathy in prodromal dementia". Int Psychogeriatr. 30 (2): 177–184. doi:10.1017/S1041610217000527. PMID 28416030.
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  33. ↑ Sayampanathan, Andrew A.; Heng, Cheryl S.; Pin; et al. (9 January 2021). "Infectivity of asymptomatic versus symptomatic COVID-19". The Lancet (in English). 397 (10269): 93–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32651-9. PMC 7836843. PMID 33347812.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  40. ↑ Demuth A, Aharonowitz Y, Bachmann TT, Blum-Oehler G, Buchrieser C, Covacci A, Dobrindt U, Emödy L, van der Ende A, Ewbank J, Fernández LA, Frosch M, García-Del Portillo F, Gilmore MS, Glaser P, Goebel W, Hasnain SE, Heesemann J, Islam K, Korhonen T, Maiden M, Meyer TF, Montecucco C, Oswald E, Parkhill J, Pucciarelli MG, Ron E, Svanborg C, Uhlin BE, Wai SN, Wehland J, Hacker J (May 2008). "Pathogenomics: an updated European Research Agenda". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 8 (3): 386–93. Bibcode:2008InfGE...8..386D. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.005. PMID 18321793. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  41. 1 2 Bedford DE (November 1971). "Auenbrugger's contribution to cardiology. History of percussion of the heart". Br Heart J. 33 (6): 817–21. doi:10.1136/hrt.33.6.817. PMC 458433. PMID 4256273.
  42. ↑ Allbutt, T. Clifford (April 1870). "Medical Thermometry". The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. 45 (90): 429–441. PMC 5163252. PMID 30163004.
  43. ↑ Allbutt, T. Clifford (July 1870). "Medical Thermometry". The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. 46 (91): 144–156. PMC 5163170. PMID 30162967.
  44. ↑ "finding". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.

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