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Alamar gicciye

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Alamar gicciye
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na gesture (en) Fassara da blessing (en) Fassara

Yin Alamar gicciye (Latin: signum crucis), wanda aka fi sani da albarkaci kanka ko ƙetare kansa, addu'a ce da albarkar al'ada da membobin wasu rassan Kiristanci suka yi. Addu'a ce mai mahimmanci saboda Kiristoci suna amincewa da imanin su ga Allah mai uku, ko Triniti Mai Tsarki: Allah Uba, Allah Ɗa da Allah Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Akwai bambance-bambance guda uku na alamar gicciye, gami da babban alamar gicciye da aka yi a fadin jiki, ƙaramin alamar gicciye a goshi ko abubuwa, da kuma ƙaramin alamar giciye da aka sanya a goshi, leɓuna da zuciya.[1][2]

Amfani da alamar gicciye ya samo asali ne daga Kiristanci na farko, tare da rubutun Apostolic Tradition na ƙarni na uku wanda ke ba da umarnin cewa a yi amfani da shi a lokacin ƙaramin fitar da aljanu na baftisma, yayin wankewa kafin yin addu'a a lokutan addu'a, da kuma lokutan jaraba. [3]

babban alamar gicciye ana yin ta ne ta hanyar bin diddigin giciye madaidaiciya ko Gicciye na Girka a fadin jiki tare da hannun dama, sau da yawa tare da magana ko tunani na maimaita Tsarin Triniti: "A cikin sunan Uba, da Ɗa, da Ruhu Mai Tsarki. " [4] Motsi shine bin diddigirin siffar gicciye a cikin iska ko a jikin mutum, yana nuna al'adar gicciye na gicciye na Yesu. Inda ake yin wannan tare da yatsunsu da aka haɗa, akwai manyan siffofi guda biyu: ɗaya - yatsunsu uku (don wakiltar Triniti), dama zuwa hagu - Kiristoci ne kawai waɗanda ke cikin Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, Cocin Gabas, Ikklisiyoyin Lutheran na Gabas da Ikklisiyar Katolika na Gabas a cikin al'adun Byzantine da Syriac na Kirista; ɗayan - hagu zuwa dama zuwa tsakiya, wasu yatsunsu biyu - waɗanda ke amfani da su na Cocin Latin na Cocin Katolika, Lutheranism, Anglicanism da Orthodox na Gabashin Gabas. Ana amfani da babban alamar gicciye a wasu ƙungiyoyi na Methodism da kuma wasu rassan Kiristanci na Reformed.

Amfani da karamin alamar gicciye an rubuta shi a farkon Kiristanci ta Tertullian, Uba na Cocin Ante-Nicene, wanda ya rubuta a AD 204 a De Corona ('On Crowns'): "A duk ayyukanmu, lokacin da muka shigo ko fita, lokacin da muke ado, lokacin da muna wanka, a abincinmu, kafin mu yi ritaya don barci muna yin alamar gicciye a goshinmu. " [5] Tertullian ya tabbatar da aikin Kirista na gano wannan karamin alamar giciye a kan gado, irin wannan kafin barci.[6] Ana gano shi a goshi, ko abubuwa, tare da yatsa (wani lokacin ta amfani da Ruwa mai tsarki ko mai shafawa). [7][1] Ana yin ƙaramin alamar gicciye a goshi yayin bukukuwan Baftisma da shafa marasa lafiya a cikin Katolika, Lutheranism da Anglicanism.[8][9][10] A cikin al'adun Baptist, Methodist, da Pentecostal na Kiristanci, ana yin ƙaramin alamar gicciye a goshin mai karɓa yayin tsarkakewa, shafa marasa lafiya da addu'o'in ceto. [11][12] Kiristoci na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun gano ƙaramin alamar gicciye a kan ƙofofi ko windows na gidajensu a matsayin albarkar gida.[13][14][15] Ana amfani da ƙaramin alamar gicciye a lokacin wasu bukukuwan, kamar a lokacin sanya toka a ranar Laraba, inda ake sanya toka a goshin mai bi ta amfani da ƙaramar alamar gicciye.[16][17][18] 

Mutane da yawa suna amfani da kalmar nan "cross my heart and hope to die" a matsayin rantsuwa, yin alamar gicciye, don nuna "gaskiya da gaskiya", rantsuwa a gaban Allah, a cikin yanayin mutum da na shari'a.An fara yin ƙaramin alamar gicciye a wasu sassan duniyar Kirista tare da yatsa na hannun dama, ana amfani da shi a goshi don ya Albarka kansa, tare da amfani da shi don ya albarkace abubuwa daban-daban, kamar yadda Tertullian, Uba na Cocin Ante-Nicene ya tabbatar. A wasu sassan duniyar Kirista na farko an yi shi da hannu ko da yatsunsu biyu.[19] A kusa da shekara ta 200 a Carthage (Tunisiya ta zamani, Afirka), Tertullian ya rubuta: "Mu Kiristoci sun tsage goshinmu da alamar gicciye. " [20] Ya rubuta cewa Kiristoci za su gano alamar gicciye a kan gadonsu kafin barci. A cikin karni na 4, an yi amfani da ƙaramin alamar gicciye ga sassa daban-daban na jiki.[20] Karni na 6 ya ga ci gaban babban alamar gicciye a matsayin "motsi huɗu da aka gano a fadin kirji ko a cikin iska".

Asalin

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An fara yin ƙaramin alamar gicciye a wasu sassan duniyar Kirista tare da yatsa na hannun dama, ana amfani da shi a goshi don ya Albarka kansa, tare da amfani da shi don ya albarkace abubuwa daban-daban, kamar yadda Tertullian, Uba na Cocin Ante-Nicene ya tabbatar. A wasu sassan duniyar Kirista na farko an yi shi da hannu ko da yatsunsu biyu.[21] A kusa da shekara ta 200 a Carthage (Tunisiya ta zamani, Afirka), Tertullian ya rubuta: "Mu Kiristoci sun tsage goshinmu da alamar gicciye. " [22] Ya rubuta cewa Kiristoci za su gano alamar gicciye a kan gadonsu kafin barci. A cikin karni na 4, an yi amfani da ƙaramin alamar gicciye ga sassa daban-daban na jiki.[22] Karni na 6 ya ga ci gaban babban alamar gicciye a matsayin "motsi huɗu da aka gano a fadin kirji ko a cikin iska".

Hippolytus na Roma, a cikin Hadisin Manzanni, ya ba da shawarar rufe kanka goshi a lokutan jaraba, tare da bayyana shi a matsayin "Sign of the Passion". Rashin wannan bambancin farko na aikin ya kasance: a cikin Masses na Roman Rite a cikin Cocin Katolika, Cocin Lutheran da Cocin Anglican, mai bikin yana yin wannan alama a kan littafin Linjila kuma - tare da ikilisiya - a goshinsa, leɓuna, da kuma zuciyarsa a lokacin da aka yi shelar Linjila (wanda aka sani da ƙaramin alamar gicciye); A ranar Laraba an gano ƙaramin alamar giciye ta Gabas a kan goshin; ana amfani da chrism, a cikin wurare a jikin Chris don Asirin Ikilisiyar Orthodox Mai Tsarki.[2][23]

Babban alamar gicciye

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Hanyar motsa jiki

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Ainihin motsi na babban alamar gicciye yana da jayayya sosai; Orthodox na Gabas ya bayyana cewa motsi na dama zuwa hagu ya zama hanya mafi tsufa yayin da rubuce-rubucen Bar Salibi da sauran marubutan Syriac suka nuna cewa motsi daga hagu zuwa dama ya riga ya wuce alamar dama zuwa hagu.[24] Katolika na Yamma (Cocin Latin) da Lutherans na Yamma sun yi motsi daga hagu zuwa dama, yayin da Orthodox na Gabas, Lutherans na Gabas da Katolika na Gabas suka motsa daga dama zuwa hagu. [25]

A cikin Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na Gabas, Lutheran na Gabas da Byzantine Katolika (Katolik na Gabas), ana haɗa matakai na yatsunsu uku na farko (ƙwanƙwasawa, index, da na tsakiya), kuma ana matse biyu na ƙarshe ("ring" da ƙananan yatsunsu) akan dabino. yatsunsu uku na farko suna nuna bangaskiyar mutum ga Triniti, yayin da sauran yatsunsu biyu suna wakiltar dabi'u biyu na Yesu, allahntaka da mutum. An kuma yi amfani da wannan alama a Yammacin Turai zuwa tsakiyar zamanai.[26]

Ana yin babban alamar gicciye ta hanyar taɓa hannu a jere zuwa goshi, ƙasan kirji ko ciki, da kuma kafadu biyu, tare da Tsarin Triniti: a goshi "A cikin sunan Uba" (ko In nomine Patris a Latin); a cikin ciki ko zuciya "da na Ɗa" (et Filii); a fadin kafadu "da na Ruhu Mai Tsarki / Ghost" (da kuma Spiritus Sancti); kuma a ƙarshe: "Amin".

Akwai fassarori da yawa, a cewar Ubannin Ikilisiya: goshin yana nuna sama; hasken rana (ko saman Jiki), ƙasa; kafadu, wuri da alamar iko. Har ila yau, yana tunawa da Triniti da Incarnation. Paparoma Innocent III (1198-1216) ya bayyana cewa: "An yi alamar gicciye da yatsunsu uku, saboda an sanya hannu tare da kiran Triniti. [...] Wannan shine yadda ake yi: daga sama zuwa ƙasa, kuma daga dama zuwa hagu, saboda Kristi ya sauko daga sama zuwa duniya". 

Akwai wasu bambance-bambance: alal misali mutum na iya sanya hannun dama a cikin Ruwa mai tsarki. Bayan motsa hannu daga wannan kafada zuwa ɗayan, ana iya mayar da shi zuwa saman ciki. Hakanan yana iya kasancewa tare da karatun addu'a (misali, Addu'ar Yesu, ko kuma kawai "Ubangiji ya yi jinƙai"). A wasu yankuna na Katolika, kamar Spain, Italiya da Latin Amurka, al'ada ce a kafa gicciye tare da yatsan hannu da yatsa sannan a sumbace yatsan hannu a ƙarshen alamar.

Tsarin

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Cyril na Urushalima (315-386) ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa game da ƙaramin alamar gicciye:

Many have been crucified throughout the world, but by none of these are the devils scared; but when they see even the Sign of the Cross of Christ, who was crucified for us, they shudder. For those men died for their own sins, but Christ for the sins of others; for He did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth. It is not Peter who says this, for then we might suspect that he was partial to his Teacher; but it is Esaias who says it, who was not indeed present with Him in the flesh, but in the Spirit foresaw His coming in the flesh.[27]

For others only hear, but we both see and handle. Let none be weary; take your armour against the adversaries in the cause of the Cross itself; set up the faith of the Cross as a trophy against the gainsayers. For when you are going to dispute with unbelievers concerning the Cross of Christ, first make with your hand the sign of Christ's Cross, and the gainsayer will be silenced. Be not ashamed to confess the Cross; for Angels glory in it, saying, We know whom you seek, Jesus the Crucified. Matthew 28:5 Might you not say, O Angel, I know whom you seek, my Master? But, I, he says with boldness, I know the Crucified. For the Cross is a Crown, not a dishonour.[27]

Let us not then be ashamed to confess the Crucified. Be the Cross our seal made with boldness by our fingers on our brow, and on everything; over the bread we eat, and the cups we drink; in our comings in, and goings out; before our sleep, when we lie down and when we rise up; when we are in the way, and when we are still. Great is that preservative; it is without price, for the sake of the poor; without toil, for the sick; since also its grace is from God. It is the Sign of the faithful, and the dread of devils: for He triumphed over them in it, having made a show of them openly Colossians 2:15; for when they see the Cross they are reminded of the Crucified; they are afraid of Him, who bruised the heads of the dragon. Despise not the Seal, because of the freeness of the gift; out for this the rather honour your Benefactor.[27]

Yahaya na Dimashƙu (650-750) ya ce:

Moreover we worship even the image of the precious and life-giving Cross, although made of another tree, not honouring the tree (God forbid) but the image as a symbol of Christ. For He said to His disciples, admonishing them, Then shall appear the sign of the Son of Man in Heaven Matthew 24:30, meaning the Cross. And so also the angel of the resurrection said to the woman, You seek Jesus of Nazareth which was crucified. Mark 16:6 And the Apostle said, We preach Christ crucified. 1 Corinthians 1:23 For there are many Christs and many Jesuses, but one crucified. He does not say speared but crucified. It behooves us, then, to worship the sign of Christ. For wherever the sign may be, there also will He be. But it does not behoove us to worship the material of which the image of the Cross is composed, even though it be gold or precious stones, after it is destroyed, if that should happen. Everything, therefore, that is dedicated to God we worship, conferring the adoration on Him.[28]

Herbert Thurston ya nuna cewa a wani lokaci duka Kiristoci na Gabas da na Yamma sun motsa hannu daga kafada ta dama zuwa hagu. Masanin tauhidin Jamusanci Valentin Thalhofer ya yi tunanin rubuce-rubucen da aka nakalto don tallafawa wannan batu, kamar na Innocent III, suna nufin ƙaramin gicciye da aka yi a goshi ko abubuwa na waje, inda hannu ke motsawa ta halitta daga dama zuwa hagu, kuma ba babban gicciye da ake yi daga kafada zuwa kafada ba. Andreas Andreopoulos, marubucin The Sign of the Cross, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ci gaba da alamar sanya yatsunsu da kuma jagorancin motsi.[29]

Amfani da shi

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Katolika

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A cikin Cocin Roman Katolika, alamar ɗaukakar giciye ita ce sacramental, wanda Ikilisiya ta bayyana a matsayin "alamu masu tsarki waɗanda ke ɗauke da kamanceceniya da sacraments"; cewa "yana nuna tasirin, musamman na yanayin ruhaniya, wanda ake samu ta hanyar ceto na Ikilisiya"; kuma cewa "ko da yaushe ya haɗa da addu'a, sau da yawa tare da takamaiman alamar, alamar giciye, ko zubar da rai mai tsarki sun yi wa Kiristoci, sau da kyau ga sacraments, Ikilisiya, sau da dama.   

John Vianney ya ce alamar da aka yi da gaske ta Gicciye "ya sa duk jahannama ta firgita".

Tsarin Cocin Katolika na yau da kullun na Roman Rite, firist da masu aminci suna yin Alamar Gicciye a ƙarshen Waƙar Shiga kuma firist ko dikon "yana yin Alamar Cciye [watau ƙaramin alamar gicciye] a kan littafin da kuma a goshinsa, leɓuna, da nono" lokacin da suke sanar da rubutun Linjila (wanda mutane ke yaba da shi: "Tsarki a gare ku, Ya Ubangiji"). [30]

Ana sa ran alamar gicciye a wurare biyu a cikin Mass: masu zaman kansu suna nuna kansu a lokacin gaisuwar gabatarwa na hidimar da kuma albarkar ƙarshe; zaɓi, wasu lokuta a lokacin Mass lokacin da masu zaman kansu galibi suna ƙetare kansu yayin albarka da ruwa mai tsarki, lokacin da suke kammala al'adar tuba, a kwaikwayon firist kafin karatun Linjila (ƙananan alamu a goshi, leɓuna, da zuciya), kuma watakila a wasu lokuta daga sadaukar da kai.

Orthodox na Gabas

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Matsayi na yatsun mutum na Orthodox na Gabas yayin yin alamar gicciye

A cikin Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na Gabas, amfani da alamar gicciye a cikin bautar ya fi yawa fiye da a cikin Ikklisiya na Yamma. Duk da yake akwai maki a cikin liturgy inda kusan dukkanin masu bauta suka haye kansu, masu aminci na Orthodox suna da 'yanci mai mahimmanci don yin alamar a wasu lokuta, [31] kuma mutane da yawa suna yin alamar akai-akai a cikin Liturgy na Allah ko sauran ayyukan coci. A lokacin epiclesis (kira ga Ruhu Mai Tsarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarkakewa na Eucharist), firist yana yin alamar gicciye a kan gurasar. Masanin tauhidi na farko Basil na Kaisariya ya lura da amfani da alamar gicciye a cikin al'adar da ke nuna shigar da Catechumens.

Tsoffin Muminai
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A cikin Tsardom na Rasha, har zuwa sauye-sauyen Patriarch Nikon a karni na 17, al'ada ce a yi alamar gicciye da yatsunsu biyu. Tilasta alamar yatsunsu uku (kamar yadda ya saba da alamar yatsunansu biyu na "Tsohon Rite"), da kuma sauran gyare-gyaren Nikonite (wanda ya sauya wasu ayyukan Rasha da suka gabata don dacewa da al'adun Girka), suna daga cikin dalilan rarrabuwa tare da Tsoffin Muminai waɗanda ikilisiyoyinsu ke ci gaba da amfani da alamar yatsan biyu na gicciye (wasu batutuwa na jayayya sun haɗa da iconography da iconoclasm, da canje-canje a cikin ayyukan liturgical). Tsoffin Muminai sun yi la'akari da alamar yatsunsu biyu don nuna alamar Kristi a matsayin allahntaka da ɗan adam (sauran yatsunsu uku a cikin dabino suna wakiltar Triniti). [32]

YDaga cikin Lutheras, amfani da alamar gicciye yana da kyau kuma ya yadu. Misali, Luther's Small Catechism ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran kafin addu'o'in safe da maraice. The Lutheran Hymnal (1941) na Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS) ya bayyana cewa "Ana iya yin alamar gicciye a kiran Triniti kuma a kalmomin Nicene Creed 'da rayuwar duniya da za ta zo.'" A yau, alamar gicciye al'ada ce a duk faɗin Hidimar Allah.[33][34] Rubutun a cikin litattafan bautar Lutheran na zamani, gami da Bautar Lutheran ta Bishara ta Cocin Lutheran a Amurka da Littafin Sabis na Lutheran da LCMS da Cocin Lutherin-Kanada suka yi amfani da su, suna ba da alamar gicciye a wasu maki a cikin liturgy. Alamar gicciye ana yin ta da yatsunsu uku, farawa da taɓa kai, taɓa kirji (zuciya) sannan daga kafada ta hagu zuwa kafada ta dama.[25]

A cikin Ikklisiyoyin Lutheran, ƙaramin alamar gicciye ana yin ta ne ta mai bikin a kan Littafin Linjila da goshinsa, leɓuna, da ƙirji yayin sanar da rubutun Linjila (wanda mutane ke yaba da shi: "Tsarki a gare ku, Ya Ubangiji"). Masu aminci suna bin ƙaramin alamar gicciye a goshin su, leɓuna, da zukata yayin da suke addu'a "Bari Kalmar Ubangiji ta kasance a zuciyata, a bakuna, da kuma zuciyata".[2]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Guzman, Sam (22 October 2013). "Spiritual Weapons: The Sign of the Cross". The Catholic Gentleman. Retrieved 16 April 2025. A small sign of the cross can be traced on the forehead of a child or upon an object which you wish to bless. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Guzman2013" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ballmann, Matthew (13 September 2023). "The Triumph of the Holy Cross". Trinity San Antonio Lutheran Church. The identity and relevance of Christianity are both irrevocably tied up with the crucified Christ. The Cross — because of what it represents — is the most potent and universal symbol of the Christian faith. It has inspired both liturgical and private devotions: for example, the Sign of the Cross, which is an invocation of the Holy Trinity; a processional cross as the centering piece to the Divine Service; the “little” Sign of the Cross on head, lips and heart at the reading of the Gospel; or praying the Stations (or Way) of the Cross during the Lenten season. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ballmann2023" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Hippolytus. "Apostolic Tradition" (PDF) (in Turanci). St. John's Episcopal Church. pp. 8, 16, 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "The Prayer of the Veil" (in Turanci). Encyclopedia Coptica. 2011. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Couchman2010
  6. ↑ "Why Bonhoeffer made the sign of the cross". Ortho Christian. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CavallettiCoulterGobbi2021
  8. ↑ Naumann, Edward (31 March 2021). "Anointed for Burial". The Lutheran Witness. Retrieved 6 March 2025. During the rite of Baptism, Christians may receive a bodily anointing, when the forehead is anointed with oil in the sign of the cross. This bodily anointing likewise signifies our incorporation into Christ.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SlocumArmentrout2000
  10. ↑ "Order for the Blessing of the Sick" (in Turanci). United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 6 March 2025. 394 A lay minister traces the sign of the cross on the forehead of each sick person and says the following prayer of blessing.
  11. ↑ "Anointing Oil". Alfred Street Baptist Church. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  12. ↑ "An Order for the Celebration of Holy Communion in Hospitals, Nursing Homes and Home Visits" (PDF). Methodist Church of New Zealand. p. 2. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  13. ↑ "Anointing oil". Missionaries Of Prayer. 18 September 2020. ...take the anointing oil and over every window and door to your house just put the sign of the cross in the corner of it.
  14. ↑ "How to Bless and Anoint Your Home/Property" (in English). Melchizedek Church of God. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2025.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ↑ Stephen Joseph Rossetti (1 January 2024). "7 Powerful Sacramentals of the Church for Spiritual Warfare". Catholic Ace. Retrieved 6 March 2025. Then I took exorcized oil and made a sign of the cross on the door, windows, and lintels.
  16. ↑ "The Liturgical Calendar" (in Turanci). Reformed Church in America. 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  17. ↑ Lipin, Bridget (27 February 2017). "Lenten Reflections: Ash Wednesday" (in English). American Baptist Churches USA.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  18. ↑ "The Significance of Lent" (in English). Methodist Church in Singapore. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2024. Over the last 25 years, more and more Methodist local conferences have been observing Lent, the 46 days before Easter.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  19. ↑ Andreas Andreopoulos, The Sign of the Cross, Paraclete Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55725-496-2, p. 24.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Couchman20102
  21. ↑ Andreas Andreopoulos, The Sign of the Cross, Paraclete Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55725-496-2, p. 24.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Couchman20103
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Thurston
  24. ↑ "which sign of the cross is correct?". Tasbeha.org Community. 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2025-02-20.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Weber, Karl (14 March 2014). "On Making the Sign of the Cross". Steadfast Lutherans. Retrieved 3 June 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Weber2014" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ Ælfric, Lives of Saints, II. 154–5, quoted by Kirsty Teresa March, Performance, Transmission and Devotion: Understanding the Anglo-Saxon Prayer Books, c. 800–1050 (dissertation), "138".: “Even though a man waves wonderfully with his hand, it is not a blessing unless he makes the sign of the holy cross … A man must sign with three fingers and bless because of the Holy Trinity who is a glory ruling God.” See also The Ancren Riwle: “Stand up and say, ‘O Lord, open thou my lips,’ and make the sign of the cross on your mouth with the thumb, and say, ‘God be our help;’ then a large cross from above the forehead down to the breast, with the three fingers,” edited by James Morton, Morton, James (1853). "19"..
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Cyril of Jerusalem. Catechetical Lecture 13
  28. ↑ John of Damascus. An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, Book IV
  29. ↑ Andreas Andreopoulos, The Sign of the Cross, Paraclete Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55725-496-2, pp. 11–42.
  30. ↑ "The Order of Mass (The Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite): In Latin and in English" (PDF). International Commission on English in the Liturgy. 2010.
  31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Daniel B. Clendenin 2003 p. 19
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hamburg
  33. ↑ "Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross?". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  34. ↑ "Sign of the Cross". Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. Archived from the original on 20 September 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
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